TT tye \ a 2020! Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission Combined State Engineering Services Examination Assistant Engineer Civil Engineering Structural Steel Design Well Illustrated Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions MADE EASY Publications Note: This book contains copyright subject mater MADE EASY Publications, New Deh. No part ofthis book may be reproduced, "More in avetrewlaitem or transnted in any fom or byanytneane. laters ae able tobe legally prosecutedStructural Steel Design Contents UNIT TOPIC PAGE NO. 10. General Design Consideration —— Connection: Riveted, Bolted and Welded Tension Member Compression Member~ Beam- Plate Girder: Gantry Girder Industrial RoofTruss ~ Plastic Analysis and Design ~ Eccentric Connection 2000zmavSxmn 7.1 Introduction Gantry Girder * Gantry girders or crane girders carry hand operated or electric overhead cranes in industrial buildings such as factories, workshops, steel works etc., to liftheavy materials, equipment etc. and to carry them from one location to the other, within the building, The essential components of crane system are: 1. Crane bridge or cross girder Crane runway (rail) Gantry girder or crane girder Trolly or crab, mounted on crane bridge * The crane bridge spans the bay of the shop. The trally or crab, mounted on crane bridge, can travel transversely along the bridge. +The bridge has wheels at ends, and is capable of moving longitudinally on rails © Therails aremounted on gantry girders. The gantry girder spans between brackets attached to columns which may either be of steel or of reinforced cement concrete, ‘© Thus the span of gantry girder is equal to centre to centre spacing of columns. Gantry girders are subjected to vertical and horizontal load from the weight of the crane, hook load and dynamic loads. Figure shows the plan of the whole arrangement 7.2 Loads for Gantry Girders | CRANE t PACKING lA eRacKET Z stancHion Fig. Components of Grane System in general gantry girders are laterally unsupported beam except at the column locations.MADE EASY Structural Steel Design Gantry Girder 189 Vertical Woot Lateraoes ~ Rail = Gonty giaer “ non, UL ry, Veta load | Poca PS OT ater zat ta Tow bacot << voiaa Lateral orzo oad ER Gin, Sean an om ‘stifeners Fig. Loadsacting ona girder Fig. Loads acting on gantry girder supporting light crane Fig. shows the various forces that act on a girder and are summarized below: (@)_ Crane girder reaction acting vertically downwards. (b) Longitudinal thrust due to starting and stopping of the crane acting in the longitudinal direction (©) Lateral thrust due to starting and ping of the crab acting horizontal 7.2.1 Vertical Loads + Reaction from the crane girder composing of self-weight of the crane, self-weight of crab an crane capacity constitute vertical load on the gantry girder, ©The wheels attached to the crane gitder transfer this vertical load to the gantry girder. ‘+ Thus design reaction is computed from the maximum crane wheel load and it occurs when the crane is nearest to the gantry girder. Setf-weight of the rail also constitute the vertical load. 7.2.2. Lateral Loads / Surge Loads Lateral loads on crane girders are caused due to the following: (@) Sudden stopping of the crab and the load when traversing the crab girder (b) Crab transferring weights across the shop tloor. The lateral load is assumed to act in the plane of center of gravity of the upper flange. Now this lateral force has a lever arm that produces torque which is quite small and can be neglected safely tis assumed that tensile flange of the gantry girder does not offer any resistance to the lateral loads. 7.2.3 Longitudinal Loads / Drag Loads * Starting and stopping of the crane girders produce longitudinal forces on the gantry girders, ‘© This thrust is produced along the rails, ‘+ Maximum longitudinal force acts when electrically operated crane applies brakes suddenly. ‘© The frictional resistance developed due to locked wheels is supplied by the rails and in turn gets distributed to the crane columns.190 | Civil Engineering UPPSC-AE MADE EASY Publleatons Remember: Lateral and longitudinal forces act the level of rails ans moments due to these forces. us gantry girders are also subjected to 7.2.4 Impact Loads * The actual stresses produced in gantry girders are more than that produced by usual gradually applied loads, because additional stresses are set up in the gantry girders due to impact loads like