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Math for Machine Learning

Linear algebra - Week 2

Solving systems of equations

Matrix row reduction

Row operations that preserve singularity

Row-reduced echelon form

Row echelon form

Rank of a matrix
Solving System of Linear Equations

Machine learning motivation

Neural networks - Matrix operations
Neural networks - Matrix operations
"Hello! Welcome to
Math for Machine
Learning!"
Neural networks - Matrix operations
"Hello! Welcome to
Math for Machine
Learning!"

Matrix
Neural networks - Matrix operations
"Hello! Welcome to
Math for Machine
Learning!"

Matrix Matrix
Neural networks - Matrix operations
"Hello! Welcome to
Math for Machine
Learning!"

Matrix Matrix Matrix

Neural networks - Matrix operations
"Hello! Welcome to
Math for Machine
Learning!"

Matrix Matrix Matrix Matrix

Neural networks - Sound recognition

Acoustic monitoring: Monitoring ecosystems through sounds

● Sound recognition: tracking species through sound to preserve bio-habitats.

Neural Networks - AI-generated music
Neural network generates music

● Automatic music
generation: compressing
music to discrete codes,
then training the model on
a specific genre to produce
new music.
Solving System of Linear Equations

Solving non-singular system

of linear equations
Solving systems of equations
System

• a + b = 10

• a + 2b = 12
Solving systems of equations
System
+ = $10
• a + b = 10

• a + 2b = 12

+ + = $12
Solving systems of equations
System
+ = $10
• a + b = 10

• a + 2b = 12

+ + = $12
Solving systems of equations
System
+ = $10
• a + b = 10

• a + 2b = 12

+ + = $12
Solving systems of equations
System
+ = $10
• a + b = 10

• a + 2b = 12

+ + = $12

$2
Solving systems of equations
System
+ = $10
• a + b = 10
$2
• a + 2b = 12

+ + = $12

$2
Solving systems of equations
System
+ = $10
• a + b = 10
$8 $2
• a + 2b = 12

+ + = $12

$2
Solving systems of equations
Solving systems of equations

System

• a + b = 10

• a + 2b = 12
Solving systems of equations

System Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a=8

• a + 2b = 12 • b=2
Solving systems of equations

System Solved system

Some process
• a + b = 10 • a=8

• a + 2b = 12 • b=2
Solving systems of equations

System Solved system

Some process
• a + b = 10 • a=8
Manipulating equations
• a + 2b = 12 • b=2
Solving systems of equations

System Solved system

Some process
• a + b = 10 • a=8
Manipulating equations
• a + 2b = 12 • b=2
Swapping equations
Adding equations
Multiplying equations by a constant
Solving systems of equations

System Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a=8

• a + 2b = 12 • b=2
Solving systems of equations

System Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a=8

• a + 2b = 12 • b=2

Eliminate ‘a’ from this equation

Manipulating equations
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant

a + b = 10
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant

a + b = 10

x 7
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant

a + b = 10

x 7

7a + 7b = 70
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant Adding two equations

a + b = 10

x 7

7a + 7b = 70
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant Adding two equations

a + b = 10 a + b = 10

x 7

7a + 7b = 70
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant Adding two equations

a + b = 10 a + b = 10

x 7 2a + 3b = 26

7a + 7b = 70
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant Adding two equations

a + b = 10 a + b = 10

x 7 + 2a + 3b = 26
7a + 7b = 70
Manipulating equations

Multiplying by a constant Adding two equations

a + b = 10 a + b = 10

x 7 + 2a + 3b = 26
7a + 7b = 70 3a + 4b = 36
Let’s do a harder example
Systems of equations
Systems of equations
System

• 5a + b = 17

• 4a - 3b = 6

Systems of equations
System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=?

Systems of equations
System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=?

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=?

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
-

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
-
0a - 0.95b = - 1.9

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
-
0a - 0.95b = - 1.9
-0.95b = - 1.9

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
-
0a - 0.95b = - 1.9
-0.95b = - 1.9
b=2

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=2

?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
-
0a - 0.95b = - 1.9
-0.95b = - 1.9
b=2

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=2

?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
- a + 0.2(2) = 3.4
0a - 0.95b = - 1.9
-0.95b = - 1.9
b=2

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=2

?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
- a + 0.2(2) = 3.4
0a - 0.95b = - 1.9 a + 0.4 = 3.4
-0.95b = - 1.9
b=2

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=2

?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
- a + 0.2(2) = 3.4
0a - 0.95b = - 1.9 a + 0.4 = 3.4
-0.95b = - 1.9 a=3
b=2

Systems of equations
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 3
• a=?

