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NEET 2025 Physics Syllabus Overview

This document outlines the syllabus for the course PY1141: BASIC MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER. It is divided into two main sections - Mechanics (22 hours) and Properties of Matter (14 hours). Mechanics covers dynamics of rigid bodies, conservation of energy, and oscillations. Properties of Matter covers elasticity, surface tension, and fluid dynamics. The document also lists recommended textbooks for study and reference. Sample topics for assignments and tutorials include determining the moment of inertia of various objects and studying properties such as surface tension and viscosity.

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Mukhil R Pillai
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
399 views14 pages

NEET 2025 Physics Syllabus Overview

This document outlines the syllabus for the course PY1141: BASIC MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER. It is divided into two main sections - Mechanics (22 hours) and Properties of Matter (14 hours). Mechanics covers dynamics of rigid bodies, conservation of energy, and oscillations. Properties of Matter covers elasticity, surface tension, and fluid dynamics. The document also lists recommended textbooks for study and reference. Sample topics for assignments and tutorials include determining the moment of inertia of various objects and studying properties such as surface tension and viscosity.

Uploaded by

Mukhil R Pillai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

tabulations

Substitution, calculation, result 25


with correct unit
Certified record with 18 10
experiments
Total 80

For computer experiments, the following scheme shall be followed.

Component Marks
Writing the 30
programme
Execution of the 20
programme
Output/Result 20
Certified record with 10
18 experiments
Total 80

PY1141:BASIC MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER

(36 HOURS-2 CREDITS)

MECHANICS (22 hrs)

Unit 1- Dynamics of Rigid Bodies (7 hrs)

Equations of motion for rotating rigid bodies- angular momentum and M.I-
Theorems on MI.- calculation of MI. of bodies of regular shapes- uniform rod,
ring, disc, annular ring, solid cylinder, hollow cylinder and solid sphere- KE of
rotating and rolling bodies- torque- Determination of MI. of a fly wheel (theory,
experiment and applications).

Unit 2- Conservation of energy (3 hrs)


Energy Conservation law- Work – power- Kinetic Energy – Work Energy theorem-
Conservative Forces - potential energy- Conservation of energy for a particle–
energy function- .

Unit 3-Oscillations (12 hrs)

Simple harmonic motion – Energy of harmonic oscillators-simple pendulum-mass


on a spring-oscillation of two particles connected by a spring- compound bar
pendulum - interchange ability of suspension and oscillation-four points collinear
with C.G about which the time period is the same-conditions for maximum and
minimum periods - Determination of g using symmetric bar [Link]
and electromagnetic wave motion- General equation of a wave motion-expression
for a plane progressive harmonic wave- energy density for a plane progressive
wave.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER (14hrs)

Unit 4- Elasticity (8 hrs)

Modulus of elasticity (revision)Relations connecting the three elastic moduli-


Poisson’s ratio- bending of beams- bending moment-cantilever-centrally loaded
beams and uniformly bent beams-I section girders-torsion of a cylinder-expression
for torsional couple -work done in twisting a wire-torsion pendulum-.

Unit 5– Surface Tension (3 hrs)

Surface tension-molecular explanation of ST.-angle of contact(revision)shapes of


drops -expression for excess of pressure on a curved liquid surface -variation of ST.
with temperature.

Unit 6 – Fluid Dynamics (3 hrs)

Streamline and turbulent flow-equation of continuity-Bernoulli’s theorem-


venturimeter-viscosity-Newton’s law- Stoke’s formula.

Books for Study:

1. Mechanics: Hans H. S. and Puri S. P,TMH, 2ndEdn.

2. Mechanics: J.C. Upadhyaya and,Ram Prasad S. Chand Publications, 2017

3. Elements of Properties of Matter: D.S. Mathur, S. Chand Publications,2008

4. Fundamentals of Physics: Halliday and Resnick, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.,2006

Books for Reference:


1. Properties of matter: Brijlal and Subramaniam, [Link] & Co.,2004

2. Principles of Physics: [Link], PHI,2010

Topics for assignments /discussion in the tutorial session (sample)

1. Physics-The fundamental science-historical development of mechanics-some


implications of the principle of mechanics-The scope of mechanics.

