Senior High School
Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 - Module 2
Rocks and Exogenic Processes
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What I Need To Know
This module is designed to deepen your knowledge about Rocks and Exogenic
Processes.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
Lesson 1 – Rocks
Lesson 2 – Exogenic Processes
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (S11/12ES-Ib-10); and
2. explain how the products of weathering are carried away by erosion and deposited
elsewhere (11/12ES-Ib-12).
Lesson
Earth Materials and Processes: Rocks
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To geologists, a rock is a natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that
have been fused together into a solid lump. The minerals ay or may not have been formed at
the same time. What matters is that natural processes glued them all together.
What’s In
Activity 1. FQA (Facts, Questions and Answers)
Directions: Give what is asked.
1. FACT: There are eight planets in the Solar System which were then classified as terrestrial
and Jovian/gas planets.
QUESTION: Which of these planets is known as the only habitable planet?
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________
2. FACT: There are four earth subsystems, namely the atmosphere, the biosphere, the
lithosphere and the hydrosphere.
QUESTION: Which subsystem includes the rocks of the crust and mantle, the metallic liquid
outer core, and the solid metallic inner core.
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________
3. FACT: Minerals are known as the basic building blocks of rocks. They also have chemical
and physical properties.
QUESTION: What property describes the “sparkles” of the mineral surfaces?
ANSWER: ____________________________________________________________
What’s New
Activity 2. Unscramble Me
Rearrange the letters in the boxes below to get the correct term being described.
1. It is molten (melted) rock under the surface of the Earth. It is produced in the upper reaches
of the mantle or in the lowest areas of the crust usually at a depth of 50 to 200 kilometers.
G M A A M
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2. It is the process of breaking down rocks and minerals into smaller pieces by water, wind, and
ice.
G E T R W A H N I E
3. A rock that solidifies from magma or lava.
S U O E N I G
4. It is process when a molten liquid becomes a solid.
I T C A N O I I S L F I D O
What is It
Rocks are classified according to how they are formed.
A. Igneous Rocks - are formed by the cooling or solidification of magma or lava.
• Intrusive rocks – (or plutonic rocks) are igneous rocks formed underneath the earth. They are
coarse-grained due to the slow cooling of magma allowing crystal growth.
• Extrusive rocks – (or volcanic rocks) are igneous rocks formed on the surface of the earth.
They are cooled lava, which are molten rocks ejected on the surface through volcanic eruptions.
They are fine-grained due to abrupt cooling on the surface.
B. Sedimentary Rocks - are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments, a
process called lithification. Sedimentary processes at or near the surface of the Earth include:
weathering of rocks, sediment transport and deposition, compaction and cementation.
• Clastic sedimentary rocks – are made up of sediments from preexisting rocks. When
preexisting rocks are physically weathered and eroded, they form sediments. When these
sediments are transported, deposited, and lithified, they form the clastic sedimentary rocks.
These rocks can be identified based on their grain size.
• Non-clastic sedimentary rocks – can be biological, chemical, or a combination of both.
o Biological sedimentary rocks are lithified accumulation of dead organisms (e.g. coal formed
from carbon-rich plants and limestone from the remains of calcareous organisms).
Chemical sedimentary rocks are from chemical precipitation (e.g. rock salt formed when
dissolved salts precipitate from a solution).
C. Metamorphic Rocks - are formed by preexisting rocks that are exposed to extreme heat and
pressure in the Earth’s interior, a process called metamorphism.
• Foliated metamorphic rocks – have layered or banded appearance produced by exposure to
high pressures. (e.g. slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss); formed through regional metamorphism
(pressure)
• Non-foliated metamorphic rocks – do not have layered appearance. (e.g. marble, quartzite,
and anthracite); formed through contact metamorphism (heat)
What’s More
The rock cycle below illustrates how geologic processes occurring both at the surface and
underneath the Earth’s surface can change a rock from one type to another. Study the
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illustration carefully focusing on the geologic processes involved in the formation of each type of
rocks.
Figure 1. The Rock Cycle [Link]
Activity 3. Complete Me
Directions: Fill in the box with the correct word/s to complete the Rock Cycle. Choose your
answer from the word bank below. Write the letter only.
A. weathering and erosion C. melting E. crystallization
B. compaction and cementation D. heat and pressure
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Figure 2. The Rock Cycle [Link]
What I Have Learned
The types of rocks with examples.
Figure 3. [Link]
What I Can Do
Gather at least two rocks in your surroundings, try to identify its type. Take a photo of the
rocks you gathered and send it to your teacher’s messenger account.
Lesson Earth Materials and Processes: Exogenic
2 Processes
The earth’s surface is composed of water and landmasses. The solid portion is made out
of rocks and minerals that could experience changes either physically or chemically. The
weathered materials are transported by different agents from one place to another and will settle
down in a particular area.
The photos below show the rock formations in Palawan, add wonders to the natural
landscape. These features are due to a series of geologic processes occurring at the Earth’s
surface known as the exogenic processes. These include weathering, erosion and deposition.
These processes break rocks into smaller particles and transport them to lower locations
through the action of natural agents like wind, water and ice. Together, they carve and change
the shape of rocks, giving rise to interesting formations.
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(Photo Credits: Ruth Lauron)
What’s In
Based on the picture below, what do you think is the type of rock that is dominant in that specific
area? Why? Explicate your idea/s in not more than 4 sentences.
(Photo Credits: Ruth Lauron)
What’s New
Directions: Refer to the illustration below. Label the numbered item, then define each.
