DME II ORAL QUESTION

1 What do you mean by Mechanical Drive? Types of Mechanical Drives.

 Mechanical drives are a series of components that manages the transmission.
This power can be channeled to power other equipment like pumps, blowers, air
compressors, and other common industrial machinery
Open belt drive.
 Cross belt drive.
 Quarter turn belt drive.
 Belt drive with idler pulley.
 Fast and loose pulley drive.
 Cone pulley drive.
 Compound belt drive

2 Compare different types of gear drives use in the mechanical power

transmission system.
Spur gear Spur gears transmit power through shafts that are parallel
Helical Gear Helical gears have teeth that are oriented at an angle to the shaft
Double helical Double helical gears are a variation of helical gears
Herringbone Gear Herringbone gears are very similar to the double helical gear, but
they do not have a gap separating the two helical faces
Bevel Gear Bevel gears are most commonly used to transmit power between shafts that
intersect at a 90 degree angle
Worm gear Worm gears transmit power through right angles on non-intersecting shafts

3 Advantages & disadvantages of gear drive over the other types of drives.
Gear drive Belt drive

Requires less space compared to belt drive. Requires more space compared to gear drive.

Low friction loss compared to belt drive,

High friction loss compared to gear drive,
therefore higher transmission and more
therefore lower transmission and less efficiency.
efficiency.

4 Classifications of Gear drive.

Spur Gear. Spur gears transmit power through shafts that are parallel. ...
Helical Gear. ...
Double Helical Gear. ...
Herringbone Gear. ...
Bevel Gear. ...
Worm Gear. ...
Hypoid Gear.

5 Standard systems of gear tooth.

Gear tooth geometry is determined primarily by pitch, depth, and pressure angle.

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6 What are the advantages of 14.5 & 20 degree full depth involute teeth gears?
Increasing the pressure angle increases the width of the base of the gear tooth,
leading to greater strength and load carrying capacity.

7 Why 20 degree full depth involute systems is used in gear drive?

Ideally 20° of pressure angle ( involute system) is preferred because

It reduces risk of undercut , reduces interference, due to increased pressure angle

compared to 14.5°, the tooth becomes slightly broader at the root. This makes tooth
stronger and increases load carrying capacity. Conversely for 14.5° pressure angle
gear gives quietness of operation.

8 What is the full depth involute gear system?

FULL DEPTH TEETH are those in which the working depth equals 2.000 divided
by the normal diametral pitch 2/P

9 Terminology of spur gear.

Spur Gears – Terms, Definitions, and Calculations

The following terms are related to spur gears:

Addendum: The height of the tooth above the pitch circle.

Backlash: The clearance between two mating teeth of separate gears.
Base circle: A theoretical circle used to generate the involute curve when
creating tooth profiles.
Center distance: The distance between the center shafts of two gears.
Chordal addendum: The distance between a chord, passing through the points
where
the pitch circle crosses the tooth profile and the tooth top.
Chordal thickness: Tooth thickness measured along a chord passing through the
points where the pitch circle crosses the tooth profile.
Circular pitch: Measurement of the pitch circle arc length from one point on a
tooth to the same point on the adjacent tooth.
Circular thickness: The thickness of the tooth at the pitch circle.
Clearance: The space between one gears minor diameter and the mating gears
major diameter.
Dedendum: Depth of the tooth between the pitch circle and the minor diameter.
Diametral pitch: The number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter.
Fillet: The small radius that connects the tooth profile to the root circle.
Module: Teeth per millimeter of pitch diameter.
Outside diameter: The major diameter of the gear.
Pinion: The smaller-sized gear in any meshed pair.
Pitch circle: The circle, the radius of which is equal to the distance from the
center of the gear to the pitch point. This is where the gear’s speed is measured.
Pitch diameter: Diameter of the pitch circle.
Pitch point: The point of tangency of the pitch circles of a pair of mating gears.

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 Pressure angle: The angle between the line of action and a line perpendicular to
the line of centers.

10 Why is dedendum value more than addendum value.

In order to get clearance between the teeth of one gear and bottom surface of
mating gear so as to avoid interference, dedendum is having more value than
addendum.

11 Why the tangential component of gear tooth force called useful component?
 because they act on the shafts that the gears are mounted on and contribute to
the forces acting on the bearings that support the shafts.

12 Why the radial component of gear tooth force called separating component?

The radial component of the gear force is in the radial direction directed to

the gear center and applied at the pitch point. This is because the gear force is a
compressive force, always pushing into the gear teeth.