2. Life of eminent physicists- Newton, Einstein, [Link], Edison.

3. Study of Young’s modulus for different types of wood.

4. Study of variation of surface tension for different detergents.

5. Study of viscosity of different types of ink and to arrive at knowledge of its


fluidity.

6. Wide applications of Bernoulli’s equation.

7. Variation of surface tension with temperature by Jaeger’s method

PY1241 –HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

(36 HRS-2 CREDITS)

Unit 1- Transference of heat (8 hrs)

Thermal conductivity - determination by Lee’s Disc method for bad conductor


radial flow of heat, cylindrical flow,thermal conductivity of rubber, Weidman-
Franz law. Radiation of heat, Stefan’s law, determination of Stefan’s constant, solar
constant, determination of solar temperature

Unit 2- Thermodynamics (18 hrs)

Zeroth Law & First law of Thermodynamics, differential form-Thermodynamic


Processes-Expression for work done in isothermal and adiabatic processes.
Application of first law to specific heat and latent [Link] and irreversible
[Link] law of thermodynamics- Clausius and Kelvin statements-Carnot
engine- Principle of refrigerator- working and efficiency, Otto engine and Diesel
engine – working and efficiency.
Unit 3- Entropy (10 hrs.)

Definition of entropy, change of entropy in reversible and irreversible cycle,


Clausius inequality and second law of thermodynamics, entropy and available
energy,Entropy, probability and [Link] theorem and third law of
[Link] transition, phase diagram,first order and second order phase
transition (qualitative idea) Clausius-Clepeyron Equation

Books for Study:

1. Thermal and Statistical Mechanics: S.K. Roy, NewAge International


2. Heat and Thermodynamics: D. S. Mathur, S. Chand &Co
3. Heat and Thermodynamics: Brijlal &Subramaniam, S. Chand &Co
4. Thermal Physics, Statistical Physics and SolidState Physics: C. J.
Babu, Calicut University Press
5. Engineering Thermodynamics:P. K. Nag, McGraw-Hill,5thEdn.

Books for Reference:

1. Heat and Thermodynamics: Zemansky, McGraw-Hill


2. Heat and Thermodynamics: Rose C McCarthy, The Rosen Publishing
Group, [Link],2005
3. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics: F. W.
Sears and G. L. Salinger, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 3rdEdn.

PY 1341 ELECTRODYNAMICS

(54 Hours-3Credits).

Unit 1-Electrostatic Field (10hrs)


Electric field: introduction, Coulomb’s law,Electric field, continuous
distribution(Revision) , Divergence and curl of electrostatic fields; Field lines,flux
applications of gauss’s law,Curl of E, Electric potential: Introduction to potential,
Comments on potential, Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations,potential of a localized
charge distribution, Electrostatic boundary , Work and Energy in Electrostatics:
The work done to move a charge, the energy of a point charge distribution, The
energy of a continuous charge distribution.
Unit 2-Electrostatic fields in matter (10 hrs)
Polarization: Dielectrics,induced dipoles, Polarization, The field of a polarized
object: Bound charges, physical interpretation of bound charges and the field inside
a dielectric Electric displacement: Gauss’s law in the presence dielectrics,
Boundary conditions.
Unit 3-Magnetostatics (7hrs)
IntroductionThe Biot- Savart law,Ampere’s force law (revision), Magnetic torque,
Magnetic flux and gauss’s law for magnetic fields, magnetic vector potential,
Magnetic intensity and Ampere’s circuital law, magnetic materials.
Unit 4-Electromagnetic Induction (7hrs)
Electromotive force: Ohm’s law Electromagnetic Induction Faraday’s law,the
induced electric field, Maxwell’s equations, Magnetic charge,
Unit 5-Electromagnetic waves (6hrs)
Waves in one dimension: The wave equation Electromagnetic waves in vacuum:
The wave equation for E and B, Monochromatic plane waves, Energy and
momentum in electromagnetic waves.
Unit 6-Transient currents(7hrs)
Growth and decay of current in LR and CR Circuits-Measurement of high
resistance by leakage-Charging and discharging of a capacitor through LCR circuit.
Unit 7-Alternating current (7 hrs)
AC through series LCR (acceptor circuit) and parallel LCR circuit (rejecter
circuit)- Q- factor, Power in AC-power factor.
Books for Study:
1. Electrodynamics: David J Griffith, PHI, 3rdEdn.
2. Electricity and Magnetism:Murugesan, [Link] & Co.

