College of Engineering

Salahaddin University-Erbil
Academic Year 2019-2020

Impact test

Prepared by: Rayan ismail hussen

Second Class / Group B
Strength of material test
Mechanical & Mechatronic department
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 3
Impact Test.................................................................................................................................................... 4
Purpose of impact testing: ....................................................................................................................... 5
Types of impact tests: .............................................................................................................................. 5
Difference between Izod and Charpy Impact Test: .................................................................................. 6
Types of materials for impact testing: ..................................................................................................... 6
REFRENCES .................................................................................................................................................... 7
INTRODUCTION

A metal may be very hard (and therefore very strıng and yet be unsuitable for
applications in which it is subjected to sudden loads in service. Materials behave
quite differently when they are loaded suddenly than when they are loaded more
slowly as in tensile testing. Because of this fact, impact test is considered to be one
of the basic mechanical tests (especially for ferrous metals). The term brittle
fracture is used to describe rapid propagation of cracks without any excessive
plastic deformation at a stress level below the yield stress of the material. Metals
that show ductile behavior usually can, under certain circumstances, behave in a
brittle fashion. The stress needed to cause yield rises as the temperature falls. At
very low temperatures, fracture occurs before yielding. Impact tests are used not
also to measure the energy absorbing capacity of the material subjected to sudden
loading; but also to determine the transition temperature from ductile to brittle
behavior.

impact test of metals provides information on failure mode under high velocity
loading conditions leading sudden fracture where a sharp stress raiser (notch) is
present. The energy absorbed at fracture is generally related to the area under the
stress-strain curve which is termed as toughness in some references. Brittle
materials have a small area under the stress-strain curve (due to its limited
toughness) and as a result, little energy is absorbed during impact failure. As
plastic deformation capability of the materials (ductility) increases, the area under
the curve also increases and absorbed energy and respectively toughness increase.
Similar characteristics can be seen on the fracture surfaces of broken specimens.
The fracture surfaces for low energy impact failures, indicating brittle behavior, are
relatively smooth and have crystalline appearance in the metals. On the contrary,
those for high energy fractures have regions of shear where the fracture surface is
inclined about 45° to the tensile stress, and have rougher and more highly
deformed appearance, called fibrous fracture.
Impact Test

An impact test is used to observe the mechanics that a material will exhibit when it
experiences a shock loading that causes the specimen to immediately deform,
fracture or rupture completely. To perform this test the sample is placed into a
holding fixture with the geometry and orientation determined by the type of test
that is used and then a known weight generally but not always in the shape of a
pendulum is released from a known height so that it collides with the specimen
with a sudden force. This collision between the weight and specimen generally
results in the destruction of the specimen but the transfer of energy between the
two is used to determine the fracture mechanics of the material.
Purpose of impact testing:

The purpose of an impact test is to determine the ability of the material to absorb
energy during a collision. This energy may be used to determine the toughness,
impact strength, fracture resistance, impact resistance or fracture resistance of the
material depending on the test that was performed and the characteristic that is to
be determined. These values are important for the selection of materials that will
be used in applications that require the material to undergo very rapid loading
processes such as in vehicular collisions.

Types of impact tests:

For a single impact test the three most popular types of test are the Charpy V-notch
test, the Izod test and the Tensile Impact test. These three tests all essentially
determine the same characteristics of the material but differ in the orientation of
the test sample which causes the sample to be stressed in different directions and
involve a known weight released from a known height colliding with the specimen
in its test fixture. All of these tests are useful in determining the impact mechanics
of the test specimen.

Izod impact testing machine charpy impact testing machine

Difference between Izod and Charpy Impact Test:

 Position of Specimen/Test Material: – In the Izod Impact Test, the specimen is positioned
vertically. On the other hand, it is positioned horizontally in the Charpy Impact Test.

 Direction of Notch-Face: – The notch of the test material faces the hammer/striker fastened
to the pendulum in Izod Test. But, in the case of the Charpy Test, the face of the notch is
away from the striker.

 Type of Notch: – In impact resistance testing, there are two types of notches generally, V-
Notch and U-Notch. In the Izod Impact Test, only V-Notch is used but in Charpy Impact Test
V-Notch as well as U-Notch both can be used.

 Size of Specimen: – The dimension or size of the specimen used in the Izod Test is 75mm x
10mm x 10mm. On the other hand, the dimension of the specimen used is 55mm x 10mm x
10mm in Charpy Test.

 Type of Hammer: – The hammers used as a striker in both of the Izod and Charpy Impact
Test are different from each other. In the Izod Test, Farming Hammer is used and in Charpy
Test, Ball Pin Hammer is used as a striker.

 Striking Point: – The point at which the striker strikes or attacks during the experiment/test
is also different in both of the tests. In the Izod Impact Test, the striker attacks or strikes at
the upper tip of the test material/specimen. But in the case of Charpy, it strikes at the middle
point (in the notch) or center of the specimen.

 Material Tested: – Only metals can be tested by Charpy Test but Izod Test can be used for
testing impact resistance of both metals and plastics.


Types of materials for impact testing:

Nearly all materials may benefit from impact testing, but the most common types
used are metals, plastics, woods, composites, ceramics, and polymers. Generally
these materials take the form of sheets of varying thicknesses or short rods
depending on the test. However, most materials will experience either ductile or
brittle failure depending of the type of test, the rate of loading and the temperature
of the sample. Brittle failure of a material requires a small amount of energy to
begin the crack or to cause the crack to grow until the sample fails. On the other
hand, ductile failure of a material requires a much higher load to initiate and
propagate the crack until failure.
REFRENCES

1. Yang, Min, et al. "Validation of the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6™) across
episodic and chronic migraine." Cephalalgia 31.3 (2011): 357-367.

2. [Link]

3. [Link]