• 4a - 3b = 6 • a - 0.75b = 1.5 • b=2

?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a - 0.75b = 1.5
from this equation a + 0.2b = 3.4
- a + 0.2(2) = 3.4
0a - 0.95b = - 1.9 a + 0.4 = 3.4
-0.95b = - 1.9 a=3
b=2

What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?

System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a=?

• 3b = 6 • b=?
What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?
System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a=?

• 3b = 6 • b=?

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation
What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 3b = 6 • ??? • b=?

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation
What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 3b = 6 • ??? • b=?

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation b=2
What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 3b = 6 • ??? • b = ?2

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation b=2
What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 3b = 6 • ??? • b = ?2

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation b=2
a + 0.2(2) = 3.4
What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 3b = 6 • ??? • b = ?2

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation b=2
a + 0.2(2) = 3.4
a + 0.4 = 3.4
What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=?

• 3b = 6 • ??? • b = ?2

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation b=2
a + 0.2(2) = 3.4
a + 0.4 = 3.4
a=3
What if one of the coefficients of a is zero?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 3
• a=?

• 3b = 6 • ??? • b = ?2

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation b=2
a + 0.2(2) = 3.4
a + 0.4 = 3.4
a=3
Quiz
● Solve the following system of equations

System

• 2a + 5b = 46

• 8a + b = 32
Solution
● Solve the following system of equations

System

• 2a + 5b = 46

• 8a + b = 32

Solution

• a=3

• b=8
Solving System of Linear Equations

Solving singular system of

linear equations
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 20 • b=?
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 10
from this equation
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 10
from this equation - a + b = 10
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 10
from this equation - a + b = 10

0=0
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 10 Solved system
from this equation - a + b = 10
• a + b = 10
0=0
• no other equation
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a = ?x

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 10 Solved system
from this equation - a + b = 10
• a + b = 10
0=0
• no other equation
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a = ?x

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?
10 - x

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 10 Solved system
from this equation - a + b = 10
• a + b = 10
0=0
• no other equation
What if the system is singular (redundant)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a = ?x

• 2a + 2b = 20 • a + b = 10 • b=?
10 - x

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 10 Solved system
from this equation - a + b = 10 Degree of

freedom x • a + b = 10
0=0
• no other equation
What if the system is singular (contradictory)?
System Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 24 • b=?
What if the system is singular (contradictory)?
System Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 24 • b=?

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation
What if the system is singular (contradictory)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 24 • a + b = 12 • b=?

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation
What if the system is singular (contradictory)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 24 • a + b = 12 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’
from this equation
What if the system is singular (contradictory)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 24 • a + b = 12 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 12
from this equation
What if the system is singular (contradictory)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 24 • a + b = 12 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 12
from this equation - a + b = 10
What if the system is singular (contradictory)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 24 • a + b = 12 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 12
from this equation - a + b = 10

0=2
What if the system is singular (contradictory)?
System Divide by coefficient of a Solved system

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10 • a=?

• 2a + 2b = 24 • a + b = 12 • b=?

Subtract equation 1 from equation 2

Eliminate ‘a’ a + b = 12
from this equation - a + b = 10

0=2

Contradiction!
Quiz
● Solve the following system of equations

System

• 5a + b = 11

• 10a + 2b = 22
Solution
● Solve the following system of equations

System

• 5a + b = 11

• 10a + 2b = 22

Solution: If you look closely into the two equations in the system, you'll find that if equation 2 is divided by 2

you'll obtain equation 1.

Therefore, the system has infinitely many solutions.

Solving System of Linear Equations

Solving system of equations

with more variables
Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3

• 2a - b + 6c = 24

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3

• 2a - b + 6c = 24

Leave ‘a’ by
itself

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3

• 2a - b + 6c = 24

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3

• 2a - b + 6c = 24

Divide each
row by the
coefficient of ‘a’

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3 • a - b - 1/3 c = 1

• 2a - b + 6c = 24 • a - b/2 + 3c = 12

Divide each
row by the
coefficient of ‘a’

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3 • a - b - 1/3 c = 1

• 2a - b + 6c = 24 • a - b/2 + 3c = 12

Use the first

Divide each
equation to
row by the
remove ‘a’ from
coefficient of ‘a’
the others

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3 • a - b - 1/3 c = 1 • -2b - 7/3 c = -11