3. Electricity and Magnetism: [Link], [Link] & Co.


4. Principles of electromagnetics: Matthew N.O. Sadiku and S. V. Kulkarni,
Oxford University Press, 6thEdn.

Books for Reference:

1. Electricity and Magnetism: Muneer H. Nayfeh &


Norton K. Bressel, John Wiley & Sons
2. Electricity and Magnetism: E.M. Purcell, Berkley
Physics course, Vol.2, MGH
3. Electricity and Magnetism: J.H. Fewkes & John
Yarwood, University Tutorial Press
4. Classical Electrodynamics: Walter Greiner,
Springer International Edn.
5. Electromagnetic waves and radiating systems:
Jordan & Balmain, PHI
6. Electromagnetics: [Link], Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
nd
2 Edn.
7. Introduction to electrodynamics: Reitz&Milford
Addison Wesley
8. Electromagnetic theory fundamentals: Bhag Guru
and Huseyin Hizirogulu, Cambridge University Press,
2ndEdn.
9. Electricity and Magnetism: [Link], Himalaya
Publishing Co.

Topics for discussion in Tutorial session/Assignments (sample)


1. Comment on how electrostatic energy is stored in a field

2. Discuss the electrostatic properties of conductors

3. What is meant by electrostatic shielding? In what way it helps us?

4. Discuss the peculiarities of electric displacement D and


electric field E. How they are incorporated in Maxwell’s Equations

5. Discuss the properties of linear dielectrics. What differentiates adielectric


to be linear or not?

6. Discuss applications of Ampere’s circuital law

7. Compare electrostatics and magnetostatics

8. Why magnetic forces cannot do work

9. Discuss about cyclotron motion & cycloid motion

10. Discuss whether there exists any stand-off between


ohm’s law and Newton’ssecond law

11. A battery has an emf. Can this emf. be a ‘force’? How will you interpret
electromotive force?

12. Discuss the role of motional emf in power generation

13. Discuss the orthogonality of E, B and propagation vector k

14. A wave function can have a sinusoidal representation. Solve the


wave equation for this function and discuss the various terms related to
a wave such as amplitude, frequency, phase, wave number.

15. Complex representation of wave function has good advantage. Why?


Discuss the linearity of wave function. (use complex notation)
16. Discuss AC through LC, LR and CR circuits

17. Show that sharpness of resonance is equal to Q- factor

18. What is a choke coil? Discuss the advantage of using a


choke coil instead of a resistor

PY1441CLASSICAL AND RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS


(54 Hours-3Credits).

Unit 1 - Particle Dynamics (5 hrs)