13 What is the pitting & bending failure of gear tooth?

Pitting or macropitting is surface damage from cyclic contact stress transmitted
through a lubrication film.
Bending The initial crack is located at the point of the largest stresses in a gear
tooth root.
14 Why is the pinion weaker than gear made of same material?
When the different materials are used, the product of decides the weaker between
the pinion and gear. The Lewis form factor is always less for a pinion compared with
gear. When the same material is used for the pinion and gear, the pinion is always
weaker than the gear.

15 How to decide the no of stages in the multistage power reduction system.

As this example shows, the total transmission ratio it of the entire gearbox can

therefore be determined by multiplying the individual transmission ratios of the
respective gear stages: it=i1⋅i2⋅i3⋅

16 If material is different, how you will check the weaker gear in a pair?

17 Explain force analysis of Spur gear, helical gear, bevel gear, worm gear.
Spur gears only generate forces in the gear plane, however helical gears generate an
axial force component therefore need to be supported axially as well. In spur gear
axial force acting on drive gear equals the radial force acting on driven gear

18 Assumptions for beam strength.

The material of the beam that is subjected to bending is homogenous (same
composition throughout) and isotropic(same elastic properties in all directions).

The beams have a symmetrical cross section and they are subjected to bending only in
the plane of symmetry.

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19 Gear tooth failures.
When gears are loaded in the manner and subjected to enough repeated stress
cycles, the gear tooth will fail.

20 Write the basic design procedure for Spur gear, helical gear, bevel gear,
worm gear.
Y
21 Hunting and Backlash and Crowning of Gear.
T

22 Material Selection for Gears.

Depends on They are strength, durability, and cost, which includes both the cost
of the material and the cost of manufacturing.

Gears can be made of all sorts of materials, including many types of steel, brass,
bronze, cast iron, ductile iron, aluminum, powdered metals, and plastics. Steel is the
most common material overall, although over the years, we've worked with all of the
material types mentioned

23 Virtual Number of teeth for helical and bevel gear.

24 Difference between Herringbone helical gear and double helical gear.

Double Helical Gear Herringbone Gear
In double helical gear, a small gap is maintained by cutting a groove between
two identical helical gears with opposite hands of helix. In herringbone gears, no
such gap is provided between two identical helical gears with opposite hands of helix.
Hobbing, a high productive gear cutting process, can be advantageously used for
cutting double helical gears. Hobbing is not preferred process for cutting
herringbone gears as the hob (cutter) can run over the other half in the same way
because of no gap. It is usually cut by gear shaper, which is a slow process.
Due to intermediate gap in between two helical gears, it requires more axial
space. Less axial space is required for same power transmission requirement.

25 Differentiate ball bearings with roller bearings.

G A roller bearing is a cylindrical unit that is used to provide low-friction
movement for a bushing or bearing block. A ball bearing is a spherical unit that
accomplishes the same objective as a roller bearing

26 Write the applications of rolling contact bearings.

Y As different types of roller bearings offer different combination of properties
like performance, speed, reliability, load capacity, durability and precision, they are
used in a wide range of devices and in several different industries. Some of the widely
used applications of roller bearings are aviation cargo systems, engines, agriculture
industry, heavy equipments and machinery, solar panels, medical equipments,
automobile industry, power houses and many others.

27 Explain designation of rolling contact bearings; bearing number 6307

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 Y deep Grove ball bearing.

28 Define static load carrying capacity, dynamic load carrying capacity of a ball
bearing.
Static load capacity is almost always higher than dynamic load capacity because
its limitation is plastic deformation of the ball and raceway material, which occurs
when the load is applied to the bearing in a static (non-moving) or slow-moving state.

29 Define life of individual bearing, rating life.

30 Define Equivalent bearing load. Write expression for the equivalent dynamic
load.
1

31 Write the assumptions made for Stribeck’s equation.

1

32 Write Load-life relationship.

1

33 Selection of Ball Bearing from Manufacturer’s Catalogue

1 1) Write/Calculate the radial and axial forces acting on the bearing and
determine/write the diameter of the shaft where the bearing is to be fitted. (2)
Select the type of bearing for the given application. (3) Determine the values of X
and Y, the radial and thrust factors, from the data book.

34 Explain preloading of rolling contact bearings.

1 Preload is a force acting between the rolling elements and bearing rings that is
not caused by an external load. Preload can be regarded as negative internal
clearance. Reasons to apply preload include: Enhanced stiffness.

35 What are the advantages of worm gear drives?

1 Worm gears can be used to either greatly increase torque or greatly reduce
speed. They are also the smoothest and quietest of the gear systems, as long as they
are properly mounted and lubricated. Another advantage of worm gears is that they
have good meshing effectiveness.

36 What are the drawbacks of worm gear drives?

1 The main disadvantage of worm drives is their low performance offered by
these gearbox stages, which can be close to 15% due to the high friction and
associated axial stresses.