• 2a - b + 6c = 24 • a - b/2 + 3c = 12 • - 3/2 b + c = 0

Use the first

Divide each
equation to
row by the
remove ‘a’ from
coefficient of ‘a’
the others

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3 • a - b - 1/3 c = 1 • -2b - 7/3 c = -11

• 2a - b + 6c = 24 • a - b/2 + 3c = 12 • - 3/2 b + c = 0

Use the first Isolated ‘a’

Divide each
equation to
row by the
remove ‘a’ from
coefficient of ‘a’
the others

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3 • a - b - 1/3 c = 1 • -2b - 7/3 c = -11

• 2a - b + 6c = 24 • a - b/2 + 3c = 12 • - 3/2 b + c = 0

Use the first Isolated ‘a’

Divide each
equation to
row by the
remove ‘a’ from
coefficient of ‘a’ Solve this new
the others
system of 2
equations

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• -2b - 7/3 c = -11

• - 3/2 b + c = 0

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• -2b - 7/3 c = -11

• - 3/2 b + c = 0

Divide last two

rows by the
coefficient of b

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• -2b - 7/3 c = -11 • b + 7/6 c = 11/2

• - 3/2 b + c = 0 • b - 2/3 c = 0

Divide last two

rows by the
coefficient of b

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• -2b - 7/3 c = -11 • b + 7/6 c = 11/2

• - 3/2 b + c = 0 • b - 2/3 c = 0

Use the second

Divide last two
equation to
rows by the
remove ‘b’ from
coefficient of b
the third

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• -2b - 7/3 c = -11 • b + 7/6 c = 11/2 • b + 7/6 c = 11/2

• - 3/2 b + c = 0 • b - 2/3 c = 0 • -11/6 c = -11/2

Use the second

Divide last two
equation to
rows by the
remove ‘b’ from
coefficient of b
the third

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• -2b - 7/3 c = -11 • b + 7/6 c = 11/2 • b + 7/6 c = 11/2

• - 3/2 b + c = 0 • b - 2/3 c = 0 • -11/6 c = -11/2

Use the second

Divide last two Isolated ‘b’
equation to
rows by the
remove ‘b’ from
coefficient of b
the third

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• -2b - 7/3 c = -11 • b + 7/6 c = 11/2 • b + 7/6 c = 11/2

• - 3/2 b + c = 0 • b - 2/3 c = 0 • -11/6 c = -11/2

Use the second

Divide last two Isolated ‘b’
equation to
rows by the
remove ‘b’ from
coefficient of b
the third c=3

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• b + 7/6 c = 11/2

• c=3

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• b + 7/6 c = 11/2

• c=3

Replace c = 3
in the second
equation, get
b=2

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• b + 7/6 c = 11/2 b + 7/2 = 11/2

b=2
• c=3

Replace c = 3
in the second
equation, get
b=2

Elimination method
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• b + 7/6 c = 11/2 b + 7/2 = 11/2

b=2
• c=3

Replace c = 3 Replace c = 3
in the second and b = 2 in the
equation, get first equation,
b=2 get a = 4

Elimination method
System
a + 2 + 6 = 12
• a + b + 2c = 12 a=4
• b + 7/6 c = 11/2 b + 7/2 = 11/2
b=2
• c=3

Replace c = 3 Replace c = 3
in the second and b = 2 in the
equation, get first equation,
b=2 get a = 4

Elimination method
System
a + 2 + 6 = 12
• a + b + 2c = 12 a=4
• b + 7/6 c = 11/2 b + 7/2 = 11/2
b=2
• c=3

Replace c = 3 Replace c = 3 The solution is

in the second and b = 2 in the a=4
equation, get first equation, b=2
b=2 get a = 4 c=3

Solving System of Linear Equations

Matrix row reduction

Systems of equations to matrices
Original system

• 5a + b = 17

• 4a - 3b = 6
Systems of equations to matrices
Original system Intermediate System

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Original matrix
5 1
4 -3

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • 1a
a =+30b = 3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • 0a
b =+21b = 2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Row echelon form Reduced row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • 1a
a =+30b = 3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • 0a
b =+21b = 2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Row echelon form Reduced row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • 1a
a =+30b = 3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • 0a
b =+21b = 2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Row echelon form Reduced row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system

• a + b = 10

• 2a + 2b = 20
Systems of equations to matrices
Original system Intermediate System