Mechanics of a particle – equation of motion of a particle – Motion of a
charged particle in electromagnetic field – mechanics of a system of particles.
Unit 2-Conservation laws (6 hrs)
linear uniformities of space and conservation of linear momentum – rotational
invariance of space and law of conservation of angular momentum –
homogeneity of flow of time and conservation of energy.
Unit 3- Motion in central force field (10 hrs)
Equivalent one body problem – motion in central force field – general features
of motion – motion in an inverse square law force field – equation of the orbit
– Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and their deduction.
Unit 4 - Collisions (6 hrs)
Conservation laws- Conservation of momentum- laboratory and centre of mass
systems- kinetic energies in thelab and CM systems-Cross-section of elastic
scattering
Unit 5. Lagrangian Dynamics(9hrs)
Constraints-generalized coordinates- principle of virtual work-D’ Alembert’s
principle, Lagrange’s equation from D’Alembert’s principle-applications of
Lagrange’s equation in simple pendulum,Atwood’s machine and compound
pendulum, Comparison of Lagrangian approach with Newtonian approach.
Unit 6. Hamiltonian Dynamics(5hrs)
Generalized momentum and cyclic coordinates- Hamiltonian function H-
conservation of energy- Hamilton’s equation - examples of Hamiltonian dynamics-
one dimensional harmonic oscillator
Unit 7. Frames of Reference, Galilean transformation and Special theory of
relativity(13hrs)
Inertial frames of reference- Galilean transformation- non- inertial frames
Origin and significance of special theory of relativity-search for universal frame of
reference-Michelson-Morley experiment- postulates of special theory of relativity-
consequences-Lorentz transformation equations- kinematical consequences of
Lorentz transformations-length contraction-time dilation-twin paradox-
transformation of velocity- variation of mass with velocity- mass energy
equivalence
Books for Study:
1. Classical Mechanics: J. C. Upadhyaya, Himalaya Publishing
2. Mechanics: [Link] and [Link], Tata-McGraw Hill
3. Classical Mechanics: G. Aruldhas, PHI Learning Pvt Ltd., 2008
4. Introduction to classical mechanics: [Link] and [Link], Tata-
McGraw Hill.
5. Classical Mechanics: Vimal Kumar Jain, ,Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., 2009
Books for Reference:
[Link] Mechanics: Goldstein.
[Link] Physics:Ronald Gautreau, Shaum’s outlines series,1999
[Link] Mechanics-Systems of Particles & Hamiltonian Dynamics:Walter
Greiner, Springer,2ndEdn.
[Link] Mechanics: N.C Rana and [Link], TMH Education Pvt. Ltd., 2015

PY1541- QUANTUM MECHANICS

(72 HRS-4 CREDITS)

Unit 1 – The Emergence of Quantum Mechanics (18 hrs)


Limitations of classical physics, Black body radiation curve-Optical spectra –-
photoelectric effect -specific heat of solids -Plank’s quantum hypothesis, Einstein’s
theory of photoelectric effect -Compton effect- Quantum theory of specific heat of
solids, -Bohr model- hydrogen atom- Bohr postulates-The correspondence
principle.

Unit 2-Wave Mechanics (22 hrs)


Wave nature of particles-electron diffraction- standing wave of electron in the orbit
uncertainty principle -uncertainty relation among canonically conjugate pairs-
application- non-existence of electrons in the nucleus-ground state energy of
hydrogen atom- width of spectral lines-Properties of wave function-Conditions for
Physical Acceptability of Wave Function, Normalization and orthogonality
condition. Superposition Principle-wave packets, relation between - Particle
velocity- group velocity and phase velocity- Probability Interpretation of Wave
Function -Statistical Interpretation of Wave function -probability current density in
one dimension-Expectation value- Time dependent Schrodinger equation,-Time
independent Schrodinger equation - stationary states.

Unit 3-One Dimensional Energy Eigen Value Problems (14hrs)


Free particle Schrodinger equation–square-well potential with infinite walls-
Square well potential with finite walls, square potential barrier– The Harmonic
oscillator- (Schrodinger method)-

Unit 4- General Formalism of Quantum Mechanics (18hrs)


Linear vector space, Linear operator, Eigen values and Eigen functions-, Hermitian
operator, Postulates of Quantum Mechanics-Equation of motion-Schrodinger
representation- Momentum representation

Books for Study:

1. Quantum Mechanics: G. Aruldhas, PHI, 2ndEdn., 2002


2. A Text book of Quantum Mechanics: P.M. Mathews & K.
Venkatesan- McGraw Hill, 2ndEdn., 2010
3. Quantum Mechanics: Robert Eisberg and Robert Resnick, Wiley,
nd
2 Edn. 2002
4. Quantum Mechanics: Leonard I. Schiff, TMH, 3rd Edn., 2010

5. Concepts of Modern Physics: Arthur Beiser, TMH, 6th Edn.

`
Books for Reference:

1. Quantum Mechanics:Eugen Merzbacher, John Wiley and Sons Inc.,2004


2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: David J. Griffith, Pearson Education,
2nd Ed. 2005
3. Quantum Mechanics: Walter Greiner, Springer,4thEdn., 2001
4. Quantum Mechanics: Bruce Cameron Reed, Jones and Bartlett, 2008.
5. Quantum Mechanics for Scientists & Engineers: D.A. B. Miller, Cambridge
University Press, 2008
6. Shaum’s outline series

