CHAP 1 : I (environmental impact) = the other hand, affluence can lead people to

- Environment includes all living and nonliving things P (population size) x become more educated, environmentally aware,
with which an organism interacts. A (affluence/person) x and concerned. It also provides money for the
- Best describes the areas of study that are important in T (technology’s beneficial and harmful effects). development of improved technologies that can
the discipline of environmental science: Biology, The IPAT model of environmental impact takes help to reduce pollution, resource waste, and
chemistry, geology and economics. into consideration population size, technology, environmental degradation.
- A goal of environmental science? Learn how life on and affluence The IPAT model and the ecological footprint
earth has thrived and survived, understand how we - Four basic causes of environmental problems model emphasize both renewable and
interact with the environment, and live more sustainably 1. Population growth. nonrenewable resources, while the ecological
and find ways to deal with environmental problems. 2. Unsustainable resource use. footprint model emphasizes the use of
- A(n ) ecosystem is a set of organisms within a defined 3. Poverty. renewable resources.
area or volume that interact with one another and with 4. Excluding environmental costs from market Explain how poverty drives population growth.
their environment of nonliving matter and energy. prices To many poor people, having more children is a
- Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to - Point sources (single, identifiable sources (e.g., matter of survival. Children are effectively the
protecting life support systems for all species. smokestack) of pollution are cheaper and easier labor force for a poor family, helping with crop
- Natural Capital = Natural resources+Natural services to identify than nonpoint sources tending, gathering wood or fuel, hauling water
FALSE : Natural resources are considered natural - Nonpoint sources (dispersed, often difficult to and livestock tending. Additionally, the children
capital, but natural services are not.. identify (e.g., lawn runoff, pesticides blown from become caretakers of their parents when the
- Three principles of sustainability agricultural lands into the air) of pollution are parents age. This is very important in poor
1. Life depends on solar energy. (a form of natural more difficult to control than point sources countries that do not have social security, health
capital gained directly or indirectly as a result of solar • Pollution cleanup more expensive, less care or retirement funds.
energy? forests, flowing water, wind energy, coal and effective because they often transfer pollutants CHAP 3
oil). Solar energy is called perpetual resource from part of the environment to another, once - The ecologist would study an animal or plant,
2. Biodiversity provides natural services. they are dispersed it costs too much to reduce plus all the biotic and abiotic aspects of the
TRUE : We can say that biodiversity is a factor in them to acceptable levels, and they can be ecosystem in which it lives. They study
maintaining life on this planet. overwhelmed by growth in population and interactions within and among five levels of
3. Chemical/nutrient cycling means that there is consumption. organization: organism, population, community,
little waste in nature. • Pollution prevention reduces or eliminates the ecosystem, and biosphere
- Some resources are not renewable. production of pollutants - Three factors sustain the earth’s life : One-way
– Nonrenewable resources exist in fixed quantities. - The total ecological footprint for humanity is flow of high-quality energy/ Cycling of nutrients/
– Exhaustible energy (e.g. coal and oil). expected to be twice the planet’s ecological Gravity.
– Metallic minerals (e.g. copper and aluminum). capacity by the year 2035 - Geosphere fossil fuels and minerals (rock and
– Nonmetallic minerals (e.g. salt and sand). - Root causes of unsustainability include: soil samples) found : crust, core, and mantle
• Sustainable solutions: reduce, reuse, recycle. wasteful use of resources, Poverty, rapid - Troposphere the innermost layer of the
NATURAL RESOURCES : materials and energy population growth, widespread recycling atmosphere
air, water, renewable energy (sun, wind, water programs - Stratosphere ozone, a gaseous O3 molecule
flows), nonrenewable minerals (iron, sand), soil, - An environmental benefit of affluence and that filters out harmful UV radiation found
nonrenewable energy (fossil fuels), land, wealth increased wealth provides resources to - Hydrosphere (solid, liquid, gas) earth’s water,
life (biodiversity) apply toward the creation of environmentally found in liquid water, ice, and water vapor
NATURAL SERVICES : functions of nature beneficial technologies. (submarines explore)
Air purification, Climate control, UV protection - Poverty causes harmful environmental and - MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM
(ozone layer), Water purification, Waste treatment, health effects. Biosphere, Ecosystem, Community,
Soil renewal, Food production, Nutrient recycling, – Environmental degradation caused by need for Population, Organism, Cell, Molecule, Atom
Population control, Pest control short-term survival. Ecosystem: A community of different species
