Domain and Range Of Inverse Functions
Considering the domain and range of the inverse functions, following formulas are important to
be noted:
sin(sin−1x) = x, if -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
cos(cos−1x) = x, if -1 ≤ x ≤ 1
tan(tan−1x) = x, if -∞ ≤ x ≤∞
cot(cot−1x) = x, if -∞≤ x ≤∞
sec(sec−1x) = x, if -∞ ≤ x ≤ -1 or 1 ≤ x ≤ ∞
cosec(cosec−1x) = x, if -∞ ≤ x ≤ -1 or 1 ≤ x ≤ ∞
Also, the following formulas are defined for inverse trigonometric functions.
sin−1(sin y) = y, if -π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2
cos−1(cos y) =y, if 0 ≤ y ≤ π
tan−1(tan y) = y, if -π/2 <y< π/2
cot−1(cot y) = y if 0<y< π
sec−1(sec y) = y, if 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠ π/2
cosec−1(cosec y) = y if -π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2, y ≠ 0
Important Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
The elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions will help to solve problems. Here
are a few important properties related to inverse trigonometric functions:
Property Set 1:
Sin−1(x) = cosec−1(1/x), x∈ [−1,1]−{0}
Cos−1(x) = sec−1(1/x), x ∈ [−1,1]−{0}
Tan−1(x) = cot−1(1/x), if x > 0 (or) cot−1(1/x) −π, if x < 0
Cot−1(x) = tan−1(1/x), if x > 0 (or) tan−1(1/x) + π, if x < 0
Property Set 2:
Sin−1(−x) = −Sin−1(x)
Tan−1(−x) = −Tan−1(x)
Cos−1(−x) = π − Cos−1(x)
Cosec−1(−x) = − Cosec−1(x)
Sec−1(−x) = π − Sec−1(x)
Cot−1(−x) = π − Cot−1(x)
Proofs:
1. Sin−1(−x) = −Sin−1(x)
Let sin−1(−x) = y, i.e.,−x = sin y
⇒ x = − sin y
Thus,
x = sin (− y)
Or,
sin−1(x) = −y = −sin−1(−x)
Therefore, sin−1(−x) = −sin−1(x)
Similarly, using the same concept following results can be obtained:
cosec−1(−x) = −cosec−1x, |x|≥1
tan−1(−x) = −tan−1x, xϵR
2. Cos−1(−x) = π − Cos−1(x)
Let cos−1(−x) = y i.e., −x = cos y
⇒ x = −cos y = cos(π–y)
Thus,
cos−1(x) = π–y
Or,
cos−1(x) = π–cos−1(−x)
Therefore, cos−1(−x) = π–cos−1(x)
Similarly using the same concept following results can be obtained:
sec−1(−x) = π–sec−1x, |x|≥1
cot−1(−x) = π–cot−1x, xϵR
Property Set 3:
Sin−1(1/x) = cosec−1x, x≥1 or x≤−1
Cos−1(1/x) = sec−1x, x≥1 or x≤−1
Tan−1(1/x) = −π + cot−1(x)
Proof: Sin−1(1/x) = cosec−1x, x≥1 or x≤−1
Let cosec−1 x = y, i.e. x = cosec y
⇒ (1/x) = sin y
Thus, sin−1(1/x) = y
Or,
sin−1(1/x) = cosec−1x
Similarly using the same concept the other results can be obtained.
Illustrations:
sin−1(⅓) = cosec−1(3)
cos−1(¼) = sec−1(4)
sin−1(−¾) = cosec−1(−4/3) = sin−1(3/4)
tan−1(−3) = cot−1(−⅓)−π
Property Set 4:
Sin−1(cos θ) = π/2 − θ, if θ∈[0,π]
Cos−1(sin θ) = π/2 − θ, if θ∈[−π/2, π/2]
Tan−1(cot θ) = π/2 − θ, θ∈[0,π]
Cot−1(tan θ) = π/2 − θ, θ∈[−π/2, π/2]
Sec−1(cosec θ) = π/2 − θ, θ∈[−π/2, 0]∪[0, π/2]
Cosec−1(sec θ) = π/2 − θ, θ∈[0,π]−{π/2}
Sin−1(x) = cos−1[√(1−x2)], 0≤x≤1
= −cos−1[√(1−x2)], −1≤x<0
Property Set 5:
Sin−1x + Cos−1x = π/2
Tan−1x + Cot−1(x) = π/2
Sec−1x + Cosec−1x = π/2
Proof: sin−1(x) + cos−1(x) = (π/2), xϵ[−1,1]
Let sin−1(x) = y, i.e., x = sin y = cos((π/2) − y)
⇒ cos−1(x) = (π/2) – y = (π/2) − sin−1(x)
Thus,
sin−1(x) + cos−1(x) = (π/2)
Similarly using the same concept following results can be obtained:
tan−1(x) + cot−1(x) = (π/2), xϵR
cosec−1(x) + sec−1(x) = (π/2), |x|≥1
Property Set 7:
sin−1(x) + sin−1(y) = sin−1[x√(1−y2)+ y√(1−x2)]
cos−1x + cos−1y = cos−1[xy−√(1−x2)√(1−y2)]
Property Set 8: Corresponding Graphs
sin−1(sin x) = −π−π, if x∈[−3π/2, −π/2]
= x, if x∈[−π/2, π/2]
= π−x, if x∈[π/2, 3π/2]
=−2π+x, if x∈[3π/2, 5π/2] And so on.
cos−1(cos x) = 2π+x, if x∈[−2π,−π]
= −x, ∈[−π,0]
= x, ∈[0,π]
= 2π−x, ∈[π,2π]
=−2π+x, ∈[2π,3π]
tan−1(tan x) = π+x, x∈(−3π/2, −π/2)
= x, (−π/2, π/2)
= x−π, (π/2, 3π/2)
= x−2π, (3π/2, 5π/2)
