Stavted |, PRESENT SIMPLE { 5 “FoRM wae "Affirmative Negative Interrogative 1 You sit 1/ You do not (don’t) sit Do I/ you sit? | He/She Isis He / She / tt does not (doesn’t) sit Does he she / it sit? i We / You / They sit We / You / They do not (don’t) sit Do we / you / they sit? Ht Ca [eres verb at trequency / Tne expr A regular habit or routine ‘She always works out three times a week, , always, usually, generally, regularly, | ee E : eae | occasionally, frequently, often, sometimes, | A general ruth or scientific fact_| The moon orbits the Earth rerely, seldom, never | Lem wn nen — at | o'clock, at night, inthe morning, on Fridays, Stative verbs | fon’ think she is right vey cee on hw ofewee A future schedule or timetable | The shop opens at 8.00 tomorrow. this / next week, on Tuesday, tomorrow, tonight [ PRESENT CONTINUOUS 1 Affirm # " Interrogative - 1am writing 1 am (V'm) not writing ‘Am I writing? | | You are writing You are not (aren’t) writing ‘Are you writing? | He/She / Tis weiting He / She Is not (isn't) waiting Ts he / she /ic writing? | Wes You / They are writing ‘Wes You / They are not (aren't) writing Are we you / they writing? | Examples Alex and Cameron are compasing a song at the moment leet Uses An action which is happening now | | now, right now, at the moment "this year, at present, today, these days, | this month i A temporary action | He is giving a speech at the conference today. A detinite plan for the near future | We are meeting at the cinema tonight. | this evening, conight, tomorrow, i next Friday / week / year Stative Verbs Algunos inidican tanto estado como actividad y pueden usarse t Indican un estado més que una accién y suelen utlizarse en fen Present Simple y on Present Continous : Present Simple. Estan relacionados coi This box weighs too much. I can’ lift it « las emociones y los sentimientos (dislike, enjoy, hate, hope, (Esta caja esa derastad, Nol puedo levona:) estado) like, love, need, prefer, want), « el pensamiento y la opinién (believe, forget, guess, know, remember, think, understand), « 1a percepcisn y los sentidos (feel, hear, see, smell, sound, The air hostess is weighing that man’s luggage. (La azafata esta pesando el equipaje de ese hombre.) [actividad] El verbo see en Present Continuous indica una accién futura : taste, touch), fijada de antemano, «Tos precios y las medidas (cost, measure, weigh), y Rachel is seeing her Indian friend, Kala, tomorrow. A « la posesién (belong, have, own) (Rachel vera a su amiga india, Kala, manana.) i [Ya han quedado,}|] PAST SIMPLE FORM ‘Affirmative Negative 111 You drove 1/ You did not (didn’t) drive He / She It drove He / She / Itdid not (didn’t) drive We / You / They drov 1 Examples __ around the corner an hour ago. Aeros of completed actions in the past | (typ yearn ison |] PAST CONTINUOUS Affirmative Negative was eating was not (wasn’t) eating ‘You were eating ‘You were not (weren’t) eating He / She / It was eating He / She / It was not (wasn’t) eating We / You / They were eating We/ You / They ve ee hl aL An incomplete action in progress at another action “Two Incomplete actions in progress | She was drinking some tea as site was atthe same time in the past | Tooking out of the window. |] PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE | Affirmative Negative 1/ You have arrived 1/ You have not (haven't He / She / Ithas arrived He / She / Ithas not (basn’t) arrived We / You / They have arrived ~~ eeampies "An action that began in the past and continues until the present ‘An action that took place at an ‘undetermined time in the past but is connected to the present ‘They have been a couple for 20 years. James has recently read that novel, ‘We / You / They did not (didn’t) drive bought some exotic spices at the food stall | They found him guilty and sentenced him | We were watching TV at 6 o'clock last night. | Iwas having a shower when the phone rang, ~| when, wii We / You / They have not (haven’t) arrived To Interrogative Did 1/ you drive? Did he / she / ic drive? Did we / you / they drive? | yesterday, last week / year, wo days —| ago, in 2007, in the 1980s, in the 181 | century, when, then Interrogative ‘Was | eating? ‘Were you eating? Was he / she /it eating? Wore we/ you / they eating? Ti Expressions last night / week / year, at 4 o'clock Interrogative Have L/ you antived? Has he / she /it arrived? Have we / you / they arrived? ~| never, ever, already, just, yet, recently, lately hhow long ...?, for, since, in recent years 3}| PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Affirmative 1 You have been singing | He/ She /Ithas been singing We / You They have been singing An action that started in the past and Continues in the present An acon whose esuls ae wlappoent Pte have [| PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Affirmative i 1/ You had slept He/She /Ithad stept | Wes You / They had sle 7 ee | [Link] action which took place before another action in the past [. FUTURE SIMPLE ‘Affirmative 1/ You will leave He / She / 1 will leave We / You / They will eave reer = A prediction Atimetable Tie vain [BE GOING To "Affirmative | Jam going to win You are going to win He/She tis going to win ‘We/ You They are going to win A planned action for the future ‘An action that is about to happen 36 Pete 1s going to buy a new car in the next fow days, his evening, later, in an hour, FoR Negative 1/ You have not (haven’t) been singing He / She Ithas not (hasn’t) been singing We/ You/ Examples St How long have you been waiting? Negative 11 You had not (hadn’s) slept He/She Ic had not (hadn’t) slept We / You / They had not (hadn't) slept lef Negative You will not (won't) leave He / She /1t will not (won’t) leave We/ You / They will not (won't) Ieave ry, Vm sure you will make ie will de Negative 1am (I'm) not going to win You are not (aren’t) going to win He / She / 11 is not (isn’t) going to We/ You / They are not (aren't) going to HEE — Brampies Ee Be careful! You're going to fall! have not haven’) been singing a = 7 all night / morning / day / week raining ell morning. | "78M / morning day week” | Interropative Have 1 you been singing? Has he she /it been singing? | Have we / you / they been singing? | Fine Exaressions for a year, since 2012, how long Interrogative Had 1/ you sept? Had he/she / it slept? ve / You they slept? ~Tins spressons already, by the time, aie, befor neve, Just "By the time you arrived, everyone had already | Imterrogative Will 1 / you leave? Will he / she / i leave? Will we / you / they leave? + this evening, in an hour, at 2o’clock, later, | tomorow, next month year, soon, in'a few weeks, in the future, on Ist May Interrogative Am | going to win? Are you going to win? Is he/she rit going to win? Are we / you / they going to win? 4 at 4 o'clock, tomorrow, s00 ext month / year, ina few weeks, on Bh Mi/| FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE Le FORM g Affirmative Negative Interrogative | 1/ You will have gone 11 You will not (won't) have gone ‘Will 1 you have gone? | He’ She Ic will have gone He She / ie will not (won't) have gone Will he / she / it have gone? | ‘We /You/ They will have gone We / You / They will not (won't) have gone Will we / you / they have gone? fee eo Example Time pressions Peete tn 7 "'by this time next week, by 3 o'clock, i ars ceae inal be comleted | ao problem, we will have finished by then. | by the end of... by then, by August, Perera cuties [in four months |) FUTURE CONTINUOUS on ae FORM, =e co y q Afficmative Negative Interrogative ' |1/You will be lying TY You will not (won't) be lying Will 1 / you be lying? He / She / 1-will be lying He / She / It will not (won't) be lying Will he she /it be lying? We / You / They will be lying ‘We/ You / They will not (won't) be lying Will we / you / they be lying? ass Uses —._ Samples te asEEEt 1 {Ap action in progress ata certain | Ai this time tomorrow, she will be enjoying fature time that Broadway show. atthis ime tomersow / nex... on Thursday, ae a ae in the next decade | Bunure plans Mike will be studying abroad next year, | j, dns], 1 Wanderlust } PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS / PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Pre ‘ent Perfect Continuous Nota: Ver el cuadro del Present Perfect Continuous en la pagina 88, Pas! fect Continuous | Affirmative Negative Interrogative 1/ You had been running, 17 You had not (hadn't) been running Had | / you been running? He She / 1thad been running fe’ She/ chad not (hadn’s) been running Had he / she / it been running? fey had not (hadn’s) been running Had we / you / they been running? We ( You / They had been running We / You / Th ; - trample Time Expressions | Aegon which continued up 0 Thay had Ben ving in New York fr Tor Hous ince lat Apa all nang, wen another past action years until they moved away: | until before forma Use Afimativa:sujeto + had + been + verbo principal terminado > Hablar de una accién prolongade que ocurié en el pasado ning, antes que otra accn breve tambien pasade, s muy comin traducielo como “ imperfecta + un verbo en gerundio. We had been walking for hours when we suddenly decided t0 hop on a bus. (levabamos andando horas cuando de repente decidimos montarnas en wn autobiis.) Negativa: sujeto + had + not (0 n't) + been + verbo principal ar” en pretérito terminado en -ing Interrogativa: had + sujeto + been + verbo principal terminado en -ing 89Lo habitual es que esas dos acciones vayan unidas por una Conjuncién, que puede ser temporal, coma las det cuadro (when, until, before), concesiva (although) o causal (because). Her eyes were red because she had been crying. (Sus ojos estaban rojos porque habia estado orando.) El Present Perfect Continuous describe una accién que empe26 en el pasado y continda de forma ininterrampida en el presente. Se puede enfatizar la duracién de la actividad con expresiones ‘como for, since, all day, etc ‘Sam has been studying French for years. (Sam lleva afios estudiando francés.) 2 Wrehens Present Simple Jumtess.*PUsent Simple | | modal + base form i snEsnSESRSRARIGREA fee | | Future Simple + Present Simple | if unless | imperative ‘modal + base form En cambio, el Past Perfect Continuous describe la duracién de algo en el pasado hasta el comienzo de otra actividad. We had been walking for hours when Jon tripped, (Llevébamos andande horas cuando Jon tropez6.) If/ When | drink coffee, I don't sleep at night | You can’t go to the concert unless you have tickets. | | Unless we hurry, we will be late, | Don’t drive if you feel drowsy. —— | If he doesn’t rest, he may have a relapse. SECOND CONDITIONAL | would Af Lad the money, Fwould travel allover she world. | er ee | | could / might Fare emer nro | L : : ~___TwiRo conpmonat 7 | would have i + Past Perfect Simple | i | could might have Son oraciones compuestas por una proposicin subordinada que express lacondicin (conditional clause) y una principal que indica el resultado (result clause), No importa el orden en que se Se pueden utilizar dos formas de pasiva con verbos como s: think, believe, know, report y expect. 1. Una construccién impersonal formada por it + verbo en pasiva + subordinads introducida por that. Se traduce como una orzcin impersonal (*Se dice / piensa /cree..”) 0 una oracién activa, En las oraciones pasivas formadas con el vet expect, el verbo de la subordinada suele ir en futuro, {cis expected that the documentary will reach all ‘audiences. (Se espera / Esperan que el documentalIlegue a todos los piiblicos.) Know no se suele traducir en vor activa y, en cambio, sise puede traducir en pasiva It is known that many animals die because of global warming (Se sabe / Es sabido que muchos animales mueren por el Calentamiento global.) 2. Una construccién formada por sujeto + verbo en pasiva + infintivo. Este tipo de pasiva también se waduce como una ‘raci6a impersonal o una oracién activa That chef is said to be the best in the city (Se dice / Dicen que ese chef es el mejor de la ciudad.) Uso * Indicar que la accisn es mis importante que el sujeto que la realiza, bien porque es poco relevante o desconocido, bien Porque no se quiere nombrar. Ademés, de este modo se evita una frase activa cuyo sujeto seria somebody, nobody, etc. Somebody stole my car. ‘My car was stolen, (Me robaron el cache.) B——————— Ts LOS VERBOS CAUSATIVOS: have | get + something + done 2 estructura have / get + complemento directo + participio 'xpresa acciones que se encargan a alguien, I’m having / getting my hair dyed. (Me voy a tei el pelo.) They had their roof repaired yesterday. (Les repararon el iejado ayer) Bob will get his car washed tomorrow morning, (A Bob le lavarén el coche mafana por Ja manana.) 