PY1542: STATISTICAL PHYSICS, RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND


DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(72 HRS- 4 CREDITS)

Unit 1- Statistical Physics (18 hrs)


Statistical probability, Macro and Micro states, Phase space, Statistical
ensemble, Postulate of equal probability, Maxwell Boltzmann distribution, Velocity
distribution. Indistinguishability of identical particles, Bose Einstein and Fermi
Dirac distribution function, comparison of three statistics

Unit 2 Research Methodology (18 hrs)


Research - Objectives and motivation in research – different types of
research- research approaches- Significance of research- Research methods and
methodology – Research and scientific method- Various steps in a research process-
importance of literature survey- criteria of good research.

Thesis/ Report writing - preliminary section (Title page, declaration of


author, certificate of supervisor, table of contents, list of tables and figures, preface
acknowledgement), Main Text (abstract, introduction, experimental section, results
and discussion), Conclusions, references, scope for future study.

Unit 3 Error Analysis (12 hrs)


Significant figures- Basic ideas of error measurement, uncertainties
of measurement, importance of estimating errors, dominant errors, random errors,
systematic errors, rejection of spurious measurements.
Estimating and reporting of errors, errors with reading scales, absolute and
relative errors, and standard deviation, Variance in measurements, error bars and
graphical representation.

Unit 4 – Disaster Management (24hrs)


Global natural disasters: Natural hazards and natural disasters, Recent major
disasters and their relief efforts, Impact of global climate change and major natural
disasters, Human adaptability of natural disasters, Fragile natural eco-environment,
Disaster reduction activity, achievements, challenges and future development
Earth quake disaster and their and their effects, Advancement in research of
earthquake disaster, earthquake and tsunami warnings, earthquake disaster
prevention, earthquake disaster mitigation
Health emergencies and diseases: environmental health and diseases, disasters and
emergencies, steps in disaster management, pre-disaster activity, role of water
supply, need for protecting large scale water supply schemes, assessment of
damaged and available and water resources, water quality testing- Personal
hygiene, control of communicable diseases and prevention of epidemics, measures
for controlling communicable diseases and epidemics.
Radiation emergencies, health consequence of radiation, measures to prevent
sudden health emergencies due to radiation

Books for Study:

1. Thermal and Statistical Mechanics: S.K. Roy –New Age


International-2001
2. Elements of Statistical Mechanics: Kamal Singh and S. P. Singh- S.
Chand & Co,1999
3. Thermal Physics, Statistical Physics and Solid State Physics: C. J.
Babu, Calicut University Press
4. Introduction to Statistical Mechanics: S. K. Sinha, Alpha Science
International Ltd. 2005
5. Statistical Mechanics: B. K. Agarwal- New Age International 2007
6. Research Methodology: C. R. Kothari, New Age International
Publishers.
7. Natural disaster mitigation – a scientific and practical approach: Science
Press, Beijing, 2009
8. Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: A practical guide,
[Link] & [Link] (Eds.), WHO, Geneva, 2002 ISBN 92-4 154541-0.
9. Introduction to Disaster Management: SatishModh, Macmillan, 2010

Books for Reference:


1. Statistical Mechanics: S. Rajagopal
2. Introduction to Statistical Physics: Kerson Huang -CRC Press, 2001
3. Statistical Mechanics: Norman Davison, Courier Corporation, 2013
4. Disaster Management: Harsh K Gupta, Universities Press, 2003

PY1543-ELECTRONICS
(72 HOURS-4 CREDITS)
Unit 1. Circuit Theory (4 hours)

Kirchhoff’s law- Ideal voltage and current sources- Thevenin’s and


Norton’stheorem, Maximum power transfer theorem

Unit 2. Diode Circuits(14 hours)


