Impact on Sri Lankan hydro energy production industry by integrating vortex

mini hydro power plants.

H. Himath Pravana Perera, B. A. Janith Shehan Nandasiri, J.A.D.I.A.W. Jayasundara

Abstract: The aggressively grown global energy Introduction

crisis, the global focus has shifted on renewable & In the modern world, with the advancement of
sustainable means of energy production. the livelihood of people, the demand for the energy has
Considering the Sri Lankan economy & the power been increased in a vast scale. So the energy crisis is
supply according to the CEB statistical report running out of control. [1] By the end of 20th century,
65% of energy is produced by non-renewable according to annual statistics, the rate of energy
sources, specifically coal & fuel thermal power. consumption per annum has been increased by an
average of 2.3%. As a remedy, massive scale energy
30% of power is produced by traditional high head
production was got in to consideration, so that human
HPP. As an agricultural country with numerous desired to sustain and improve their well-being and
natural & artificial hydro sources, integrating reflected in higher production and manufacturing
modern SHPP could revolutionize the energy capacities.[2] In order to accomplish that, several means
industry of Sri Lanka. This research focuses on of global energy were used. 84% of fossil fuels like coal,
the impact for the SL energy industry by oil, natural gas, etc.; 6% of nuclear fuels like Uranium;
integrating the developed SHP concept, GWVPP 10% of Renewable sources such as Solar, wind, biomass,
invented by Austrian inventor Franz Zotloterer in hydroelectric, geothermal, were the major sources of
2006, which utilize hydrokinetic energy with the energy. [2] Hydro power plant depends on the
combination of head and flow height of water which
ultra-low head flow instead of hydro potential
converts the potential energy of water into electricity.
energy with a high head. Large/medium scale Basically, water that falls from higher elevation has been
HPP costs in the range of 1000 – 3500 USD/kW used as an energy source. In this concept the water
& GWVPP costs about approximately flowing is capable of spinning the turbine which can
500USD/kW. GWVPP required minimum head & generate electricity. Averagely, micro hydro power plant
flow rate is 0.7m & 500l/s, with an efficiency of generates 5kW – 200 kW. [3] Advantages of hydro
43% & the optimal position for the turbine is 0.65 power plants have made a significant place for it among
– 0.75 of the basin’s height. The efficiency of other modes of electricity generation. High efficiency
(70-90%), by far on one of the best energy technologies,
GWVPP fluctuates in the range of 30% - 50%
High-capacity factors (> 50%) compared with 10% for
depending upon the size, number & the shape of solar and 30% for wind power plant and slow rate of
the blades, the exceptional versatility in change are some of them. And the fluctuation of output
construction process proves the high possibilities power is very low which is not like wind power plants.
utilizing water resources in rural electrification Generally, hydro energy are predictable, small start-up
projects. Zero CO2 emission energy production, time, easy adjustable output time, high reliability, low
cost-effectiveness & renewability are the main operating cost, long-lasting technology and no
environmental impact like more benefits has remarked
factors which make GWVPP an alternative green
the specialty of hydro power plants over other power
energy production concept. Sri Lanka, an plants. [4] Gravitational Water Vortex Hydropower Plant
agricultural country which has more than 52.8 (GWVHP) is a sub category of micro hydro power plant
km3 of renewable water resources can utilize the which uses turbine technologies in which potential
concept of GWVPP to optimize the energy energy of water is converted to kinetic energy by a
production as well as improve the quality of life rotation tank (basin) [5] During the draining process,
in the local community in both urban & rural water creates a vortex which is used to drive a rotor and
communities. generator to generate power. The specialty of water
Vortex Power plants is easiness in installation, operation
Keywords: hydro energy; gravitational vortex and maintenance without any imported spare parts. So,
hydro power (GVHP); low head turbine; rural this research paper aims to analyze the gap between the
electrification; micro hydro power (MHP); vortex power plant through the traditional power plants.
renewable energy; hydro power plant (HPP) [6]
 Objectives Dry plains were irrigated mainly for lowland paddy
The objective of the study is to analyze the possible farming. [7]
potential of the gravitational vortex hydro power plants
and to conclude the possible impact that the concept
could impose on to the local energy production in Sri
Lanka.