NUTRIENT CYCLING – Malnutrition. interacting with one another and with their
Organic matter in animals -> Dead organic matter -> – Inadequate sanitation and lack of clean nonliving environment of matter and energy
Decomposition -> Inorganic matter in soil -> Organic drinking water. Community: Populations of different species
matter in plants -> back to the start – Severe respiratory disease. living in a particular place, and potentially
- Nutrient recycling is a vital natural service carried out – High rates of premature death for children interacting with each other
by which natural resource? Topsoil under the age of 5 years Population: A group of individuals of the same
RENEWABLE RESOURCE resource must have the - Stewardship worldview holds that we can and species living in a particular place
capacity to be replenished within days to several should manage the Earth for our own benefit but Organism: An individual living being
hundred years. (Groundwater, Trees in a forest, that we also have an ethical responsibility to be Cell: The fundamental structural and functional
Fertile soil, Fish populations) caring stewards unit of life
- Developed countries are high-income and use about - Environmental wisdom worldview holds that we Molecule: Chemical combination of two or more
88% of the worlds resources / Developing countries are are part of, and dependent on, nature and that atoms of the same or different elements
classified as middle-income or low-income (About 80% nature exists for all species, not just for us Atom: Smallest unit of a chemical element that
of the world's human population lives in the developing - In 2009, the world population is about 7b exhibits its chemical properties
countries.) - Every day, approximately 83m new people are - Nutrients cycle, energy flows
- Sustainable yield is the highest rate at which we can added to the global population - Energy flows in ecosystems can be said to flow
use a(n) renewable resource without reducing its FALSE : Rapid population growth and from high-quality to low-quality energy in a one-
available supply. associated poverty are primarily occurring in way fashion
- The tragedy of the commons refers to overuse of developing countries and have little impact on - Ecosystems important components
shared common resources environmental degradation. • Every organism belongs to a particular
FALSE : phenomenon that occurs only when the • Often consumers do not know the damage trophic/feeding level depending on its source of
number of users is small caused by their consumption. nutrients.
- Evidence that we are living unsustainably includes • Government subsidies may increase • Producers, or autotrophs, use photosynthesis
Deserts are expanding, renewable forests are shrinking, environmental degradation. (1%) to make nutrients from components in the
topsoil is eroding and the lower atmosphere is warming. • There are ways to include harmful costs of environment.
- An ecological footprint is the amount of biologically- goods and services. • Consumers/ heterotrophs, get their nutrients by
productive land and water needed to supply a person or – Shift from environmentally harmful to feeding on other organisms or their remains.
country with renewable resources and to recycle the beneficial government subsidies. • Consumers can be herbivores-primary
waste and pollution produced by such resource use. – Tax pollution and waste heavily while reducing consumer (feed on plants), carnivores (feed on
- Per capita ecological footprint is the average taxes on income and wealth. animals) or omnivores (feed on both plants and
ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or - Three Big Ideas animals).
area. (higher pcef means higher consumption of natural 1. Rely more on renewable energy from the sun. • Consumers can be primary (bear eating sth),
resources) 2. Protect biodiversity by preventing the secondary or tertiary consumers(hawk),
- Footprints can also be expressed as number of Earths degradation of the earth’s species, ecosystems, depending upon their trophic level.
it would take to support consumption. and natural processes, and by restoring • Decomposers (bacteria/fungi) break down
- Ecological deficit: If a country’s ecological footprint is degraded areas. organic detritus into simpler inorganic
larger than its biological capacity to replenish its 3. Help sustain earth’s natural chemical cycles compounds, bodies of dead plants and animals
renewable resources and absorb the resulting waste by: Reducing waste and pollution/ Not into nutrients
and pollution overloading natural systems with chemicals/ • Detritivores (detritus feeders) feed on waste or
DEGRADATION OF NORMALLY RENEWABLE Don’t remove natural chemicals faster than the dead bodies: eat the remains of dead plants and
NATURAL RESOURCES Air pollution, Climate cycles can replace them. animals. (Earthworms, some insects,vultures)
change, Soil erosion, Shrinking forests, Decreased SHORT ANSWER • Producers, consumers and decomposers
wildlife habitats, Species extinction, Aquifier Describe how wealth and affluence can have utilize chemical energy stored in organic
depletion, Declining ocean fisheries, Water pollution both harmful and beneficial environmental molecules. In most cells, this energy is released
- A major factor contributing to the degradation of effects? The typical lifestyles of the citizens of by aerobic respiration.