Extrinsic semiconductors-n- type and – p-type semiconductors-PN
junction-PN junction under forward and reverse biased conditions-r m s value and
peakinverse voltage- diode characteristics-ac and dc resistances- half wave and
full wave rectifiers- (average dc value of current, ripple factor and efficiency)-
different types of filters(shunt capacitor, LC and RC)- break down mechanism in
diodes- Zener diode- voltage regulator-
Unit [Link](16 hours)
Theory of BJT operation- CB,CE and CC characteristics-alpha , beta and gamma –
relation between transistorcurrents- biasing circuits(CE configuration)- stability
factors-selection of operating point-ac and dc load lines-Q point-collector
feedback; base resistor and potential divider methods- BJT amplifiers- input and
outputimpedances-graphical analysis of CE amplifier(frequency response,band
width and gain in dB)- emitter follower.
Unit 4. Power amplifiers: (5 hours)
Amplifier classes and efficiency - class A operation - transformer coupled class A
amplifier - class B amplifier - push pull amplifier - basic ideas of class C operation
- distortion in amplifiers.
Unit 5. Feedback & Oscillator circuits (8 hours)
Feedback principles – negative feedback - advantages of negative feedback -
positive feedback - principle of sinusoidal feedback- oscillation - Barkhausen
criterion for oscillations - RC phase shift, Hartley Oscillator, Colpitt’s, Oscillator
(derivations not required).
Unit 6. Modulation (5 hours)
Fundamentals of modulation - AM, FM - frequency spectrum of AM - power in
AM - demodulation of AM signal - frequency spectrum for FM
Unit 7. Special devices: (8 hours)
JFET- Basic construction - Theory of operation - Static characteristics - Drain
characteristics- Advantages - MOSFET – Depletion enhancement MOSFET –
Construction – Static characteristics. Uni-junction Transistor - Construction-
operation.
Unit 8. Operational amplifiers (IC741)(12 hours)
Introduction – Schematic symbol and pin configuration - circuit configuration and
block diagram representation – differential amplifier-ideal OP amp. - CMRR –
differential mode and common mode – virtual ground principle – parameters of OP
amp. - inverting amplifier – non-inverting amplifier –summing- differentiator-
integrator amplifiers.
Books for Study:

1. Basic electronics: Devices, circuits and IT fundamentals: Santiram Kal, PHI,


2009

2. Basic Electronics-Solid State: B. L. Theraja, S. Chand Ltd., 2005

3. Principles of Electronics: V. K. Mehta, S. Chand Ltd.,2005

4. A first course in Electronics: Anwar A. Khan, Kanchan K. Dey,PHI, 2006

5. Communication Electronics:Jose Robin and Ubald Raj, Indira Publications,


2002

Books for Reference:

5. Electronic Devices and Circuits: Theodore F. Bogart Jr., Universal book stall

6. Electronic devices and Circuit theory: Robert Boylestad & Louis


Nashelski,PHI,5th Edn.

7. Electronic fundamentals & applications: John D Ryder, PHI, 4thEdn.

8. Electronic Communications: Dennis Roddy, John Coolen,Pearson, 4thEdn.

Topics for assignments/discussion in the tutorial session (sample)

1. Electronic projects using flip flops.

2. Electronic projects using logic gates.

3. Electronic projects using IC 741 OP amp.

4. Electronic projects using timer 555.


5. Electronic projects using IC 311.

6. Constant voltage power supplies.

7. Constant current sources.

8. Oscillators of different frequencies.

9. Low range frequency generators.

10. High range frequency generators.

11. Voltage regulated dc power supplies with variable output.

12. Voltage regulated dual power supplies with variable output.

13. Instrument for the measurement of capacitance.

14. Instrument for the measurement of dielectric constant of a liquid/ solid.

15. Effect of temperature on electronic components.

PY1544-ATOMIC & MOLECULAR PHYSICS

(72 HOURS-4 CREDITS)


Unit 1- Vector Atom Model (10hrs)

Bohr’s theory, correspondence principle Somerfield’s atom modeland explanation


of fine structureof H line inBalmer series of hydrogen [Link]
Sommerfeld [Link] atommodel-Various quantum numbers associated
with vector atom model-, L.S and j.j couplings –application of spatial quantization-
Pauli's exclusion principle - magnetic dipole moment of electron due to orbital and
spin motion - Spin-Orbit coupling.