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10

• 2a + 2b = 20 • 0a + 0b = 0
Systems of equations to matrices
Original system Intermediate System

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10

• 2a + 2b = 20 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix
1 1
2 2
Systems of equations to matrices
Original system Intermediate System

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10

• 2a + 2b = 20 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

1 1 1 1
2 2 0 0
Systems of equations to matrices
Original system Intermediate System

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10

• 2a + 2b = 20 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

1 1 1 1
2 2 0 0

Row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices
Original system Intermediate System

• a + b = 10 • a + b = 10

• 2a + 2b = 20 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

1 1 1 1
2 2 0 0

Row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices
Original system

• 5a + b = 11

• 10a + 2b = 22

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 5a + b = 11 • a + 0.2b = 2.2

• 10a + 2b = 22 • 0a + 0b = 0

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 5a + b = 11 • a + 0.2b = 2.2

• 10a + 2b = 22 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix
5 1
10 2

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 5a + b = 11 • a + 0.2b = 2.2

• 10a + 2b = 22 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2
10 2 0 0

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 5a + b = 11 • a + 0.2b = 2.2

• 10a + 2b = 22 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2
10 2 0 0

Row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 5a + b = 11 • a + 0.2b = 2.2

• 10a + 2b = 22 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2
10 2 0 0

Row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system

• 0a + 0b = 0

• 0a + 0b = 0

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix
0 0
0 0

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

Row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

• 0a + 0b = 0 • 0a + 0b = 0

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

Row echelon form

Solving System of Linear Equations

Row operations that

preserve singularity
Switching rows

5 1
4 3
Switching rows

5 1
4 3

Determinant = 5 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 = 11

Switching rows

5 1 4 3
4 3 5 1

Determinant = 5 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 = 11

Switching rows

5 1 4 3
4 3 5 1

Determinant = 5 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 = 11 Determinant = 4 ⋅ 1 − 3 ⋅ 5 = − 11


Switching rows

5 1 4 3
4 3 5 1

Determinant = 5 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 = 11 Determinant = 4 ⋅ 1 − 3 ⋅ 5 = − 11


Switching rows

5 1 4 3
4 3 5 1

Determinant = 5 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 = 11 Determinant = 4 ⋅ 1 − 3 ⋅ 5 = − 11


Switching rows

5 1 4 3
4 3 5 1

Determinant = 5 ⋅ 3 − 1 ⋅ 4 = 11 Determinant = 4 ⋅ 1 − 3 ⋅ 5 = − 11


Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1
4 3
-3
Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1
4 3
-3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4

 Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1
4 3
-3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1
4 -3 4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1 5 1
4 -3 4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1 5 1 x 10 =
4 -3 4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1 5 1 x 10 = 50 10
4 -3 4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1 5 1 x 10 = 50 10 50 10
4 -3 4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1 5 1 x 10 = 50 10 50 10
4 -3 4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4 Determinant = 5 ⋅ (10 ⋅ 3) − 1 ⋅ (10 ⋅ 4)

= 11



 Multiplying a row by a (non-zero) scalar

5 1 5 1 x 10 = 50 10 50 10
4 -3 4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4 Determinant = 5 ⋅ (10 ⋅ 3) − 1 ⋅ (10 ⋅ 4)

= 11 = 10 ⋅ 11




 Adding a row to another row

5 1
4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Adding a row to another row

5 1
5 1
4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Adding a row to another row

5 1
5 1 4 3

4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Adding a row to another row

5 1
5 1 + 4 3

4 3

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Adding a row to another row

5 1
5 1 + 4 3

4 3
9 4

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Adding a row to another row

5 1
5 1 + 4 3 9 4
4 3
9 4

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Adding a row to another row

5 1
5 1 + 4 3 9 4
4 3 4 3
9 4

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4
= 11


 Adding a row to another row

5 1
5 1 + 4 3 9 4
4 3 4 3
9 4

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4 Determinant =9⋅3−4⋅4

= 11



 Adding a row to another row

5 1
5 1 + 4 3 9 4
4 3 4 3
9 4

Determinant =5⋅3−1⋅4 Determinant =9⋅3−4⋅4

= 11 = 11




Solving System of Linear Equations

Rank of a matrix
Compressing Images - Reducing rank
Compressing Images - Reducing rank
Compressing Images - Reducing rank
Compressing Images - Reducing rank
Compressing Images - Reducing rank
Compressing Images - Reducing rank
Compressing Images - Reducing rank
Systems of information
Systems of information
System 1

