INTRODUCTION Information processing- Scientists, artists,
"We live in an electronic age." students, government and business workers,
Electronics- branch of engineering which deals and hobbyists at home all rely on computers.
with current conduction through a Vacuum or
Medicine and Research-Include product like
Gas or Semiconductor.
X-ray machines ECG (Electrocardiogram) use
Electronic Device-Control of electrons is
accomplished by devices. radiation to take images of bones and internal
organs.
Electronic circuit- Electronic devices
Computers- other electronic instruments
contain circuitry consisting primarily or
provide scientists and other researchers with
exclusively of active semiconductors
powerful tools to better understand their area of
supplemented.
study.
Passive Component
Automation-Electronic components enable
Capable of operating without an external
many common home appliances.
power source.
Typical passive components are Instrumentation-Measuring Instruments like
resistors, capacitors, inductors.
CRO.
Active component
Automobile control- Many automobiles have
Requiring a source of power to operate.
electronic controls in their engines and fuel
Includes transistors (all types), integrated
circuits (all types), TRIACs, SCRs, systems.
LEDs, etc.
Electron Emission- The liberation of electrons
Applications of Electronics from the surface of a metal.
Electronic components- is any basic discrete Types of electron emission
device or physical entity in an electronic system
used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Thermionic Emission-due to Thermal energy
Consumer Electronics-home electronics are Field Emission- due to application of strong
electronic equipment intended for everyday use, electric field
typically in private homes. Photo Electric Emission- by the application of
Communication- connect people around the light
world. Using telephones, Internet and computers,
people in different countries communicate almost
instantly.
Fundamentals of tubes and other devices Vacuum tubes
Electron Tubes -Electrons are of no value in a vacuum tube unless
they can be put to work.
December 23, 1947
-designed with the elements necessary to utilize
-The first transistor was introduced in this date.
electrons as well as those required to produce
THERMIONIC EMISSION them.
- Heating a conductor to a temperature Types of vacuum tubes
sufficiently high causing the conductor to give off
•Diode
electrons
- is a two-electrode vacuum tube containing a
Metallic conductors-contain many free
cathode
electrons, which at any given instant are not
bound to atoms. - surrounded by an anode
Thomas Edison - it repels the electrons and no current flows.
- discovered the principle of thermionic emission -rectifiers in ac-powered systems to convert the
ac supply voltage to the dc voltage
-Clouding his incandescent light bulb.
- The tube is constructed of the following
- Ammeter in the filament-plate circuit had
parts: Filament and/or cathodes, plates,
deflected and remained deflected.
envelope, and base
-flowing in the circuit—EVEN ACROSS THE
•Triode
GAP
- three-element device commonly used in a wide
HOW CIRCUIT WORKS variety of RF generators
Heated filament - three internal elements: the cathode, control
- causes electrons to boil from its surface grid, and plate.
-places a POSITIVE charge on the plate •Tetrode
-UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT. - a four-element tube with two grids.
-the electrons (negative charge) that boil from the -the control grid serves the same purpose as the
filament are attracted to the positively charged grid in a triode
plate.
•Pentode
EDISON EFFECT- Electrons to flow across
-Case of screen-grid tubes, the proximity of the
the space between the filament and the plate positive screen grid to the plate offers a strong
attraction to these secondary electrons.
Thermionic emission- phenomenon of an
electric current leaving the surface of a material -is a five-electrode tube incorporating three grids.
as the result of thermal activation.
-The third grid, the suppressor grid, is mounted in
- is the method normally employed in vacuum the region between the screen grid and the anode.
tubes.
-The suppressor grid produces a potential
minimum
Secondary emission- Emission caused by Variable Resistance
bombardment of an electrode by electrons from
-variable rather than a fixed value
the cathode
-Symbol "modifier" (the diagonal arrow) is
Tubes to solid-state era
standard electronic symbol convention.
- solid-state era, it no longer seems relevant to
-potentiometers
explore on the design principles and properties of
tubes.
RESISTOR
Circuit Variables: Power Rating
Voltage, Current, and Resistance -rated in terms of how much heat energy they can
dissipate without overheating and sustaining
-easiest variable in any circuit to control is
damage.
resistance
- "watts." 1/4 (0.25) watt
-This can be done by changing the material, size,
and shape of its conductive components. - The power rating of any resistor is roughly
- to create a precise quantity of resistance proportional to its physical size.
- to maintain a stable resistance value over a wide size: the bigger the resistor, the higher its power
range of environmental conditions dissipation rating.
Also note how resistances (in ohms) have
– Produce heat as electric power is dissipated by
them in a working circuit nothing to do with size!
Printed circuit board- an assembly made of
– Provide a precise quantity of electrical
sandwiched layers of insulating phenolic fiber-
resistance
board and conductive copper strips
Soldering- Which components may be inserted
and secured by a low-temperature welding
process.
Surface mount devices- Resistors packaged in
even smaller units
Wire-wound Resistors-Resistance wire is
wrapped around an insulating core
Real resistors- look like small tubes or cylinders Carbon-Composition Resistors-Made of finely
with two wires protruding for connection to a divided carbon or graphite mixed with powdered
circuit insulating material
Types of resistors
• Wire-Wound Resistors
• Carbon-Composition Resistors
• Film-Type Resistors
• Surface-Mount Resistors
• Fusible Resistors Capacitor
• Thermistors -A device for storing electric charge.
• Light-dependent Resistors
Capacitance
- Unit of capacitance is FARAD (f)
Capacitor Markings
- The vast majority of capacitors employ written
markings which indicate their values, workings
voltages, and tolerance.
- Three-digit code is commonly used to mark
monolithic ceramic capacitors.
Inductors
-Provide us with a means of storing electrical
energy in the form of a magnetic field.
Inductance
- Property of a coil which gives rise to the
opposition to a change in the value of current
flowing in it.
- Unit is henry (H)
Inductor Markings
-As with capacitors, the vast majority of inductors
use written markings.