2 estructura tiene un sentido pasivo, pues el complemento directo tue va en medio recibe la accin del verbo que va en participio, cero se suele traducir en voz activa J wanted to surprise her, so I got the flowers sent. (Querfa sorprenderla, asi que le envie las flores.) You should have your documents backed up at least once 2 month, (Deberias hacer una copia de seguridad de tus documentos al ‘menos una vez al mes.) Sheryl got her nails manicured last Tuesday. (Sheryl se hizo Ja manicura el martes pasado.) lunque ambos se usan indistimamente, get es més informal y amin en el inglés hablado, We get our carpet replaced every three years. (Cambiamos la moqueta cada tres afios.) ELGERUNDIO Y EL INFINITIVO EH gerundie 5 Ia forma verbal terminada en -ing. Funciona como sustantivo os siguientes casos: ‘Como complemento directo de algunos verbos: avoi deny, detest, dislike, enjoy finish, miss, postpone, recommend, suggest, ec Many people enjoyed watching that show. (@éucha gente distrué viendo ese espectéculo.) Detris de las preposiciones Emily has always been afraid of flying (AEmily siempre le ha dado miedo volar) Detrés de algunas estracuras: be used to, get used to, be worth, can’t help, can’t stand, don’t mind / wouldn't mind, fee like, it's no use, look forward to, see myself, tc 1 don'( mind working overtime. (No me import hacer horas extra.) Como sujeto de la oracidn cuando se habla de acciones 0 hechos en genera Reading is good for your brain, (Leer es bueno para el cerebro.) consider, Es la forma verbal precedida de to y se emplea en estos casos: Detrds de verbos como afford, agree, appear, choose, decide, ‘expect, hesitate, hope, lear, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish, etc. We have learnt (0 use sign language recently. (Hemos aprendido a utilizar la lengua de signos recientemente,) © Detrds de algunos adjetivos y adverbios, He woke up early to go jogging, (Se levants pronto para ir a correr.) Verbos seguidos ‘Verbos como begin, continue, forbid, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, propose o start pueden ir seguidos de ambas formas verbales sin que su significado varie: We began to dance / dancing as soon as we heard the music, (Empezamos a bailar tan pronto como ofmos la misica.) En cambio, otros no significan Jo mismo si llevan detrds un erundio o un infinitivo, A continuaci6n tienes algunos ejemplos forget + gerundio se emplea en frases negatives pace indicar la imposibilidad de lvidar algo ocurrido en el pasado, I'll never forget meeting such an extraordinary woman. : (Nunca olvidaré heber conocido a una mujer tan extraordinaria,) forget + infinitivo significa “olvidarse de hacer algo”, David forgot to urn off she lights. (David se olvidé de apagar las laces.) f regret + gerundio significa “arrepentirse de haber hecho algo en el pasado” ; Julia regretted telling her secret. i (lia se arrepintié de contar su secreto.) «© regret + infinitivo significa “lamentar lo que se va a decir 8 continuacion’. regret (o tell you that this might be a life-threatening disease, (Lamento decirle que esta podria ser una enfermedad Potencialmente mortal.) remember + gerundio significa “recordar algo que se hizo cen el pasado”, I don't remember saying such a thing (No recuerdo haber dicho tal cosa.) remember + infinitivo significa “acordarse de hacer algo” Remember to take your passport before you leave. (Acuérdate de coger el pasaporte antes de salir.) stop + gerundio significa “dejar un habito” Leo feels much better since he stopped smoking (Leo se encuentra mucho mejor desde que dejé de furnar.) Stop + infinitivo significa “dejar de hacer algo para hacer otra cosa" We will stop to have a breok in an hour (Pararemos para hacer un descanso en una hora.) e gerundia y de infinitive ce]4 Making a Living i LAS ORACIONES DE RELATIVO {that refer (© people which and that refer to objects, animals that refer to a moment in time articular place He is th Whose refers to possession Son oraciones subordinadas adjtivas intraucidas por un ronombre 0 un adverbio relativo, Pueden ser de dos tipos: Aefining (especificativas) y non-defining (explicatives) Oraciones especificativas Apottan informacién esencial para ideotificar el antecedente. » Who (personas) y which (cosas, animales...) se pueden sustituir por that. Los tres pronombres pueden omitirse si funcionan como complemento de la aracién subordinada, The old man (who / that) you helped the other day is my grandfather, (El anciano al que ayudaste el otro dia es mi abuelo.) Sorry, but this is not the dessert (whieh / that) I had ordered. (Disculpa, pero este no es el postre que habia pedido.) » When (tiempo) se stele susttuir por that u omitir en Contextos informales cuando va precedido de sustantivos que hacen referencia al tiempo (day, week, time, etc.) That is the day (when / that) they got married, (Ese es el dia en que se casaron.) » Whose (posesién) y where (lugar) no pueden omitirse ni sustituirse por that She is the girl whose poem won the first prize (Ella es la chica cuyo poem gané eb primer premio.) That is the company where Martin work (Esa es la empresa en la que trabaja Martin.) Si el relative lleva preposicién, fo mas comin es omitirlo ¥ poner la preposicién detras del verbo de la oraciéin subordinada, The woman (who! that) you just ¢alked to is an ‘exceptional violinist. (La mujer con la que acabas de hablar es una violinista exceptional.) | They will never forge This isthe house where my grandmother was brought whose name I can never remember NON-DEFinING RELATIVE CLAUS larry. who is a remarkable student, was granted a scholarship. | *Harry, that isa remarkable student, was granted a scholarship, ought yesterday were dirt heap he dy when ‘cample 2s explicativas Afaden informacin que no es necesatia para identificar el antecedente y van entte comas. Se forman con who, which, when, where y whose, que no se pueden omitie ni sustituir por that. Dr Smith, who is a nutritionist, doesn t approve of crash diets (EI Dr, Smith, que es nutricionista, no esté de acuerdo con las dietas de choque,) Estructuras formal e informal En Jas oraciones especificativas, cuando el relativo va ‘acompafiado de una preposici6n, se sigue utlizando which si et antecedente es una cosa; pero ses una persona, en lugar de ‘who se emplea whom, Este es un uso muy formal. Lo més comiin en ambos casos es poner la preposicidndetrés del verbo de la oracin subordinada y omitir el pronombre relativ. This is the buitding in which I've lived for three years (formal) This isthe building (which) I've lived in for three year (informal) Este es el edificio enol que he vivide durante tres aos) The man to whom he talked was the manager {formal] The man (who) he talked w was the manager {informed} (1 hombre con el que hablé era et gerente,) 95eine Tan speak French ] | | | i | (Sé hablar francés.) aati abst I i Can we take @ taxi? Yes, you can. Regus pemiion | CH” ye the a 7 STatateteteanat | He can play different kinds of games on his tablet | (Puede jugar a distintos tipos de juegos en su tableta,) “ eee Suxgetion be can rk ie for Danielle birthday, “| Carol is able to r (Carol sabe montar a caballo.) il they be able to come round? ! | Possibitty t— Ability | (No se puede hablar porteléfono aqui) | | | ie won | H can't be Sarah, Shes much eller than het GOT | Disbelief, deduction | xo puede ser sSmucho mis alta que esa chica) | My grandmother could climb stairs easit ly a year ago, but now she can, | Possibility i | tee en Eeeee eee eee | We can't face this problem alone } peeve (No podemos hacer frente ao isaaat Sua | | Pastabitiy | (miata yon su ena pee aura opus) | poticrcquea | Could you close te dove shots tow ee rat la puerta cuando salgas, por favor?) aoa eeesens the theatre on Friday. _,{Posriamos i al teatro el vierne | Polite suggestion | resiiiy | posi _tLas temperaturas pocrian aumentar en los préximos dias.) | They may / might be visiting Thoiland next June. PrOXimo junio.) fe Polite request, emission be) wuld / ought to go to the doctor J (Stlenesfebre, deberias irl médieo) = You need to enter the password to login tas meter la contrasena para inicarsestén) The wind was so strong that we had _ {El vento era tan fuerte que tvimos que rears ) [something is compulsory, you must doit (Si algo es obligatorio, debes hacerlo.) | Claire's parents (Los pad Advice, opinion | Necessity, ebligation | | Necessiy, obligation | Necessity, obliga must aor | Strong bait i ion | Prohibition ee (Ne debes enviar mensajes deexto mientes conduces) entneedis, Locket obligation’ | We don't need have go right now since we have plo dae donthaveto | necessity (No tenemos que ir justo ahora, ya que tenemos mucho eae ist fe needn't bring all bis books with him | necessity | {No hace fata que tiga todos sus bres) Would you mind passing me the sal, please? (Te imporearia pasarme las, por favor | Would you like to eat pizza? 