Handling Emergencies and Breakdowns ● Slow down

● Signal turns
Emergency Situations - not only about ● Reduce distractions
accidents but also sudden malfunctions ● Use clean wipers
● Stop at a safe place
Tire blowout
● Don’t brake Remember: It is better to use yellowish
● Look to your target or escape area coloured headlights because they are more
● Steer toward your target visible to the road from rain and fog and it is
● Slow down gradually not blinding compared to white headlights.
● Pull to the side of the road
● Turn on hazard lights

Loss of brake Emergency Procedures

● Aim to the target or escape area
● Control steering ● Stay calm and check for injuries
● Rapidly pump the brakes ● Keep safety first and find out your
● Downshift. Do not switch off the location. If anyone is injured, call PNP
engine hotline (117) or Red Cross hotline
● Use parking brake, keep the release (143) immediately
lever open ● Be prepared before it happens. Always
● Use soft crash area if necessary bring your emergency kit in your car
A brake failure can be a complete loss of (First Aid Kit, Flashlight, Early
brakes or only power brake failure. Warning Device)
● Photograph and document the
Engine overheat accident (the incident, witnesses,
Excess heat can damage the engine involved parties, police officers)
● Monitor your vehicle’s temperature, ● Make sure all passengers are
radiator hoses and coolant level. uninjured. Move them out of the
● Stop the vehicle but do not switch off vehicle to a safe place away from
the engine. oncoming traffic.
● If injuries have occurred like cuts,
Engine Fire abrasions, etc., administer
● Steer out of traffic, away from
buildings, people, and other cars Oil light on
● Have all occupants leave the car ● The engine has low oil pressure. Check
immediately and move away the oil level and add oil if you have
● Do not open the hood some with you. Otherwise, have the
● Turn off the ignition then get out vehicle towed to a repair shop. Driving
quickly. a vehicle with low oil pressure can
cause catastrophic engine damage.
Skid and Traction Loss
● Look - where you want to go Brake Light On
● Steer - where you want to go ● Check the operation of the brake
● Off pedals - release the brake or pedal. If it feels spongy or goes to the
accelerator to maintain rolling traction floor, stop driving and have the vehicle
● Never give up - maintain constant towed to a service facility. If the pedal
attention to steering until the vehicle feels firm and the brakes stop the
is back under control. Use trail vehicle, check the brake fluid level in
braking if needed. the reservoir. If it’s low, add more
brake fluid, If the light stays on after
Poor visibility you’ve added fluid but the pedal is still
● Drive with lights on low beam
 firm, have the vehicle serviced as soon Evacuation Procedure
as possible.
1.) Park the bus as close to the shoulder of
Airbag/SRS Light On the road as possible
● The airbags have shut down and will ● Turn hazard lights on
not work if you get into an accident. ● Set the parking brake
Get the vehicle serviced soon. ● Turn the engine off