Methodology
An analyzing methodology was used in this study. Prior
researches and data on hydro power, energy production
and gravitational vortex hydro power were used in this to
analyze the results. Instead of comparing and analyzing
other means and sources of energy production in this
study large scale hydro power and the gravitational hydro
power plants were taken in to the consideration to assume
the impact that could impose on the sri Lankan energy
production industry. The constructions, the
infrastructure, materials, finance, eco-friendliness, Figure 1 – Major water bodies in sri lanka[7]
efficiency and the risks were analyzed in both concepts.
All the research data that was taken for consideration and During the post-independence era, a series of
reviewing has been cited. In consideration of the multipurpose reservoirs were created were constructed,
economic impact that imposes by integrating the and the Victoria reservoir is the largest with a storage
gravitational hydro power plants in local resources, no capacity of 0.73km3. the gross theoretical hydro power
nation has integrated this versatile concept in large scale potential in Sri Lanka is estimated at 8000 GWh/ year
implications hence the assumptions were made by mainly from large to small scale reservoirs. [8]
analyzing the available data. To observe and research
deeply about the local hydro energy the team made
reservation to visit some of the power plants in sri Lanka
but the reservations were cancelled due to the pandemic
issues.
Results & Discussion
Hydro energy production and the consumption
in Sri Lanka
In according to the magazine of outlook on water
environmental management in Asia, the water quality
information has stated the limited but available sources
Figure 2 – Estimated reservoir areas in Sri Lanka[7]
shows a minor pollution in 2012. The framework on
environmental management in Sri Lanka has been Considering the statistical report published by the Ceylon
developed since 1980s. The national environmental Electricity Board (CEB) shows that from 2018 to 2019
policy 2010-15 was included with certain pollution the gross units that have been sold in Sri Lanka have
control related measures. Considering the climate zones increased by 3.7% from 14091 GWh to 14611 GWh and
in the country, it can be divided into three climate zones the demand of the power units have raised by 2% from
wet, intermediate and dry. Annual rainfall for each 2616.1 MW to 2668.7 MW. Considering the number of
particular climate zone is as follows, 2000 mm/ year for power stations have been raised by 9.3% from 258 to 282
wet zones, between 1500 – 2000mm/year for including independent power producers (IPP). And the
intermediate zones and 1500 mm/ year for dry zones. In Hydro reservoir capacity have not been changed from
Sri Lanka there are 103 natural river basins with a total 1197 GWh. Rural electrification schemes have been
length of approx. 4500km. The largest river is the deducted from 131 to 68. By 2019, CEB owns 17 hydro
Mahaweli river with the size 335km long and has an area power plants, 10 fossil fuel thermal power plants and 1
about 10,448 km2. The total run off volume in Sri Lanka coal thermal power plant. The IIP s hold 206 mini hydro
is estimated at 49.2 km3/year. In addition, there are a power plants, 6 fuel thermal power plants, 15 wind power
significant number of reservoirs including ancient plants and 20 solar, biomass and dendro power plants that
irrigation reservoirs with a total of 169,941 hectares. The holds the total capacity of 1264 MW. Major hydro power
generation have been reduced by 26.5% from 5149 GWh Renewable sources of energy will play a supplementary
to 3784 GWh and the mini hydro power generation have role in the national context while playing a very
been reduced by 17.9% from 1232 GWh to 1011 GWh. consequential role in decentralized applications, in
But the thermal power generations of Fuel and Coal have meeting electrical energy desiderata of rural and remote
increased by 38.2% and 12.5%. The fuel thermal power communities. NCRE has not been considered as a
generation has been increased from 3629 GWh to 5016 candidate in this study due to its intermittent nature.
GWh and in coal thermal generation from 4764 GWh to However, development of NCRE has been surmised as
5361 GWh.[9] committed and modelled accordingly. Figure 3 illustrates
the capacity additaments and future NCRE energy share
which reaches 20% in 2020 and increases to 21% in 2025
and then maintains at 20% during rest of the orchestrating
period.[11]

Figure 3 – Breakdown of Sri Lankan energy generetion[10]