4 (eTe gustaria come pizza?) ae | Lack of obligation / | Formal request NNLos verbs modales: » Son invariables, por lo que tienen una misma forma para todas las personas y no se conjugan No necesitan do / does para formar la negativa ni la interrogativa Siempre van seguidos de wn verbo en la forma base. Be able to, have to, ought to y need to son semimodales, por lo {que no comparten todas estas caracteristicas, pero si algunos de sus us0s (habilidad, obligacién, etc). Usps Se utiliza para expresar habilidad o capacidad, hacer peticiones, dar y pedir permiso, indicar posibilidad y hacer sugerenclas. be ableto Al igual que can, sirve para expresar habilidad posibilidad, pero be able to se puede conjugar, por Io que se utiliza en dlistintas tiempos verbales, can't Es Ia forma negativa de can y se usa para expresar incapacidad, Prohibicién, una deduccién negativa a la certeza de que algo es imposible, could Se emplea para expresar habilidad o capacidad en el pasado y hhacer peticiones mas educadas que con can, También se utiliza para hacer sugerencias menos directas que con can ¢ indicar una Posibilidad més remota, '] Los VERBOS MODALES PERFECTOS Possibility to do something in the past which wasa’t done Inthe end ‘may, might En afirmativa y negativa expresan posibilidad (mas remota cuando se emplea might) de que ocurra algo, May también se usa para dar, pedir o denegar permiso o para hacer peticiones més formales que con can, should, ought to Los dos se emplean para dar consejo y hacer recomendaciones, ‘Ought to apenas se usa en negativa o en interrogativa. Should es el més utllizada de los dos, need to Se puede conjugar y, por lo tanto, puede emplearse en todos los tempos verbales. Expresa obligacién o necesidad have to, must Expresan obligacién necesidad, pera have to se puede conjugar y se puede utilizar en tiempos verbales diferentes, ‘Must también se puede utilizar para expresar una conclusién légica, mustn't Indica prohibicién. don't need to, don't have to Significan “no tener que" / “no tener por qué”, es decir, ausencia de obligacién y de necesidad (como needin’n), needn't Al igual que don’t have to y don't need to, indica que no hay obligacién 0 necesidad de hacer algo, aunque el uso de needn't es mas formal. would Se utiliza para pedir u ofrecer algo de manera educada. “ Brampies It was on sale last week. We could have bought it thea, | Estaba rebajado la semana pasada. Podriamos haberlo comprado entonces.) can't / Certainty that something didn’t fttinthove hapa way As possi i |mighthewe | Sometig este = about an event in the past wed? Taam sr a_i tara on shousithave | Citcsm or egret an ven | Willingness oF desire to do wouldhave something which wasnt actually {se To express that there was no rowdn'thave | obligation or necessity todo | something She can’t / couldn't have gone to work, as she's on holiday. (Ella no puede / pudo haber ido a trabajar, pues esté de vacaciones.) | He ay might have bought «new far 1 (@usde Podkia ser que haya comprado un piso nuevo) They must have been busy recently, since they haven't texted us back. (Deben de haber estado ocupads reciontemente, ya que no han contestado a | nuestros mensajes.) Hu You should /ought to have made an appointment carien (Deberias haber pedi cita antes) We shouldn't have spent so much money on that plasma sereen. (o deberiamos haber gata tanto dinero en esa pantalla de plasma.) J would have stayed longer, but I had to leave for personal reasons. (Me habria quedado mas tiempo, pero tuve que irme por motivas personales.) You needn't have given me a present. Thank you very much! (No hacia falta que me hicieras un regalo, ;Machas gracias!) 97—_—_—_—_—2 Isas could hove + participle Indica que se pudo haber hecho algo en el pasado, pero que finalmente na se hizo. con't / couldn't have + participio Expresan la certeza de que algo no pudo haber ocurtido, ‘may / might have+ participio Se usan para hacer una suposicién 0 especular sobre un hecho pasado, ‘must have + participio Expresa uno conclusién légica de un hecho pasado, should / ought to hove + participio ‘Con ambos se puede tamco expresar una critica sobre lo fcurrido como lamentar que no se haya cumplido lo esperado, Shouldn't have + participio Expresa una opinién critica o un lamento sobre un hecho pasado, indicando que no deberia haber acurtido, ‘mould have + participio ‘dice que se quiso haber hecho algo en el pasado, pero