Unit 2- Atomic Spectra (14hrs)

Optical spectra-Spectral terms and notations - selection rules - intensity rule and
interval rule - fine structure of sodium D lines – hyperfine structure-alkali spectra -
Zeeman effect - Larmor's theorem – quantum mechanical explanation of normal
Zeeman effect. Anomalous Zeeman effect –Paschen-Back effect-Stark effect.
Unit 3- X-ray Diffraction (8 hrs)
X-rays- Discovery- properties -scattering -Measurement of X-ray wavelengths by
ruled gratings-X-ray Spectra- continuous and characteristics X- ray spectrum-
Origin of continuous Spectrum -Origin of characteristic X-rays-X-ray energy level
diagram. -Absorption of X-rays-Applications of X-rays
Unit 4- Molecular spectra (28 hrs)
Electromagnetic spectra-molecular energies-classification of molecules-rotational
spectra of diatomic molecules-rotational energy levels-selection rules-rotational
spectrum-isotope effect- bond length and atomic mass.
Diatomic vibrational spectra-vibrational energy levels-selection rule-vibrational
transitions-Rotation-Vibration transitions-IR spectrometer
Raman scattering- classical description of Raman scattering, quantum theory of
Raman scattering- -vibrational Raman spectra-diatomic molecules-polyatomic
molecules-rotational Raman spectra Raman spectrometer.
Electronic spectra sequences and progressions-Frank-Condon principle-

Unit 5- Resonance Spectroscopy (12 hrs)


NMR principle-Resonance condition-NMR spectrometer-chemical shift-indirect
spin-spinInteraction- applications of NMR spectroscopy-
ESR principle- Resonance condition –ESRspectrometer-hyperfineinteraction –
applicationsofESRspectroscopy.
Mossbauerspectroscopy- principle -isomer shift.

Books for Study:


1. Modern Physics: [Link] and [Link], PHI, New Delhi, 2005
2. Modern Physics: [Link], [Link]& Co., Reprint, 2008
3. Atomic and Nuclear Physics: [Link]&Brijlal, [Link]& Co.
4. Atomic Physics: [Link], [Link]&Co.
5. Concepts of Modern Physics: A. Beiser, TMH, New Delhi, 6thEdn.
Books for Reference:
1. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy: Banwell, TMH
2. Spectroscopy: Walker & Straw, Chapman & Hill.
3. Molecular Spectroscopy: [Link], PHI, 2004
4. Atomic and Nuclear Physics: [Link]-Himalaya Publishing
House

PY 1551-OPEN COURSES
(54 HOURS-2CREDITS) FOR EACH COURSE

PY1551.1. BIO PHYSICS (54 HOURS)

Unit 1 (18 hrs)

Bio mechanics- biophysics and fluid flow—Gas transport—physics of audition


Physics of vision (chapter 1 to 5 of Reference 3)

Unit 2 Cellular – Molecular biophysics (18 hrs)

Cell -components-proteins-nucleic acids—physics of bio-membranes


-Thermodynamics of bio systems (Chapter 6 to 9 of reference 3 )

Unit 3 (18 hrs)

Common questions

Powered by AI

Statistical mechanics is crucial for linking microscopic behaviors to macroscopic properties of systems consisting of numerous particles by employing statistical methods. Through concepts like phase space, statistical ensembles, and probability distributions, it provides a framework to derive macroscopic thermodynamic properties from atomistic models. Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein, and Fermi-Dirac distributions exemplify different statistical treatments that predict particle distributions and behaviors depending on indistinguishability and quantum statistics, thus elucidating thermodynamic quantities like pressure, temperature, and specific heat from first principles .

To analyze the motion of rigid bodies in classical mechanics, fundamental principles like the equations of motion for rotating rigid bodies, angular momentum, and the moment of inertia (M.I.) are crucial. The calculation of M.I. for objects with regular shapes such as uniform rods, rings, discs, annular rings, solid cylinders, hollow cylinders, and solid spheres requires sophisticated mathematical tools. Theorems related to M.I., kinetic energy equations of rotating and rolling bodies, and torque concepts are also vital for a comprehensive understanding .