Access to Electricity
By the end of December, 2014, approximately 98% of the
total population had access to electricity from the
national electricity grid. Figure 2 shows the percentage
level of electrification district wise as at end of 2014. The
average per capita electricity consumption in 2013 and
2014 were 519kWh per person and 535 kWh per person Figure 5 - NCRE Addition for 20% energy share in 2020[12]
respectively. Generally, it has been rising steadily;
however, in the period 2007 – 2009 with the slowing Vortex hydro energy
down of the electricity growth, the per capita A vortex can be defined as the region in a fluid, which
consumption has stagnated. A similar trend is observed the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be
during 2012 to 2013.[11] straight or curved. This phenomenon can be observed in
both natural and artificial situations. An understanding of
vortex dynamics is an essential preliminary to a
consideration of turbulent flows in which the vorticity
distribution is highly complex. The disruption velocity
vorticity or the curl of the velocity, as well as the concept
of circulation are used to characterize vortexes. In most
vortices the fluid flow velocity is greatest next to its axis
and decrease inversely proportion to the distance from
the axis. In the absence of external forces, viscous friction
in the fluid tends shift the flow into a collection of
irrotational vortices, possibly superimposed to larger
scale flows, including larger scale vortices. Once formed
the vortices can move, stretch, twist and interact in
complex ways. A moving vortex carries some angular
momentum and linear momentum hence it carries energy
and mass as well. [13]

• Whirlpool hydro rotors

• Vortex induced vibrations

Figure 4 – Level of electrification[12]

 usually involves substantial civil work, the cost of which
largely depends on labor costs, which is substantially
lower than in industrialized countries. The total
investment costs largely depend on site features and
availability of grid connections. [17] The total installed
costs for large-scale hydropower projects typically range
from a low of USD 1 000/kW to around USD 3 500/kW.
installing hydropower capacity at an existing dam that
Figure 6 – Vortex turbine schematic diagram[14] was built for other purposes (flood control, water
provision, etc.) may have costs as low as USD 500/kW.
On the other hand, projects at remote sites, without
As mentioned before concept was invented by Franz adequate local infrastructure and located far from
Zotloterer an Austrian inventor in 2006. Since the first existing transmission networks, can cost significantly
installation of the prototype in 2006 at Obergrafendorf more than USD 3 500/kW.[16]
River in Austria, many academicians across the globe
started to investigate on the system, some introducing
design variation in vortex chamber and some performing
parametric variation in the runner.[15] The concept
gravitational vortex hydro power plant (GVHPP) is
relatively new conceptual inventions that utilize kinetic
energy from the stream or the source of water supply. The
design of the unit contains mainly five sectors.
1. Input path
2. Vortex chamber
3. Runner/Propeller
Figure 8 – Cost breakdown of hydropower plant[18]
4. Turbine
5. Output path Final dam costs (98 dams) range from $17 m to $1277
with a median cost of $86 m. In terms of cost per ML of
reservoir storage capacity, the exceedance range is
$393/ML to $2040/ML with a median cost of $981/ML.
An alternative measure of dam and related infrastructure
cost is in terms of cost per ML yield. The exceedance
range is $669 to $2557 per ML yield with a median of
$1304 per ML yield.[19] Small, Medium, and Large size
categories have all experienced cost growth of 30-40%
over the last decade. Costs for all three sizes of projects
appear to level-off or decrease from 2015 to 2016, but
Figure 7 – GWVPP illustration similar year-to-year volatility is common throughout the
past decade.[20]
Hydro Power cost
Hydropower is a capital-intensive technology with long
lead times for development and construction due to the Efficiency
significant feasibility, planning, design and civil Hydro turbines are considered as a heart of hydro power
engineering works required. There are two major cost plants, it almost all the time represents the highest
components for hydropower projects[16] investment in the entire project. After the electric engine
hydro turbine got the highest efficiency, plus the fact that
• civil works for the hydropower plant
it is the most applied RES system, even slightest
construction
possibility to higher this effectiveness could make major
• The cost related to electro-mechanical differences.[21] The most common types of turbines for
equipment. SHP application are Francis, Kaplan, Pelton Wheel,
Hydropower investment costs for new installations vary Crossflow, and Centrifugal pumps operated in turbine
considerably between industrialized and developing mode. Different turbine types have different efficiency
countries. In developing countries and emerging profiles with respect to discharge. The hydraulic
economies, the construction of hydropower plants performance of the Propeller turbines is more sensitive to
flow variations than Francis, Kaplan, Pelton, and
Crossflow turbines. Pelton Turbine is not only one of the
most efficient turbines around 90% but it can also sustain
the optimum efficiency for a variable range of flows.
Crossflow turbine has relatively inferior efficiency levels
around 80%, but the turbine can sustain optimum
efficiency levels for a range of flows. Crossflow turbines
are widely used in developing countries, such as
Ethiopia, for development of MHP systems. Crossflow
turbine runners are simple to manufacture because the
blades can be made from standard steel pipes’ cuts and, Figure 10 – GWVPP turbine material efficiency
as such, they are relatively of low cost per kW of installed
electricity than others.[22] Not only would that local production using local
materials significantly reduce the cost for GWVPP. So
that it represents the cost effectiveness. Commercial
vortex power plants have shown a maximum of 80%
efficiency and research-based prototypes have given a
maximum of 35% efficiency. It has 43% efficiency with
flow rate of 500l/s and a head of 0.7 m, 38% efficiency
with a flow rate of 700l/s and 0.92m head for air vortex
formation too.[5]