que no ‘© pudo debido a factores o ciscunstancias externas eedn't have + participio tndica que ne habia obligacién o necesidad de hacer algo que ehizo, ‘Como ya se ha visto, should se utiliza para deci lo que se cree ue se deberia hacer o dar un consejo o una opinién. Para expresar lo mismo, pero de forma muy coloquial, puede emplearse la estructura had better (ola cantraccién "better, Afirmativa: sujeto + had better + forma base del verbo. Signitica “es /seré mejor que” + un verbo en presente de subjuntivo, We'd better rush if we dont want to miss the speech (Es / Sera mejor que nos demos prisa si no queremos perderos ef discurso.) Negativa: sujeto + had better + not + forma base del verbo, You'd better not take the cor ifit snows, (Es /Seré mejor que no cojas el coche si nieva,) Interrogativa: su uso no es frecuente Por otra parte, tiene un uso distinto de should, ya que también se utiliza pata advertir o avisar al oyente de que algo malo o esapradable le puede ocumrir sino hace lo que se le dice, ‘Signitica “serd mejor que...” 0 “més vale que...” You'd beter mind your step or you will fait. (Mas vale que mires donde pisas 0 te caerés.) You'd better not play music so loud if you don't wart the neighbours to complain, (Seré mejor que no pongas 1a misica tan alta si no quieres que los vecinos se quejen.)TENSE Present Simple Prasent Cor “Joe works in a hospival.” “Joe is working in a hospital.” “Joe worked in @ hospital.” “Joe was working in a hospital.” _| "oe has worked in o hospital" “Joe has been working in a hospital.” “Joe had worked in a hospital. “Joe had been working ina hospital.” I ‘REPORTED SPEECH _ She said that Joe worked in @ hospital | She said that Joe was working in 0 hospital She said that Joe had worked in a hospital | She said that Joe had been working in a hospital | She said thet Joe had worked in a hospital ‘She said that Joe had been working in a hospicat. " She said that Joe had worked in a hospital. She said that Joe had been working in a hospital. | She said that Joe would be working in a hospital. ‘CAMBIOS EN LOS MODALES DIRECT SPEECH can may must / have to tonight yesterday ‘last week a month ago tomorrow next week here this these that day ‘the previous day, the day before 1 ‘REPORTED SPEECH | "could [might | had to | A PaLaaias VENpREBIONES” —) AEPORTED Speech | J then that night the previous week, the week before the previous month, the month before the following day, the day after, the next day the following week, the week after there Eee that those “Joe will be working in a hospital. * Elestito indirecto se utiliza para contar Io que alguien ha dicho sin citar exactamente sus palabras. Para contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de decir, basta con suprimir las comillas y cambiar et pronombre sujeto y la persona del verbo, “I'ma very responsible person. He says that he is a very responsible person. (Dice que es una persona muy responsable.) Pero lo normal es que el verbo que Introduce la subordinada en estilo indirecto vaya en pasado; emtonces se produce un cambio importante: el verbo de la subordinada da un salto ateés en el tiempo (de Present Simple a Past Simple, de este ikimo a Past Perfect Simple, ete.) Los verbos més comunes para intraducir el estilo indirecto son say y tell. Tell siempre lleva un complemento indirecto sin la preposicidn to, Say no suele llevar complemento indirecto, pero, silo lleva, debe ir con esa preposicién. La oracién subordinada va introducida por la conjuncidn that, aunque en inglés hablado se suele omitr. “We decided to give them a reward,” they said, They told us (that) they had decided ro give them o reward. They said (that) they had decided to give them a reward, (Nos dijeron que habian decidide darles una recompensa,) El cambio de estilo directo a indirecta también afecta a las expresiones cle tiempo y de lugar, a los demostrativos y a los posesivos. “I've been waiting here,” she said, She said (that) she had been waiting there. (Dijo que habia estado esperando abi.) Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general, no hay cambio en Jos tiempos verbales, “We all learn from mistakes,” our teacher said. Our teacher said that we all learn fram mistakes (Nuestra profesora dijo que todos aprendemos de los errores.) 