Aim:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of:
1) Input and output voltage
2 )Number of turning in the secondary and primary coil of a self – made transformer.
Introduction
The transformer is a device used converting to a low alternating, voltage high alternating
voltage or vice-versa.
A transformer based on the Principal of mutual induction. According to this, principle, the
amount linked with a an magnetic of coil changing an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring
coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is actually widely used device in both low & high current circuits . They are
built in amazing strength. It can be few tens of grams or may weigh hundred of tonnes as per
the requirement.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfers from one circuit. use of moving to another
circuit takes places without the 'parts.
A transformer which increases the voltage is transformer called a step-up transformer
A transformer which decreases the voltage is called a step- down transformer.
Therefore, transformer is an essential part of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
Theory:
When an alternating emf is supplied to the primary coil P1 P2 an alternating
current starts falling in ir. The a changing the alternating current in the primary
produces magnetic flux, which induces alternating voltage in the primary as well
as secondary.
In a good transformer whole of the flux (magnetic) linked with primary is also
linked with secondary then is induced emf is induced in each turn of secondary
is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary .This Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the emf induced in primary and secondary and Np and Ns
are the no coils of the transfer and
d∅ /dt = rate of change in flux in each turn.
The coil at the instant, we have
Ep= -Np d∅ /dt --------(1)
Es= -Ns d∅ /dt---------(2)
Since the above relations are true at very instant we divide (2) by (1) we get,
Es/Ep= -Ns/-Np
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back emf induced in the primary coil P1 in So the
instantaneous Current in primary coil is due to difference (E-Ep) in the instantaneous values
further (E-Ponary coil is due to the of the applied and back emf of. is the resistance 0, pips
coil, het instantaneous current in the Other the coil is given lay primary 1p = E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep=IpRp
When the resistance of the primary is small RpLp can be neglected to thereforce,
E-Ep=0
Or
E=Ep
Thus back emf = input emp
Hence equation (3) can be written as:
Es/Ep=Es/E=output emf/input emf =Ns/Np
Where k is constant called as transformation ratio.
About Step down Transformer:
Es<E so K<1 hence Ns<Np
If 1p= value of primary current at the same instant
1s= value of Secondary current at the same instant
Input power at the instant = EpIp
And Output power= EsIs
There is no loss of power then
Input power= output power
EpIp=EsIs
(or)
Es/Ep=Is/Ip =K
About Step Up Transformer:
Es>E so K>1 hence Ns>Np
Is>lp, ie, curent,
In secondary is weaker when. secondary voltage higher
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage current we lose in current in the value ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown that in a transformers, whatever we lose in voltage we gain in
current in same ratio .
Efficiency:
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as ratio to the input power to the output power
n=output Power/ input power
Thus, an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, n=2
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of a transformer
is less than one.
N=output Power/ input power×100%
=input power – losses /input power × 100%
Energy losses:
The following are the major sources energy loss in a transformer
1) Copper loss :- It is the energy loss form of heat of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires
2)Iron loss:- This is the form of heat in iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation
of eddy currents in iron core. It is minimised by taking cores laminated cores
3)Leakage of magnetic flux: This occurs each them of least insulations. Therefore, rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1, S2 the less than the rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1,P2.
4) Hysterics loss :This is the loss of energy due to repeated when magnetised and
demagnetised of iron core. AC is fed to it.
5)Magneto Striction: Humming noise of a transformer.
Apparatus :
1) Iron rod
2) Copper wire
3) Voltmeter
4) Ammeter
Circuit Diagram:
Vp=IpRp + L1ΔIp/Δt – MΔIs/Δt .It represent load of the secondary (in primary).It has
negative sign because it helps the source to produce more current in response to increasing
load of secondary circuit.
M ΔIp/t=L2∆ Is/∆ t +IsRs
The mutual inductance is secondary represents coupling from primary acts as the voltage
source that derives secondary circuit .
Procedure:
1) Take thick iron red and cover it. with a thick paper turns & wind large no. of thin Cu
wise on thick paper. This constitutes primary coil of transformer.
2) Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number
turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a
step-down transformer.
3) Connect p1, p2 to AC main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C.
voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4) Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S1 and S2.
5) Now connect S, and S₂ to A-C. main & again. measure voltage and current through
primary & secondary coil of step-up transformer.
6) Repeat all steps for other self made transformer by changing no of turns in primary &
secondary coil.
Uses of Transformer:
A transformer is used in almost all a.c operations :-
1) A In voltage regulator for TV., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.
2) A step down transformer purposes. is used for welding purpose.
3) A step down transformer is used Obtained by current
4) A step up transformer is used for the production of X-rays and Neon advertiser.
5) Transformer are used in the transmillions of A.C over long distancer.
6) Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric
belts .
Conclusion :
1) The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends on the ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2) There is a loss of power between input and output coil of transformer.
Source of error:
1) Values of current can be changed due to heating effect
2) Eddy current can change the reading.
Precautions :
1) Be Safe from high voltage.
2) While taking reading, the current and voltage the A.C remains constant.
Bibliography:
1) [Link]
2) [Link]
Contents:
Objective / Aim
Introduction
Theory
Step up transformer
Step down transformer
Efficiency
Energy Losses
Apparatus
Circuit `diagram
Procedure
Uses of Transformer
Conclusion
Source of Error
Precautions
Bibliography