Disaster management strategies play vital roles in mitigating the effects of natural and health emergencies by conducting risk assessments, preparedness planning, and implementing response mechanisms. The primary challenges include ensuring effective coordination among various stakeholders, immediate resource mobilization, and communication during crises. Additionally, addressing complex human and environmental dynamics requires adaptive strategies and continuous monitoring. Strategies must accommodate specific disasters, such as earthquakes or epidemics, considering factors like scalability, community involvement, and sustainable recovery efforts to enhance resilience and facilitate swift recovery .

The study of feedback and oscillation principles is critical in electronic circuit design, especially for oscillators, because they define stability and frequency characteristics essential for signal generation. Feedback principles, such as negative feedback, enhance circuit stability and minimize distortion, while positive feedback is fundamental for achieving the necessary phase shift and gain to sustain oscillations per the Barkhausen criterion. Understanding these principles ensures the successful design of reliable oscillators, like RC Phase Shift, Hartley, and Colpitt’s oscillators, enabling them to produce consistent and accurate frequencies used in various applications .

Research methodologies ensure reliability and validity in scientific studies through several critical steps, including well-defined research designs, systematic data collection, rigorous experimental procedures, and detailed analysis methods. Employing appropriate sampling techniques, controlling variables to avoid bias, and ensuring reproducibility of results enhance the reliability of findings. Validity is further ensured by carefully constructing experiments or studies to accurately reflect the phenomena under investigation, maintaining objectivity, and adhering to scientific standards and ethical codes .

Different phase transitions impact both microscopic arrangements and macroscopic properties of materials through changes in energy states and structural configurations. First-order transitions involve latent heat and discontinuous changes in properties, as seen in melting or boiling, where energy input leads to a phase overlap and distinct state boundaries. Second-order transitions, like the magnetic phase change in ferromagnetism, involve continuous property changes and are characterized by alterations in symmetry and emerging collective behavior without latent heat. These shifts impact properties such as entropy, specific heat, and density profoundly, illustrating energy distribution consequences per thermodynamic principles .

The principles of oscillation are foundational in both mechanical systems and wave dynamics. In mechanical systems, simple harmonic motion (SHM) manifests in components like simple pendulums and masses on springs, where restoring forces lead to periodic motion characterized by specific energy storage and transfer patterns. The oscillation of two particles connected by a spring and compound pendulums highlights more complex interactions. Similarly, wave systems, such as mechanical and electromagnetic wave motion, follow oscillatory principles, where wave equations describe the propagation, and energy density analysis reveals energy traversal in oscillations. Both systems exemplify the interchangeability and transference of energy dictated by uniquely defined equations of motion .

Gauss's law is a fundamental principle in electrostatics that relates the distribution of electric charge to the resulting electric field. It is significant because it allows the calculation of electric fields for symmetric charge distributions efficiently. In materials, Gauss's law is modified to account for the presence of dielectrics, introducing the concept of electric displacement. This allows for the analysis of bound charges and the field behavior inside polarized dielectrics, helping establish boundary conditions essential for understanding field interactions at material interfaces .

Classical mechanics equations are modified to account for quantum mechanical phenomena by incorporating probabilistic interpretations and wave-particle duality aspects. Quantum mechanics introduces the Schrödinger equation, which replaces deterministic paths of particles with wave functions that describe probability amplitudes. The concept of operators, eigenvalues, and eigenstates in quantum mechanics extends classical mechanics notions of observables and measurable quantities. Modifications like spin-orbit coupling, quantum number assignments, and Pauli's exclusion principle are essential to explain electron behavior, which cannot be captured by classical equations alone. Such enhancements allow for explaining phenomena such as atomic spectra and electron diffraction, which are inherently quantum mechanical in nature .

The laws of thermodynamics provide a foundational framework for understanding the efficiency and functioning of heat engines. The First Law, or the law of energy conservation, can be applied to calculate work done during isothermal and adiabatic processes. The Second Law, through the Clausius and Kelvin statements, elucidates the limitations on engine efficiency and defines reversible and irreversible processes. Different engine types, such as the Carnot engine or the Otto and Diesel engines, utilize these principles to maximize efficiency. The principle of entropy also plays a role in defining the feasibility of heat engine cycles and their theoretical limits .

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