The dog is black

The cat is orange

Systems of information
System 1 System 2

The dog is black The dog is black

The cat is orange The dog is black

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences

Two pieces of information

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences Two sentences

Two pieces of information

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences Two sentences

Two pieces of information One piece of information

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences Two sentences Two sentences

Two pieces of information One piece of information

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences Two sentences Two sentences

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences Two sentences Two sentences

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences Two sentences Two sentences

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1

Systems of information
System 1 System 2 System 3

The dog is black The dog is black The dog

The cat is orange The dog is black The dog

Two sentences Two sentences Two sentences

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Systems of equations
Systems of equations
System 1

a+ b=0

a + 2b = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2

a+ b=0 a+ b=0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations

Two pieces of information

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations

Two pieces of information

Rank = 2

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information

Rank = 2

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information

Rank = 2

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 1 1 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 1 2 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 1 1 a+ b=0 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 1 2 2a + 2b = 0 0a + 0b = 0
Rank = 2

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 1 1 a+ b=0 1 1 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 1 2 2a + 2b = 0 2 2 0a + 0b = 0
Rank = 2

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 1 1 a+ b=0 1 1 0a + 0b = 0

a + 2b = 0 1 2 2a + 2b = 0 2 2 0a + 0b = 0
Rank = 2 Rank = 1

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 1 1 a+ b=0 1 1 0a + 0b = 0 0 0

a + 2b = 0 1 2 2a + 2b = 0 2 2 0a + 0b = 0 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Systems of equations
System 1 System 2 System 3

a+ b=0 1 1 a+ b=0 1 1 0a + 0b = 0 0 0

a + 2b = 0 1 2 2a + 2b = 0 2 2 0a + 0b = 0 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Two equations Two equations Two equations

Two pieces of information One piece of information Zero pieces of information

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Rank and solutions to the system

1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

 Rank and solutions to the system
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Dimension of solution space = 0

b

(0,0)
a
 Rank and solutions to the system
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Dimension of solution space = 0 Dimension of solution space = 1

b b

(0,0)
a a
 Rank and solutions to the system
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Dimension of solution space = 0 Dimension of solution space = 1 Dimension of solution space = 2

b b b

(0,0)
a a a
 Rank of a matrix
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Dimension of solution space = 0 Dimension of solution space = 1 Dimension of solution space = 2

Rank = 2 - (Dimension of solution space)

Rank and singularity
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Rank and singularity
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Non-singular
Rank and singularity
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Non-singular Singular
Rank and singularity
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Non-singular Singular Singular

Rank and singularity
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 2 2 2 0 0

Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Non-singular Singular Singular

Quiz: Rank of a matrix
Determine the rank of the following two matrices

Matrix 1

5 1
-1 3

Matrix 2
2 -1
-6 3
Solutions: Rank of a matrix
Determine the rank of the following two matrices

Matrix 1: Since the solution space had dimension 0, the rank is 2.

5 1
-1 3

Matrix 2: Since the solution space had dimension 1, the rank is 1.

2 -1
-6 3
Solving System of Linear Equations

Rank of a matrix:
General case
 Rank for matrices
System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations
3 Pieces of information

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations
3 Pieces of information

Rank 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations
3 Pieces of information

Rank 3

1 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations
3 Pieces of information

Rank 3

1 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations
3 Pieces of information

Rank 3

1 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations
3 Pieces of information

Rank 3

1 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations
3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information

Rank 3

1 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations
3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information

Rank 3 Rank 2

1 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations
3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information

Rank 3 Rank 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 1 1 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations
3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information

Rank 3 Rank 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 1 1 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations
3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information

Rank 3 Rank 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 1 1 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations
3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information

Rank 3 Rank 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 1 1 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information

Rank 3 Rank 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 1 1 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information

Rank 3 Rank 2 Rank 1

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2
1 1 2 1 1 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information

Rank 3 Rank 2 Rank 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information

Rank 3 Rank 2 Rank 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information

Rank 3 Rank 2 Rank 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information

Rank 3 Rank 2 Rank 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information 0 Pieces of information

Rank 3 Rank 2 Rank 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information 0 Pieces of information