Figure 9 -Typical efficiency curves for different turbine

types[22]

In many of the perennial rivers, the water inflow ow cycle

results in overflow ow of reservoirs during the wet
months and scarcity during the dry seasons. Most hydro
a station across these rives are not able to generate their
full capacity for more than six months because of
inadequate water inflow ow. While operating availability Figure 11 -GWVPP turbine efficiency at different levels of
of stations is in the range of 92–94 %, the plant load outputs.
factor is in the range 35–38% only. The forced outage
rate is 2.5% and the planned maintenance rate is 5–6% Eco Friendliness
which implies that the major cause of low-capacity Globally, large hydropower plant construction peaked in
utilization is the partial loading units and higher than
designed water consumption for the same output. There the 1960s. The United States led the way in bringing the
is an opportunity for increasing the energy yield from the environmental impacts associated with large dam
limited water quantity by as much as 8–10 % through construction to the forefront. It passed legislation in the
optimal distribution of loads on units and co-ordination late 1960s and early 1970s that required those impacts to
between multiple stations[23] be studied and instructed FERC to give equal
The efficiency has made a prominent place for GWVHP, consideration to economic development and non-power
among the other modes of power production. Durability impacts in permitting decisions for new hydropower
is very high in hydro power plants even old power plants
projects.[20] Depending on the type and location of the
gets reduced by 5 – 10% in efficiency compared to new
ones. The efficiency of traditional power plants depends proposed hydropower project, habitat degradation and
upon the water head, water volume and the equipment in conversion may be significant threats to aquatic and
use. Gravitational water vortex power plant is capable of terrestrial biodiversity. Habitat degradation and
generating high capacity of energy with a low head water conversion may occur as a result of reservoir creation,
flow which is extremely suitable for rivers, small changes in hydrologic flow regime, dewatering river
reservoirs and water canals.[24]So, the low head
reaches, interbasin transfer of water, development of
GWVPP also very much efficient as it fulfills increasing
current energy requirement.[25] access routes and transportation corridors, construction
material extraction, or development of transmission line
corridors. Habitat conversion may also result from
temporary construction-related activities, such as
storage/disposal sites, and establishment of temporary
work camps and permanent structures. [26] Project risk
factors have also been raised as a reason to question large
dam development compared estimated and actual costs
for a set of 245 large dams built around the world and
found that 75% of them incurred cost overruns and 80%
experienced schedule delays. These overruns are often
Figure 13- Carbon footprints of various energy.[27]The lower
large enough to change the outcome of the benefit-cost and upper value of the dark bar for hydropower are the lower
evaluation that justified the project in the first place. and upper quartiles for the corrected model average (Model
Based on this dataset, the authors argue that smaller AC). The light extensions represent the 10 and 90% quantiles
projects are more advisable from a risk management and the red diamond marks the median.
perspective. Small hydropower plays an important role in
When establishing any technologically developed
the rural electrification strategies of many countries. [20]
invention, the harm for the environment should be highly
considered. So, most importantly GWVPP is one of the
most environmental-friendly modes of power generation.
As they are extremely suitable for rivers, small reservoirs
and water canals, the harm for the environment is at a
minimal level. Zero CO2 emission energy production
makes this a way better alternative, renewable and cost
effective and ecofriendly energy production solution.
And local production using local material would
significantly reduce the cost for GWVPP. Also, this will
Figure 12 - GHG emission in reservoirs
minimize the harm for the environment too. Considering
The GLMs were subsequently applied to the global the vast water bodies, small reservoirs, rivers, canals and
dataset of 1473 hydroelectric reservoirs for which the streams this can be implemented and can bring a
predictors were extracted from the same global datasets tremendous positive impact on green renewable energy
as the training dataset. CO2 and CH4 emissions were production and supply in Sri Lanka. So, GWVPP can be
