12V BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
This project is design and construction of an automatic turn off battery
charger. Automatic battery charger presented here is a Ni-Cd battery
charger. An Auto turn off battery charger proceeds to charge the battery
automatically. When the battery is charged it will shut off. Rechargeable
batteries store electricity from the grid for later use and can be conveniently
recharged when their energy has been drained. The objective of this
project is to design and construct an electronic device that will supply
electrical energy(charges) to a battery. The designed device consists of a
circuit which performs charging of a battery. It mainly consist of a step
down transformer which steps the supply voltage to 12V. Then a Rectifier
circuit is implied to convert the input alternating current to direct current. A
filter circuit is used to filter out the unwanted ripples out, the auto cutoff is
achieved by the relay.
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
INDEX :
Content page numbers
1. Introduction 3-4
2. Literature survey 5-6
3. Block diagram 7
4. Components
(with description) 8-12
5. Working 12-13
6. Advantages and
disadvantages 14
7. Applications 14
8. References 15
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
I. INTRODUCTION
The aim of this project is to introduce technology for reducing the loss of
power that is always happening without human intentions. The 'auto'
referred here comprises an automatically controlled battery charger.
Overcharging of batteries not only reduces their life but also provides a
serious threat to humans. The project is mainly based on the automation of
charging batteries. All humankind is responsible for preserving energy
resources. That is, Electricity is a man-made energy resource. Nowadays,
the lack of power is lost by unwanted usage of human society.
Auto turn off charger is an electrical device employed in charging batteries.
This charger automatically shuts off the charging process when the battery
attains full charge. This prevents the deep charge of the battery. If the
battery voltage is below the set value, then the circuit automatically charges
the [Link] is observed that irrespective of the level of discharge, most
battery service centers often connect the batteries and allow them to
charge without a means to automatically disconnect them when they are
fully charged in order to prevent overcharge and possible explosion. In
some cases, in an effort to deliver quick service and meet customer
demand, the charge setting of the battery charger is adjusted to increase
the charging current so as to reduce the charging time. Such practices
shorten the life time of the battery The charger is made up of various
electrical and electronic component, which for the purpose of clarity, are
group into your basic unit they are:
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
• The power supply units
• The smoothing circuits
• The regulating unit and
• Regulated D.C charging units
An Auto turn off battery charger is a good option for people who don’t like
having to mess with the battery charging process too much. Simply hook
our battery up to an Auto turn off battery charger and we will find that it
proceeds to charge a battery automatically. When the battery is charged it
will shut off. A battery will never get overcharged with an Auto turn off
battery charger. Many people choose an Auto turn off battery charger over
a manual battery charger that can fry our batteries by not shutting off when
the battery is charged up.
This can cause a lot of headaches and prevent us from getting the life
expectancy out of the batteries we purchase.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
[1]. Bharati G.T Jerusalem college of engineering, “Automatic switch
off battery charger” chennai, IndiaAutomatic switch off battery
charger 11 december 2021 [1]
[2]. Udezue, CU, [Link], AUnachukwu, I. Onyemelukweand H Onyeka.
“12V Portable Battery Charging”
System, Pacific Journal of Science and Technology 17(1): 5-11. May 2016.
[3]. Theraja, B.L and Theraja A.K .Electrical Technology 20th Edition New
Delhi, Cahnds and Co Ltd (2000).
[4]. Kuang –Ting Lee and Min-JhenDai, “Temperature Compensated
model for li-on batteries with extended
kalman filter state-of-charge estimation for an implantable
charger”,DOI 10.1109/TIE.2017.2721880,IEEE.
[5]. [Link] Deepak Lanna-” Design and development of cost
effective automatic cut off PV charge
controller with indicator”, IOSR-JEEE, VOL10, PP18-22.
[6]. Kim and [Link], “State Of-Charge Estimation and State –Of –
Health Prediction Of a Lithium Ion degraded battery based on an EKF
combined with a per unit system” IEEE ,Vol 60 ,pp.4249-4260,2011.
[7]. Miss. Swathi, M. Karemore and Prof. AmitWelekar” Implementation of
solar panel based multi mobile charger with auto cut off power”,
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P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
IJRITCCJan-2016.
[8]. R. Chandana, [Link], V. Hariharan, [Link].
[Link]-”Solar Based Automatic Curtain by using
Microcontroller” IJRASET Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2016.
[9]. C. Gowthami, C. Santhoh, A. Pavankumar, A. Karthick, K. R.
Ramya-”Design and Implementation of Automatic Street Light
Controller System using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)” IJEET
Volume 35, No.10May2016.