Rank 3 Rank 2 Rank 1 Rank 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3

 Rank for matrices

System 1 System 2 System 3 System 4

a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 a+b+c=0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

a + 2b + c = 0 a + b + 2c = 0 2a + 2b + 2c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0
a + b + 2c = 0 a + b + 3c = 0 3a + 3b + 3c = 0 0a + 0b + 0c = 0

3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations 3 Equations

3 Pieces of information 2 Pieces of information 1 Piece of information 0 Pieces of information

Rank 3 Rank 2 Rank 1 Rank 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Question
● Is there an easier way to calculate the rank?
● Answer: Yes! As before, it is the number of ones in the diagonal of the
reduced row echelon form of the matrix.
Solving System of Linear Equations

Row echelon form

Row echelon form of a matrix
Row echelon form of a matrix
Original matrix

5 1
4 -3
Row echelon form of a matrix
Original matrix Row echelon form

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1
Row echelon form of a matrix
Original matrix Row echelon form

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

5 1
10 2
Row echelon form of a matrix
Original matrix Row echelon form

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

5 1 1 1
10 2 0 0
Row echelon form of a matrix
Original matrix Row echelon form

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

5 1 1 1
10 2 0 0

0 0
0 0
Row echelon form of a matrix
Original matrix Row echelon form

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

5 1 1 1
10 2 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1
4 -3
Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1
4 -3

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1
4 -3

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75

1 0.2

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75

- 1 0.2

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75

- 1 0.2

0 -0.95

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75 0 -0.95

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75

- 1 0.2

0 -0.95

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75 0 -0.95

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 -0.95

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
4 -3 1 -0.75 0 -0.95

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 -0.95

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2

4 -3 1 -0.75 0 -0.95

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 -0.95

Row echelon form

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2

4 -3 1 -0.75 0 -0.95 0 1

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 -0.95

Row echelon form

Original matrix Row echelon form

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2

4 -3 1 -0.75 0 -0.95 0 1

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 -0.75 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 -0.95

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1
10 2
Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1
10 2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1
10 2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2
10 2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2

1 0.2

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2

- 1 0.2

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2

- 1 0.2

0 0

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2 0 0

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2

- 1 0.2

0 0

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2 0 0

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 0

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2
10 2 1 0.2 0 0

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 0

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2

10 2 1 0.2 0 0

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 0

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2

10 2 1 0.2 0 0 ? ?

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 0

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix Row echelon form

5 1 1 0.2 1 0.2 1 0.2

10 2 1 0.2 0 0 ? ?

Divide each row by Divide the second row by

the leftmost coefficient 1 0.2 the leftmost non-zero coefficient
- 1 0.2

0 0

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

0 0
0 0
Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

0 0
0 0

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

0 0
0 0

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

0 0 ? ?
0 0

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Original matrix

0 0 ? ?
0 0 ? ?

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form for singular matrices

Row echelon form
Original matrix

0 0 ? ?
0 0 ? ?

Divide each row by

the leftmost coefficient

Row echelon form, singularity, and rank

5 1
4 -3

5 1
10 2

0 0
0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

5 1
10 2

0 0
0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

5 1 1 0.2
10 2 0 0

0 0
0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

5 1 1 0.2
10 2 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank

5 1 1 0.2
2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

5 1 1 0.2
10 2 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank
Rank 2
5 1 1 0.2
2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

5 1 1 0.2
10 2 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank
Rank 2
5 1 1 0.2
2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

5 1 1 0.2
1 one in the diagonal
10 2 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank
Rank 2
5 1 1 0.2
2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

Rank 1
5 1 1 0.2
1 one in the diagonal
10 2 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank
Rank 2
5 1 1 0.2
2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

Rank 1
5 1 1 0.2
1 one in the diagonal
10 2 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 ones in the diagonal
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank
Rank 2
5 1 1 0.2
2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

Rank 1
5 1 1 0.2
1 one in the diagonal
10 2 0 0

Rank 0
0 0 0 0
0 ones in the diagonal
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank
Rank 2
5 1 1 0.2
Non-singular matrix 2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

Rank 1
5 1 1 0.2
1 one in the diagonal
10 2 0 0

Rank 0
0 0 0 0
0 ones in the diagonal
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank
Rank 2
5 1 1 0.2
Non-singular matrix 2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

Rank 1
5 1 1 0.2
Singular matrix 1 one in the diagonal
10 2 0 0

Rank 0
0 0 0 0
0 ones in the diagonal
0 0 0 0
Row echelon form, singularity, and rank
Rank 2
5 1 1 0.2
Non-singular matrix 2 ones in the diagonal
4 -3 0 1