aggregated to carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) by stated as an alternative, efficient energy source which is
assuming a global warming potential of 34 kg CO2e/kg environmentally friendly and as well as cost
CH4 over a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) and for effective.[24]
sensitivity analyses also assuming a global warming Risks Analytics
potential of 86 kg CO2e/kg CH4 over a time horizon of
Reservoir slope failures /landslides need to be considered
20 years (GWP20). Although the global warming
in the context of their cause and their effect. This
potential of biogenic CO2 can differ from fossil CO2,
consideration should extend to disposal sites for earthen
they were assumed to be equal, as the flooded biomass is
material excavated during the construction process.
not replanted and therefore no significant removal of
Changes in loads on reservoir slope occur during
emissions during regrowth can take place.[27]
reservoir filling and subsequently during variation in
reservoir levels. Slope failure can cause total or partial
blockage of reservoir, and damage the dam by an impulse
wave following slope failure. Notably, a large impulse
wave overtopping a dam can cause catastrophic impacts
to people, communities and infrastructure situated
downstream.[28] A main issue associated with
construction of hydropower projects is the physical land
disturbance that typically involves the excavation of Conclusion
large quantities of soil and rock, and sometimes the As per the elaborated data the durability of hydro power
drilling and blasting of tunnels and channels. plants is very high but the LHPP and SHPP or MHPP
Construction activities often entail the construction of drastically contrasts with the Installation cost, Capacity
temporary workers’ camps, as well as temporary and factors, Economic life, operation and maintenance cost
and the capital cost. Considering the cost and the capacity
permanent site access roads.[26]
of the energy generation the LHPP has a much more
• Dust effective impact on the energy generation and the
• Noise and vibrations industrial distribution. Yet the SHPP and MHPP can be
utilized in rural and agricultural areas in order to decrease
• Solid waste
the weight on non-renewable energy sources. Hence the
• Wastewater discharges GWVPP are capable of generating energy utilizing the
• Tunneling discharges low head water flow the concept has high compatibility
in strengthening the rural electrification in Sri Lanka by
using the vast amount of water resources located island
wide. The concept of GWVPP is an ULH hydro energy
generation concept which results 43% efficiency with
0.7m head and a high flow rate of 500l/s. But in
traditional large scale hydro power plants the efficiency
is much higher due to the utilization of high quality and
highly efficient turbines and equipment. Due to that even
though the cost for a power plant is drastically higher
than a SHPP/MHPP such as GWVPP, the rate of
efficiency results much higher than SHPP/MHPPs.
GWVPP is a concept which is extremely suitable for
Figure 14[29] rivers and water canals if the resource has the minimum
requirement of the head and the flow rate. Due to the
Accelerated accumulation of sediments in aquatic extremely versatile design the power plant can be easily
ecosystems can lead to changes in surface water quality installed and adapt according to the environment instead
of readopting and scaping the surrounding and the
and biodiversity. Sedimentation within the reservoir can
environment, only minor alternations are needed in order
also decrease generating capacity. Reservoirs can flood to install GWVPP. When considering the CO2 emission,
soils that were not previously saturated, changing the reservoirs of LHPP emits a considerable amount of
groundwater levels and the loads on reservoir slopes. greenhouse gases due to the anerobic digestion occurs in
This can cause increased sediment deposition within the the water body. But GWVPP has considerably low
reservoir, increased sediment input from denuded carbon footprint than LHPPs. Considering all the facts
researched the concept of GWVPP is an extremely
shoreline areas, and river-bank failures. Hydropower
suitable to rural electrification projects but does not have
dams located in areas that may be subject to rock slides a considerable impact on the energy production industry.
or avalanches should consider the potential safety Hence it is recommended to utilize GWVPP as a rural
implication to workers. Even relatively minor rock or and agricultural electrifying and electrification project in
snow slides may present significant hazard to workers, order to reduce the weight on the non-renewable
resource-based energy generations.
especially during the construction phase.[26]

Figure 15[30]
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