37 What is material for worm and worm wheel?

1 Worm gearing, especially for power transmission, should have steel worms
and phosphor bronze wormgears. This combination is used extensively. The worms
should be hardened and ground to obtain accuracy and a smooth finish.

38 Why Dissimilar Material for worm and worm wheel

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 1 In worm gear always governs the design. Justify. Worm and worm wheel is
basically used for transmission of high gear ratios. ... The aim in deciding different
materials in the design is because the change in material will have different heat
transfer coefficient i.e the ability to absorb the heat or to release the heat.

39 Why worm gear is weaker than worm

1

40 How worm gear is designate?

1 A right-hand helical gear or right-hand worm is one in which the teeth twist
clockwise as they recede from an observer looking along the axis. The designations,
right-hand and left-hand, are the same as in the long-established practice for screw
threads, both external and internal.

41 Why is the efficiency of worm gear drive low?

1 Efficiency of a worm-gear speed reducer depends (in part) on its speed-
reduction ratio. High-ratio units have a smaller gear-tooth lead (helix) angle, which
causes more surface contact between them. This higher contact causes higher
friction and lower efficiency.

42 Write any two applications of worm gears in textile machines.

1Worm gears are also used to create torsion differentials for four-wheel drive
vehicles. 2 The simplest use of a worm gear design can be found on stringed
instruments such as guitars, double basses, banjos and violins.

43 Explain why in design of worm gear, worm gear governs the design.
1 Depending upon the 'N' rpm at which the worm is rotating and the gear ratio
the heat is generated. The generation of heat bends for checking the design for
thermal failure

44 Explain thermal consideration of worm gear drive.

1

45 Self locking and overhauling of worm gear drive.

1.

46 State any four advantages of V- belt drive over flat belt drive.
1 High power transmission capacity because V-grooves provide excellent grip.
The functioning of the belt and the pulley is smooth and quiet.
The V-belt drive provides compactness due to the small distance between the centers
of the pulleys.
Slip between the belt and the pulley is negligible.
The axis can be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
They can dampen vibration.

47 Explain crowning of pulley

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 1 The key to keeping them tracking centered on the pulleys is the use of
"crowned pulleys". A crowned pulley is a pulley that has a slight hump in the middle,
tapering off ever so slightly towards either edge.

48 Define slip and creep for belt drive?

1 Slip --- Slip is defined as insufficient frictional grip between pulley
(driver/driven) and belt. ... Creep ----- Uneven extensions and contractions of the
belt when it passes from tight side to slack side. There is relative motion between
belt and pulley surface, this phenomenon is called creep of belt.

49 What are the factors upon which selection of a belt drive depends?
1 Type of drive required.
Driver/Driven RPM.
Horsepower requirements.
Pulley diameters and center distance.
Take-up allowances and take-up design.

50 Derive the condition for maximum power transmission in belt drives.

1

51 Expression for length of open and cross belt drive.

1 We have discussed that in an open belt drive, both the pulleys rotate in the
same direction as shown in Fig. 1. L = Total length of the belt.

52 Define Initial tension, centrifugal tension

When the pulleys are stationary this firm grip is increased by tightening the two
ends of the belt. Hence the belt is subjected to some tension. This tension is known
as initial tension in the belt. Let To = initial tension in the belt T1 = Tension in the
tight side T2 = Tension in the slack side To = T1 + T2/2

53 Condition for maximum power transmission.

In electrical engineering, the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to
obtain maximum external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the
resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its
output terminals

54 Procedure for Selection of Flat-Belts from Manufacturer’s Catalogue.

Select suitable V-belt section. Five types of standard V-belt sections are
available. ...
Determine diameters of pulleys. ...
Calculate design power. ...
Determine Pitch Length and Centre Distance. ...
Determine corrected power rating. ...
Determine the number of belts required.

55 Basic modes of lubrications.

Hydrodynamic Lubrication

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Hydrostatic Lubrication
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Solid-film Lubrication
56 Write Petroff’s equation

57 Explain bearing characteristic number

S is the Sommerfeld Number or bearing characteristic number. r is the shaft
radius. c is the radial clearance. µ is the absolute viscosity of the lubricant.

58 Assumptions for Reynold’s Equation. Significance of each term.

59 Explain Sommerfeld number, Minimum oil film thickness.

h0 = Minimum oil film thickness in µm. K1, K2 = Constants as per the range of
Sommerfeld number. The minimum oil film thickness obtained by Mathcad software
is 3.2449 µm and the KISSsoft result is 3.14 µm. The percentage error between these
two results is about 3.2328 %.

60 Temperature rise in sliding contact bearing.

61 Explain CFE and FV for sliding contact bearing.

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