Rank 1
5 1 1 0.2
Singular matrix 1 one in the diagonal
10 2 0 0

Rank 0
0 0 0 0
Singular matrix 0 ones in the diagonal
0 0 0 0
Solving System of Linear Equations

Row echelon form:

General case
Row echelon form
System

• a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3

• 2a - b + 6c = 24

Row echelon form

System System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3 • -6b - 7c = -33

• 2a - b + 6c = 24 • 6c = 18

Row echelon form

System System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3 • -6b - 7c = -33

• 2a - b + 6c = 24 • 6c = 18

Matrix

1 1 2
3 -3 -1
2 -1 6

Row echelon form

System System

• a + b + 2c = 12 • a + b + 2c = 12

• 3a - 3b - c = 3 • -6b - 7c = -33

• 2a - b + 6c = 24 • 6c = 18

Matrix Row echelon form matrix

1 1 2 1 1 2
3 -3 -1 0 -6 7
2 -1 6 0 0 6

Row echelon form

2 * * * * 3 * * * *
0 1 * * * 0 0 1 * *
0 0 3 * * 0 0 0 -4 *
0 0 0 -5 * 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Row echelon form

2 * * * * 3 * * * * Zero rows at the bottom

0 1 * * * 0 0 1 * *
0 0 3 * * 0 0 0 -4 *
0 0 0 -5 * 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Row echelon form

2 * * * * 3 * * * * Zero rows at the bottom

0 1 * * * 0 0 1 * *
Each row has a pivot
0 0 3 * * 0 0 0 -4 * (leftmost non-zero entry)

0 0 0 -5 * 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Row echelon form

2 * * * * 3 * * * * Zero rows at the bottom

0 1 * * * 0 0 1 * *
Each row has a pivot
0 0 3 * * 0 0 0 -4 * (leftmost non-zero entry)

0 0 0 -5 * 0 0 0 0 0
Every pivot is to the right of
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 the pivots on the rows above

Row echelon form

2 * * * * 3 * * * * Zero rows at the bottom

0 1 * * * 0 0 1 * *
Each row has a pivot
0 0 3 * * 0 0 0 -4 * (leftmost non-zero entry)

0 0 0 -5 * 0 0 0 0 0
Every pivot is to the right of
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 the pivots on the rows above

Rank 5 Rank 3 Rank of the matrix is the

number of pivots

Another example

Matrix

1 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
Another example

Matrix

1 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2

Subtract the first row

from the second and
the third ones
Another example

Matrix Row echelon form

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 0 1 0
1 1 2 0 0 1

Subtract the first row

from the second and
the third ones
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix

1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 3
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix

1 1 1
1 1 2
1 1 3

Subtract the first row

from the second and
the third ones
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 0 0 1
1 1 3 0 0 2

Subtract the first row

from the second and
the third ones
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix

1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 0 0 1
1 1 3 0 0 2

Subtract the first row Subtract twice the

from the second and second row from the
the third ones third one
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix Row echelon form

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 3 0 0 2 0 0 0

Subtract the first row Subtract twice the

from the second and second row from the
the third ones third one
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix

1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix

1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3

Subtract twice the

first row from the
second row
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 0 0 0
3 3 3 3 3 3

Subtract twice the

first row from the
second row
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 0 0 0
3 3 3 3 3 3

Subtract twice the Subtract three times

first row from the the first row from the
second row third row
What if the matrix is singular?

Matrix Row echelon form

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Subtract twice the Subtract three times

first row from the the first row from the
second row third row
 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0
 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0
 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of pivots = 3
 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of pivots = 3 Number of pivots = 2

 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of pivots = 3 Number of pivots = 2 Number of pivots = 1

 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of pivots = 3 Number of pivots = 2 Number of pivots = 1 Number of pivots = 0

 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Rank = 3

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of pivots = 3 Number of pivots = 2 Number of pivots = 1 Number of pivots = 0

 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Rank = 3 Rank = 2

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of pivots = 3 Number of pivots = 2 Number of pivots = 1 Number of pivots = 0

 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Rank = 3 Rank = 2 Rank = 1

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of pivots = 3 Number of pivots = 2 Number of pivots = 1 Number of pivots = 0

 Rank for matrices
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Matrix 3 Matrix 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 0 0

Rank = 3 Rank = 2 Rank = 1 Rank = 0

Row echelon forms

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Number of pivots = 3 Number of pivots = 2 Number of pivots = 1 Number of pivots = 0