(Adapted from [Link] )
What is It
Weathering, erosion/transportation, and deposition are exogenic processes that act in concert,
but in differing relative degrees, to bring about changes in the configuration of the Earth’s
surface . Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the Earth's
surface. Erosion, on the other hand, is the incorporation and transportation of material by a
mobile agent such as water, wind, or ice. Weathering occurs in the site, that is, particles stay put
and no movement is involved. As soon as the weathering product starts moving (due to fluid
flow) we call the process erosion.
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(Adapted from [Link] )
Agents of Erosion
A. Running water
• Water is the most powerful agent of erosion. Both surface and groundwater act as an agent of
erosion. Groundwater creates underground surfaces like caves while water running on land
surfaces creates land surfaces like deltas.
B. Moving Ice
• Ice is also a powerful agent of erosion. A large mass of moving ice is called a glacier. When
glaciers move, they carve their valleys, (U-shaped, Vshaped). Like rivers, glaciers break and
carry away rock fragments.
C. Action of Wind
• Like ice and water, wind erodes too, transports, and deposits rock materials. The action of the
wind is more prominent in arid and semi-arid regions. The flow of wind can change the shape
and size of the rocks.
D. Action of Waves
• In coastal areas, the sea is constantly eroding old landforms and creating new ones. The
marine erosion is also a type of wave erosion that creates landforms such as an arch, a sea
cave, etc.
E. Gravity
• Mass wasting or the downslope movement of soil, rock, and regolith is under the direct
influence of gravity. Mass wasting can be affected by the slope angle and addition of water to
the eroded material.
F. Man-made Erosion
• Man is responsible for erosions. Today man is the strongest agent of erosion. We see several
examples in our daily life. Cutting mountains and big rock bodies for road making, building
construction and farmlands, mining for precious metals, and construction materials are
examples of activities that trigger erosion.
Deposition occurs when the agents (wind or water) of erosion lay down sediment to its
depositional environment or final destination. The depositional environment can be continental,
coastal, or marine.
• Continental includes streams, swamps, caves, and deserts.
• Coastal includes lagoons, estuaries, and deltas.
• Marine includes slopes and the bottom of the ocean or abyssal zone.
What’s More
Mechanical weathering or physical weathering is the breakdown of rocks into pieces
without any change in its composition. In this process, the size and shape of rocks changes.
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In chemical weathering, there are changes in the composition of rocks due to the
chemical reactions.
Directions: Identify the type of weathering that caused the breaking of rock in each situation
below. Write MW for mechanical weathering or CW for chemical weathering.
1. Rock expands when hot and contracts when cold. Repeated expansion and contraction split
a rock into pieces.
2. Burrowing animals loosened rock particles and broke them apart.
3. Naturally-formed acid came in contact with a rock. After several years, minerals in rock
disintegrated and turned into sediments.
4. Oxygen in water reacted with iron in rocks forming rust. Due to rusting, the rock became
brittle and later broke into fine particles.
5. A boulder rolled down a cliff then shattered into pieces upon hitting the base.
What I Have Learned
Based on the photo, express your thoughts
whether it is an example of mass wasting or
man-made erosion. Answers should be in 6
sentences or less.
(Photo Credits: Ruth Lauron)
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the three main types of rocks?
A. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Foliated
B. Foliated, Non-Foliated, and Volcanic
C. Volcanic, Metamorphic, and Rocky
D. Metamorphic, Igneous, and Sedimentary
2. The three types of rocks are classified by which of the following basis?
A. How they form C. Grain size
B. Color D. Chemical Composition
3. Which rock type is formed from hardened magma beneath the Earth’s surface?
A. Intrusive metamorphic rock C. Extrusive sedimentary rock
B. Intrusive igneous rock D. Extrusive igneous rock
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4. A student obtained a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the
sand and is allowed to evaporate. Afterwards, the mineral residue from salt water solution
cemented the sand grains together. Which of the following is most likely formed?
A. extrusive igneous rock C. metamorphic rock
B. intrusive igneous rock D. sedimentary rock
5. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes responsible for the
formation of sedimentary rocks?
A. Compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion
B. Deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering
C. Erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition
D. Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
6. Which CANNOT be considered as an active agent of erosion in the Philippines?
A. wind B. water C. gravity D. glacier
7. Erosion has advantages and disadvantages. Which of the following is an advantage of
erosion?
A. It may cause rock materials to clog waterways.
B. It removes the fertile topsoil that is useful in farming.
C. It can expose new rock layers that are rich in minerals.
D. It can destruct structures such as bridges and buildings.
8. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Weathering, erosion and deposition are endogenic processes.
B. Gravity is not an agent of erosion.
C. As of today, man is considered as the strongest agent of erosion.
D. Erosion and deposition mean the same thing.
9. The following can be a depositional environment except
A. continental B. coastal C. aerial D. marine
10. The significant contribution of weathering is the formation of soil. What is weathering?
A. It is the disintegration and decomposition of rocks at or near the earth’s surface.
B. It is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent.
C. It occurs when the agents of erosion lay down sediment/s to its final destination.
D. All of the above.
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References
Aborde, Joni S. 2020. Earth and Life Science, Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1- Module 5:
Weathering, Erosion and Deposition. Region V: Department of [Link]
Deinla, Winnie P. 2020. Earth and Life Science, Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1- Module 9:
My Precious Igneous Rocks. National Capital Region: Department of [Link] of Manila
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Earth and Life
Science (2016) Commission on Higher Education
Learning Activity Sheets in Earth and Life Science (Grade 11) – Quarter 1.2020. Division of
Bohol
[Link]
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Bohol
Office Address: 0050 Lino Chatto Drive, Brgy. Cogon, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Telephone Nos.: (038) 412-4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501-7550
Telefax: (038) 501-7550
E-mail Address: [Link]@[Link]