natural capital associated with the pricing of developed nations are built on high levels of - Autotrophs (daisies, roses and grass)
consumable goods : They are priced in such a way that consumption and unsustainable use of natural - The process of photosynthesis (solar energy
they do not reflect the environmental damage caused by resources. This type of affluence has an into chemical energy)
their production. enormously harmful environmental impact. On
Carbon dioxide + Water + Solar energy → - Biomes are large terrestrial regions of the earth - A population crash occurs when a population
Glucose + Oxygen (Aerobic respiration requires) with distinct climate and certain species adapted greatly overshoots carrying capacity, and
- A food chain is a sequence of organisms, each to them (Deserts, tropical forests, prairie resulting environmental pressures cause effects.
of which serves as a source of nutrients and grasslands, and coniferous forests) - Resilience describe the ability of a living
energy for the next organisms. - Three Big Ideas system to repair damage after an external
- Food webs: complex arrangements of feeding • Populations evolve when genes mutate and disturbance
patterns in ecosystems give some individuals genetic traits that enhance Three Big Ideas
- With regards to productivity of an ecosystem, their abilities to survive and to produce offspring - There are always limits to population growth in
GPP is greater than NPP because of the with these traits (natural selection). nature.
metabolic process of respiration. • Human activities are degrading the earth’s vital - Certain interactions among species affects
- The aquatic ecosystems with the highest biodiversity by causing the extinction of species their use of resources and their population
average net primary productivity are Estuaries and by disrupting habitats needed for the sizes.
- Ecosystems has the highest net primary development of new species. - The balance of nature theory only.
productivity swamps and marshes • Each species plays a specific ecological role in - Changes in environmental conditions cause
- The portion of the planet that is responsible for the ecosystem where it is found. communities and ecosystems to gradually alter
the vast majority of the Earth's annual biomass - Speciation is the process where one species their species composition and population sizes.
production are open oceans splits into two or more different species. 2 CHAP 6
- Net primary productivity is the rate at which phases: Reasons why Human population has been
producers use photosynthesis to produce and – Geographic isolation occurs when different growing exponentially
store chemical energy minus the rate at which groups of the same population of a species – Humans have expanded into almost all of the
they use this energy through aerobic respiration become physically isolated from one another for planet’s climate zones and habitats.
- Phosphorus (bone and teeth) not include the a long period of time.(may result from a volcanic – The emergence of early and modern
atmosphere as a temporary reservoir? eruption, an earthquake, a mountain range) agriculture allowed us to grow more food for
- Three Big Ideas – Reproductive isolation occurs when mutation each unit of land area farmed.
• Life is sustained by the flow of energy from the and change by natural selection operate in the – Death rates dropped sharply because of
sun through the biosphere, the cycling of gene pools of geographically isolated improved sanitation and health care.
nutrients within the biosphere, and gravity. populations. - Cultural carrying capacity is the maximum
• Some organisms produce the nutrients they - Biological extinction is the process by which an number of people who could live in reasonable
need, some survive by consuming other entire species ceases to exist. freedom and comfort indefinitely, without
organisms, and others recycle nutrients back to The process of biological extinction : There has decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain
producers. always been a certain low-level amount of future generations.
• Human activities are altering the flow of energy ongoing background extinction occurring/ - The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average
through food chains and webs, and the cycling Completely natural processes can cause number of children born to women in a
of nutrients within ecosystems and the population extinctions/ Human activities have population during their reproductive years.
biosphere. resulted in population extinctions. - Between 1955 and 2011, the average global
CHAP 4 • Local extinction occurs when a population of a lifetime number of births of live babies per
The biodiversity found in genes, species, species becomes extinct over a large region, but woman dropped from 5 to 2.5.
ecosystems, and the ecosystem processes of not globally. - 3 effective ways to slow population growth
energy flow and nutrient cycling that sustain all • Endemic species are found in only one area – Reduce poverty (economic development and
life. and are thus especially vulnerable to extinction. universal primary education)
– Species diversity, or the number and variety of • Background extinction has occurred over most – Elevate the status of women
the species present in any biological community. of Earth’s history (disappeared at a low rate) – Encourage family planning and reproductive
– Genetic diversity, which is the variety of genes - Niche (pattern of living: space, food, health care.