99Reported questions Hay dos tipos de preguntas en inglés: * Las Yes / No questions son las que se pueden contestar con tun “si" oun “no” Pare ponerlas en estilo indirecto se emplea el verbo ask en pasado y, a continuacién, if o whether, e! sujeto y el verbo. Como la pregunta deja de serio y se onvierte en una afirmativa, na hay inversién sujeto-verbo ni Signo de interrogacién, y tampaco hay comillas ‘Did you have lunch at home?" my mum asked. My mum asked if/ whether I had had lunch at home. (Mi madre me pregunt6 si habia comido en casa,) © Las Wh- questions no se pueden contestar con un “si” 0 un “no”. Son las que comienzan con una particula interrogativa (what, who, where, when, why, whose, how, how long, etc.) AI pasarlas a estilo indirecto, se pone el verbo ask en pasado seguido de dicha particula (en lugar de if o Whether). Luego van el sujeto y el verbo, y se prescinde del signo de interrogacién y de las comillas, “Who were you talking 10?" Molly asked. Molly asked who I had been talking to (Molly pregunts con quién habia estado hablando,) Reported orders / requesis Para pasar una orden a estilo indirecto, se pone el verbo order 0 tell en pasado y, a continuacién, el verbo que estaba en imperativo se cambia por un infinitivo con to (el verbo tell siempre debe ir sepuida de wn complemento indirecto). Con esta ‘misma estructura se pueden usar ask o beg para expresar Peticiones y warn para advertr a alguien de algo, Al pedir algo, normalmente se dice please en estilo directo, pero Se suele omitir en estilo indirecto al considerarse que est implicito en los verbos ask, beg, etc “Please stop the car,” the police officer asked. The police officer asked me to stop the car (El policia me pidi6 que parase el coche.) Please stay with us, Kate!” the woman begged. The woman begged Kate to stay with them, (La mujer le suplicé a Kate que se quedara con ellos.) Cuando se trata de una oracién negativa, se pone not delante de to, “Please dont shout at him.” He told me not to shout at bir (Me dijo que no le gritara.) Reported suggestions Primero se ponen el sujeto y el verbo suggest o recommend en asad y, a continuacién, e dice lo que sugitié esa persona También se pueden usar advise para dar consejo invite para hacer una invitacién. Estos tiltimos siempre van seguidos de un ‘complemento indirecto y ef verbo en infinitive con to, “You should come to see the parade,” they said, They invited us to see the parade. (Nos invitaron a ver el desfile.) 100 Las sugerencias con suggest y recommend se pueden pasar a estilo indirecto de dos formas: wodlucida por Usando una pracién de complemento directo i that, con su sujeto y el verbo en la forma base, “You should take yoga classes,” Brian said. Brian recommended that I take yoga classes, (Brian me recomend ir a clase de yoga,) ‘Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningin sujeto. “We should read it all over again,” my colleague said. My colleague suggested reading it ail over again, (Mi compaiero de trabajo sugirié leerlo odo otra ver.) ‘Los verbos més utlizados para intoducr el estilo indirecto son say. telly ask, que tansmiten el mensaje sin reflejar el tono la intencién de la frase. Pero, si tambien se quiere comunicar el {ono o la intencién del hablante, se pueden utilizar otros muchos reporting verbs: « Afirmaciones: add, admit, agree, announce, answer, apologise, boast, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, Inform, insist, mention, offer, predict, promise, efuse, remind, reply, state, etc Preguntas: enquire, request, want to know, wonder, etc, Ordenes: demand, order, shout, warn, et. SUiplicas: beg, etc Sugerencias: advise, invite, recommend, suggest, et. “The whole city has been evacuated.” She claimed that the whole city had been evacuwted, (Afirmé que toda la ciudad habia sido evacuada.) “Did it stop raining?” Lucca wanted to know if had stepped reining (Luce quiso saber si habia parado de lover) “You shouldn trust her.” He warned me not to trust her (Me advirti que no confiata en ella.) “Please help me prepare for the interview.” Alex begged me to help him prepare for the interview (Alex me suplicé que lo ayudara a preparatse para la entrevista) “You shouid have a healthier lifestyle.” Alice recommended having a healthier lifestyle Alice recommended that !hove a healthier lifestyle. (Alice me recomend® que levase un estilo de vids més saludable,)