Solving System of Linear Equations

Reduced row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices
Original system

• 5a + b = 17

• 4a - 3b = 6

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Original matrix
5 1
4 -3

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2
4 -3 0 1

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • a=3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • b=2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • 1a
a =+30b = 3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • 0a
b =+21b = 2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Row echelon form Reduced row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • 1a
a =+30b = 3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • 0a
b =+21b = 2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Row echelon form Reduced row echelon form

Systems of equations to matrices

Original system Intermediate System Solved system

• 5a + b = 17 • a + 0.2b = 3.4 • 1a
a =+30b = 3

• 4a - 3b = 6 • b=2 • 0a
b =+21b = 2

Original matrix Upper diagonal matrix Diagonal matrix

5 1 1 0.2 1 0
4 -3 0 1 0 1

Row echelon form Reduced row echelon form

Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1 0 1
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1 0 1

0 1
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1 0 1

0 1

0.2
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1 0 1

0 1

x 0.2
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1 0 1

0 1

x 0.2

0 0.2
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0.2
x 0.2

0 0.2
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0.2
x 0.2 - 0 0.2

0 0.2
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2
0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0.2
x 0.2 - 0 0.2

0 0.2 1 0
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 0.2 1 0
0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0.2
x 0.2 - 0 0.2

0 0.2 1 0
Reduced row echelon form
Reduced
Row echelon form
row echelon form

1 0.2 1 0
0 1 0 1

0 1 1 0.2
x 0.2 - 0 0.2

0 0.2 1 0

Reduced row echelon form

1 0 0 0 0 1 * 0 0 *
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 *
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Reduced row echelon form

1 0 0 0 0 1 * 0 0 * Is in row echelon form

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 *
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Reduced row echelon form

1 0 0 0 0 1 * 0 0 * Is in row echelon form

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
Each pivot is a 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 *
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Reduced row echelon form

1 0 0 0 0 1 * 0 0 * Is in row echelon form

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
Each pivot is a 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 *
Any number above a pivot
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 is 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Reduced row echelon form

1 0 0 0 0 1 * 0 0 * Is in row echelon form

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 *
Each pivot is a 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 *
Any number above a pivot
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 is 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Rank of the matrix is the
number of pivots
Rank 5 Rank 3

Reduced row echelon form

Reduced row echelon form

3 * * * *
0 0 2 * *
0 0 0 -4 *
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

3 * * * * 1 * * * *
0 0 2 * * 0 0 1 * *
0 0 0 -4 * 0 0 0 1 *
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

3 * * * * 1 * * * * 1 * 0 0 *
0 0 2 * * 0 0 1 * * 0 0 1 0 *
0 0 0 -4 * 0 0 0 1 * 0 0 0 1 *
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Divide each row by
the value of the pivot
Reduced row echelon form
Reduced row
Row echelon form echelon form

3 * * * * 1 * * * * 1 * 0 0 *
0 0 2 * * 0 0 1 * * 0 0 1 0 *
0 0 0 -4 * 0 0 0 1 * 0 0 0 1 *
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Divide each row by Turn anything above a
the value of the pivot pivot to 0
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 2 3
0 1 4
0 0 1
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 2 3
0 1 4
0 0 1

Subtract 2 times the

second row from the
first one
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 2 3 1 0 -5
0 1 4 0 1 4
0 0 1 0 0 1

Subtract 2 times the

second row from the
first one
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 2 3 1 0 -5
0 1 4 0 1 4
0 0 1 0 0 1

Subtract 2 times the Add 5 times the third

second row from the row to the first one
first one
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 2 3 1 0 -5 1 0 0
0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1 4
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Subtract 2 times the Add 5 times the third

second row from the row to the first one
first one
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 2 3 1 0 -5 1 0 0
0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1 4
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Subtract 2 times the Add 5 times the third Subtract 4 times the
second row from the row to the first one third row from the
first one second one
Reduced row echelon form

Row echelon form

1 2 3 1 0 -5 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Subtract 2 times the Add 5 times the third Subtract 4 times the
second row from the row to the first one third row from the
first one second one
Reduced row echelon form

Reduced row
Row echelon form echelon form
1 2 3 1 0 -5 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

Subtract 2 times the Add 5 times the third Subtract 4 times the
second row from the row to the first one third row from the
first one second one
Solving System of Linear Equations

Conclusion