found in a population or in a species. temperature, etc.) is different from habitat (place - 2 useful indicators of overall health in a country
– Ecosystem diversity refers to the earth’s where an organism lives). Niche is used to or region are life expectancy and infant mortality
variety of deserts, grasslands, forests, classify species into generalists or specialists rate
mountains, oceans, lakes, rivers, and wetlands. - A niche includes an organism's range of - The age structure of a population is the number
– Functional diversity includes a variety of tolerance for physical and chemical conditions or percentage of persons of each sex in young,
processes such as energy flow and matter - An organism's niche is analogous to its way of middle, and older age groups
cycling occurring within ecosystems. life - Population age structure diagrams can be
- For every shark that injures or kills a person - Mass extinction is a significant rise in extinction divided into Prereproductive, Reproductive,
every year people kill at least 1 million sharks rates above the background level. Postreproductive
Reasons sharks important to humans: never get - Current environmental conditions will dictate - Age structure diagrams are useful for
cancer and are a keystone species. which traits are beneficial, and will ultimately predicting population momentum
Using specific examples, explain why sharks can drive evolution through the process of natural - Rapidly growing countries have an age
actually be beneficial to the human population if selection structure that has a broad-based pyramid
we change our view of their role? Most CHAP 5 - Demographic transition refers to the decline in
individuals view sharks as predators, and 5 basic types of interaction between species death rates followed by decline in birth rates
dangerous animals to be avoided. This viewpoint when they share limited resources: when a country becomes industrialized. In this
is encouraged by the popular press, which – Interspecific competition occurs when two or model, death rates fall while birth rates remain
profits from casting sharks in a negative light. more species interact to gain access to the high during the transitional stage, birth and
However, sharks possess some physiological same limited resources. death rates are high during the preindustrial
attributes that would benefit humans if we – Predation occurs when a member of one stage
choose to study the underlying processes. species (predator) feeds directly on all or part of - The urban growth occurring in the developing
Sharks almost never get cancer. In addition, a member of another species (prey), obvious countries is caused by both immigration and
sharks have highly effective immune systems relationship demonstrated by a food chain natural increase
that allow their wounds to heal without infection. – Parasitism occurs when one organism (the - It can be said that poverty is becoming
Cancer and infectious diseases are leading parasite) feeds on another organism (the host), increasingly urbanized, mostly in developing
causes of death in the United States. Drug- usually by living on or in the host. (kí sinh) countries.
resistant strains of bacteria are becoming an Parasites can live the inside of the host, (e.g. - Three big ideas
increasing concern worldwide. tapeworms) or on the outside of the host (e.g. • The human population is increasing rapidly and
- Species can play four major roles within mistletoe, sea lampreys). may soon bump up against environmental limits.
ecosystems – Mutualism is an interaction that benefits both • We can slow human population growth by
Native species: normally live and thrive in a species by providing each other with food, reducing poverty, encouraging family planning,
particular ecosystem. shelter, or some other resource. and elevating the status of women.
Nonnative species (also called invasive, alien, – Commensalism is an interaction that benefits • Most urban areas are unsustainable, but they
and exotic): migrate into, or are deliberately or one species but has little, if any, effect on the can be made more sustainable and livable within
accidentally introduced into, an ecosystem, other. (hội sinh) your lifetime.
threaten native species - Environmental resistance is the combination of - The world’s most populous cities, in order, from
Indicator species provide early warnings of all factors that act to limit the growth of a largest to smallest are Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul,
damage to a community or an ecosystem. (Birds population. Mexico City, New York City
are excellent biological indicators because they - Exponential growth starts slowly but then Briefly discuss the baby boomers and their effect
are found almost everywhere and are affected accelerates as the population increases. (J on our population profile.
quickly by environmental changes, such as loss curve) The baby boomers are individuals born in the
or fragmentation of their habitats and - Logistic growth occurs when the growth rate United States between 1946 and 1964, when
introduction of chemical pesticides.) decreases as the population becomes larger and birth rates were extremely high. As this group
Keystone species: whose roles have a large nears the carrying capacity (carrying capacity moves through different age categories, a bulge
effect on the types and abundance of other refers to the maximum size of population the is expressed in our population profile. This group
species in an ecosystem, even though they may environment will support) of its environment is now in the 50- and 60-year-old category.
exist in relatively limited numbers in their because resources such as food, water, and Because of the large number of individuals
ecosystems. (the wolf, leopard, lion, some shark space begin to dwindle. (S curve) within the group, they have been able to
species, and the American alligator,seastar) influence market and political decisions, and are
expected to continue to do so as they retire.