[10]. J.A. Stankovic,”Research directions for the Internet of Things”,
IEEE Internet Things J., Vol. no. 1, pp.3-9, Feb.2014
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P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
III. BLOCK DIAGRAM
Auto turn off battery charger' can automatically control the supply of
power to the electronic device during charging. The auto turn-off
battery charger for Ni-Cd rechargeable batteries automatically
disconnects from the mains to stop charging when the batteries are
fully charged. It can be used to charge partially discharged cells as
well. The block diagram of this project is given below.
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P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
IV. COMPONENTS
1) 1n4007 diode:
The 1N4007-T is a Rectifier Diode with a molded plastic case. The rectifier
diode has high current capability and low forward voltage drop.
● Diffused Junction
● High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop
● Low Reverse Leakage Current
2) 3300uf capacitor :
Xuansn factory manufacturing and supply of New Arrival 3300UF 25V
Capacitor Electrolytic 8000Hours.
● Operating temperature: -40 ~ +105℃
● Life: 8000 hours
● Size: 16*25 mm
● Ripple Current:1562 mAmrs
● Tanδ: 0.14Xuan S
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
3) Lm317 voltage regulator :
The LM317 is an adjustable 3−terminal positive voltage regulator
capable of supplying in excess of 1.5 A over an output voltage range of
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P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
1.2 V to 37 V. This voltage regulator is exceptionally easy to use and
requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Further, it
employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe area
compensation, making it essentially blow−out proof.
The LM317 serves a wide variety of applications including local, on
card regulation. This device can also be used to make a programmable
output regulator, or by connecting a fixed resistor between the
adjustment and output, the LM317 can be used as a precision current
regulator.
Features
• Output Current in Excess of 1.5 A
• Output Adjustable between 1.2 V and 37 V
• Internal Thermal Overload Protection
• Internal Short Circuit Current Limiting Constant with Temperature
• output Transistor Safe−Area Compensation
• Floating Operation for High Voltage Applications
• Eliminates Stocking many Fixed Voltages
• Available in Surface Mount D2PAK−3, and Standard 3−Lead
Transistor Package
• NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring
Unique Site and Control Change Requirements; AEC−Q100
Qualified and PPAP Capable
4) 10K POT :
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P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
Available in different resistance values like 500Ω, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K,
22K, 47K, 50K, 100K, 220K, 470K, 500K, 1 M.
Power Rating: 0.3W
Maximum Input Voltage: 200Vdc
Rotational Life: 2000K cycles
5) 12V Relay :
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P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
6) 12V Transformer : 230v to 12v step down transformer
V. WORKING :
Many of the electronic appliances work on 12VDC, and if its portable
appliance it uses a 12V Battery to power up. In case the battery drains up
fast we also need chargers for these rechargeable batteries.
This project serves this need in a very simple and compact construct. With
power source from the mains supply through a rectifier this project can
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
charge a battery with auto cut off feature. The output should be given to a
12VDC Battery.
When a 12VDC is connected to the system, the system powers up and
scans if the output terminal has a voltage level less than 12VDC or not. If
the Battery level is below 12VDC then the charging circuit is triggered ON.
Charging remains ON till the Battery level reaches 12V and then the
charging circuit is turned OFF automatically.
The voltage sensing IC senses the voltage level to trigger the charging
events. The 12VDC voltage level has to be configured into the IC so that it
considers this voltage level as the reference level. Once the reference is
set the monitoring by the IC triggers a relay to charge the Battery if it is
found to be below the reference level. Similarly, the relay is turned OFF
automatically once the charge level reaches or passes by the reference
level or 12VDC
VI. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
● Compact
● Cheap
● Efficient
● Auto cutoff makes it safer
Disadvantage :
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P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
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12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
● Overheating issues have been addressed.
VII. APPLICATIONS :
● Can be used for charging batteries up to 12 volts .
VIII. REFERENCES :
● Bharati G.T Jerusalem college of engineering, “Automatic switch
off battery charger” chennai, India
Automatic switch off battery charger 11 december 2021 [1]
● Udezue, CU, [Link], AUnachukwu, I. Onyemelukweand H Onyeka.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
14
12VOLT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM
“12V Portable Battery ChargingSystem”, Pacific Journal of Science
and Technology 17(1): 5-11. May 2016 [2]
● Theraja, B.L and Theraja A.K .Electrical Technology 20th Edition New
Delhi, Cahnds and Co Ltd (2000). [3]
● Kuang –Ting Lee and Min-JhenDai, “Temperaturecompensated
model for li-on batteries with extendedkalman filter state-of-
charge estimation for an implantable
charger”,DOI10.1109/TIE.2017.2721880,IEEE [4]
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
P.D.A College Of Engineering Kalaburagi
15