the sudden application of brakes to rapidly moving loaded cranes, acceleration, retardation, vibration, slip of slings (hooks) etc Table : Additional loads tobe considered for structures subjected to impact loads "Type of Load ‘Additional Load (@) Vertical forces transferred tothe rails, (0). For electic overhead cranes 25% of maximum static whee! load (i) For hand operated cranes 10% of maximum static whee! load (b) Horizontal forces transfered to the rails: (). For electric overhead cranes 10% of the weight ofthe crab and the weight ited on the crane (9 Forhend operated rane ‘5% of the weight ofthe erab and the weight on the crane: (6) Horizontal forces along the ras 5% of the static whee! load * Thus steel sections which carty quick moving cranes must be heavier than the sections carrying slow moving cranes. + Inquick moving EOT cranes, flexural stresses are increased rapidly from zero to maximum value as the crane moves from support to the center. + Thus, suitable impact factors are introduced, IS 875 (Part-ll}:1987 gives additional loads to be taken into account for structures subjected to impact loads. 7.2.5 Fatigue Loads + Moving loads on gantry girders cause fatigue : Cl. 13.6 of IS 800:2007 enumerates the necessity of fatigue assessment. Accordingly the fatigue assessment is not required to be done unless the structure is subjected to following loads: (@)_ Oscillating loading induced due to crowd for a large number of cycles in life (b) Stresses induced due to vibrating machines. (©) Stresses induced due to wind loading (oscillations) for a large number of cycles in life (d) Members that support ltting andjor the rolling loads. For light and medium duty cranes, fatigue need not to be checked if normal design stress and the shear design stress follows the relation, or ifthe actual number of stress cycles, 2 Na < sxr0"(—2_) Amt tnt Where Ypu = Partial factor of safety for strength as per Table 25 of IS 800:2007 ‘Yq = Partial factor of safety for material = 1.1 = Actual fatigue stress rangeMADE EASY Structural Steel Design Gantry Girder 191 However for heavy duly cranes, the gantry girder must be checked for fatigue. The fatigue strength of standard details for the normal or shear stress range is given by, For normal stress range Shear stress range = Th where f, %; = Design normal and shear fatigue stress range of the details respectively for a life cycle ofN,. yy Ty = Normal and shear fatigue strength of the details for 5 x 108 cycles for the detail category ‘omputation for fatigue strength should be made at service loads with a load factor of 1.0. ication for Gantry Girders * Gantry girders are subjected to vertical loads along with horizontal thrusv/oads simultaneously. ‘+ Thus the allowable stresses are enhanced by 10% but this enhancement in allowable stresses is not in addition to that allowed for erection loads with or without wind or seismic forces. Of the two horizontal forces as specified in Table only one is considered to act at a time along with the vertical load, Table: Vertical Deflection Limits for Gantry Girders SNe. Grane Type. Permissible Deflection +, | Manually operated cranes 1800 2, | Electcaly operated cranes of capacity up to 500 KN uso 3, | Electicaly operated cranes of capacity exceeding 600 KN 1000 4. | Other moving loads lke the charging cars et. 11800 L= Span of the gantry girder ms [7 Example-7.1__ In an industrial building gantry girder of effective span 22.5 m carries an EOT crane of capacity of 400 KN. The maximum deflection as per IS80O, where ‘L’ is the span of gantry girder: (a) 16mm. (b) 20 mm (c) 24mm (d) 30mm192 | Civil Engineering UPPSC-AE MADE EASY Publleatons Solution: (d) Given, span of the beam (L) = 22.5 m = 250mm, Limiting deflection of gantry girder supported by EOT cranes, crane carrying capacity upto 500 KN as L por IS 800 : 2007 is 7e5 22500 Fey = 30mm Limiting deflection 7.4 Sections of a Gantry Girder + The compression flange of an I-Section is reinforced with a channel to increase the lateral stability. ‘+ When greater lateral stability and torsional rigidity are required in case of heavy lateral forces, a box type of girder is adopted T <= | Jk to) we « ‘a te ws Fig. Forms of ganty girdersMADE EASY a4 az as aa as as a7 Publications Student's Assignment Structural Steel Design Gantry Girder 193 The deflection in gantry girder should not exceed when they carry moving loads. (b) L500. (d) L800 (a) Lieoo (c) W250 (KPSC) Acrane girder spans in between: (a) adjacent columns (b) bottom chord members of adjacent roof russ (©) opposite columns across the workshop (@) Purlins of the roof truss Gantry gitders are designed for the following types of loads: () Gravity loads (i) Lateral loads (ii) Wind loads (iv) Longitudinal loads The correct one(s) is (are) (a) (i)and (ii) (b) (i, (i) and (i (e) i) and (iv) (A) (i, (id) and (iv) Gantry girders are designed as () Laterally unsupported beam (i) Laterally supported beam (ii). most severe combination of vertical loads and either of lateral and longitudinal loads ‘The correct statements of the above are: (@) (i) and (i) (©) (ivand (il) (©) (only (a) Data insufficient ‘or manually operated cranes, the maximum permissible deflection in gantry girder is (@) Span2s0 (b) Span'eoo (©) Spanso0 (2) Span’g00 Lateral load acting at the level of compression flange of gantry girder is resisted by {a) Tension flange (b) Compression flange (c) Web (d) All of the above Allowable stresses in gantry girder is (a) reduced by 10% (b) enhanced by 10% (c) not changed (d) dependent on type of gantry girder Q.8 For gantry girders carrying electrically operated overhead travelling cranes the vertical forces are increased by (@) 25% of maximum static wheel load (b) 10% of maximum static wheel load (©) 10% of the weight of crab and weight lifted bythe crane (d) 5% of the weight of crab and weight lifted bythe crane Q.9 Ina gantry girder section, channel is provided on compression flange of an |-section (@) toincrease lateral buckling strength (b) to decrease vertical deflection (©) to reduce effective length of compression flange (d) toreduce moment of inertia about horizontal axis (oPsc) Q.10 When gantry girders carry electrically operated travelling cranes with heavy loads, the deflection should not exceed L (@) 500 ©) G00 L © 75 ® T05 (MPSC) Q.11 A gantry girder has been provided with the following sections shown in the following figures n which case(s), the allowable stresses in bending compression is equal to thatin tension? Select the correct answer using the codes given below (@) tand2 (b) 2and3 (©) only () 3only (KPSC)Civil Engineering UPPSC-AE 194 Q.12 Inacrane gantry girder, a channel s provided at the top flange girder. This accounts for benaing n (@) horizontal plane only (©) vertical plane only (c) horizontal and vertical planes (@) horizontal and vertical planes and twisting Q.13 The given figure shows a typical section of a crane girder. Consider the following statements inthis regard: ‘The function of the top channel is to 1. increase moment of inertia about vertical axis, 2. reduce moment of inertia about horizontal axis 3. increase torsional stifress 4, increase lateral buckling strength Which of these statements are correct? (a) Tanda (b) and 3 (c) 1,2and4 (d) 1,3and4 Q.14 Consider the following statements in respect of gantry girders 1. Gantry girders are designed for 23% extra load of crane capacity for impact. 2, Maximum deflection for dead and imposed loads without impact is limited to span/500. Which of these statementis is/are correct? (a) 1only (b) 2only (©) Both tand2 — (d) Neither t nor 2 Q.15. Which one of the following is the most efficient section for a simply supported gantry Girder. (a) Symmetrical -section (b) Back to Back connected channel section fn with channel section at the top (@) Box section (MPsc) > aNswERKEY / ,STURENTS. 1. (a) 20 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 66) 726) &@) 9) 1M) 44. (co) 12, (a) 13. (a)__14. (b) 15. (c) HINTS & SOLUTIONS / STUDENTS, Be When the compression fiange is laterally supported by either a catwall or by additional member, then the allowable stress in bending compression is equal to that in tension Be The channel provided on the top flange increases the lateral resistance against the horizontal surge. Therefore it accounts for bending in horizontal plane Be Under normal circumstances, the crane girder is. designed as laterally unsupported beam carrying vertical and horizontal load 'e level of the top. flange. The channel at top flange (0) increases moment of inertia about vertical axis (ii) improves lateral buckling strength. ‘The channel used below the compression flange of the wide flange beam and is supported by brackets, increases the torsional stiffness of girder. Bo Gantry girders are designed for extra load to cater for impact. * Formanually operated cranes- 10% of max. ‘Static wheel load. * For electric cranes- 25% of max. Static wheel load