Traction Control/Stability Control Light 2.) Stand facing the rear of the bus
On 3.) Give the command: “Remain seated;
● There’s a problem with the system. prepare to evacuate.”
You can still drive the vehicle, but 4.) Turn toward the front of the bus
exercise extra caution on slippery 5.) Move backwards to the first occupied
roads and in turns. Have the system seat
serviced soon. 6.) Starting with either the left or the right
seat:
“Check engine” light on ● Touch the shoulder of the
● If the engine’s running smoothly and person nearest to the aisle to
the transmission is shifting properly, indicate that the passengers in
you can continue to drive the vehicle that seat are to move off.
until you can get it checked by a ● Keep the passengers in the
mechanic. If it’s flashing, pull over at seat opposite in their seat by
the nearest safe spot. Have the vehicle holding the hand palm out in
towed to a repair shop immediately. restraining gesture until the
aisle is clear.
Charging system light on ● Move out the passengers in
● There’s a major failure with the the opposite seat, using the
charging system. Drive immediately to same signal as above
the nearest repair shop. 7.) Move backwards down the aisle,
repeating this procedure at each seat
School Bus Evacuation until the bus is empty
When to evacuate 8.) Check the bus from the very back seat
● Normally, passengers are safer inside to the front, making sure it is empty.
the bus. For a normal breakdown, the 9.) Have evacuating students move to a
students should be kept inside the bus. safe distance (100ft) and keep them
there as a group, away from any
If the bus is located where there is a high risk dangerous area
of a collision, such as: 10.) Continue to check for students while
● Near a blind curve removing the fire extinguisher or first
● Just over the crest of a hill aid kit, if needed.
● On a railroad track 11.) Call or have someone call the fire
department, the garage and the school,
If there is some danger that threatens the as necessary
passengers, such as:
● Fire or something threatens the Road Crash
passengers, such as smoke in any part ● It is an accident involving one or more
of the bus motor vehicles occurring on a road
● Danger of being submerged in water open to public circulation that usually
● The bus has rolled or tipped over result in death, physical injuries, and
● The bus is in danger of rolling or damage to property.
tipping over
Factors of Road Crash sudden illness before any medical help
● Human Factor (Road users) arrives.
● Machine/Motor Vehicle Factor
● Engineering/Infrastructure Factor First Aid Tips
● Environmental/Other Factor ● Attend to anyone who is not yet
walking and talking
★ According to data from the PNP ● If any of the vehicle is on fire, remove
Highway Patrol Group from January all occupants and make sure everyone
to September of 2019, 9663 Road is well clear.
Crashes were recorded in the ● Do not remove the injured unless they
country. And out of 9663 road crashes, are in burning car or other immediate
8809 of them were due to human danger. Unnecessary moving often
factors such as wrong method of makes injuries worse.
overtaking, wrong method of turning, ● Check for breathing and apply
driving fast, driving drunk, using a mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if
cellphone while driving, overloading, needed
and so on. ● Contact a doctor or ambulance for
serious and physical injuries
★ Meanwhile, the Machine or Motor ● Do not attempt to give first aid unless
Vehicle Factor is the second leading you have been trained in it
cause of road crashes in the country
with 389 incidents. C - Consciousness
A - Airway
★ The Land Transportation Office aims B - Breathing
to make the roads safer by having C - Circulation
Standardized Driver Education in the
country to reduce road crashes caused
by lack of proper knowledge as well as Steps in Examining Victims of Road
lack of adequate driving skills. Crash
● Check if the victim is breathing and
has a pulse,
Road users affected by road crash ● Look for signs of bleeding or
● Drivers hemorrhage
● Motorcyclist ● Examine carefully the injuries
● Cyclists particularly fractures
● Passengers ● Apply appropriate first aid measures
● Pedestrians ● Call for medical help
● Bystanders and Hawkers

First Aid
● First and immediate treatment that is
given to the victim of an accident or
1.) Motor Vehicle Road Crashes 5.) Electrical Burns
● Avoid moving the injured as ● Turn off source of electric
much as possible. current
● Pack clothing or bandages ● If first step is impossible,
around the spine or broken remove victim using wooden
bones to prevent movement pole, chair or another
● Stop any bleeding by applying non-metal object
direct pressure to the injury ● If the victim stops breathing,
with bandages or clothing. apply CPR.
Elevate the area bleeding to ● Seek medical help
chest height if possible
● If the victim is conscious, ask 6.) Eye Injuries
the person to apply pressure
to help calm any shock.

2.) Amputation
● Stop the bleeding
● Elevate the injured area
● Wrap or cover the injured area
with a sterile dressing or clean 7.) Fainting
cloth until medical treatment ● Lay the victim down with feet
is received elevated.
● Apply pressure if the injured ● Do not give the person
area is bleeding. This will slow anything to drink until he/she
the bleeding until the person regains consciousness
receives medical care. ● Loosen the clothes
● Wipe the face with a damp
3.) Bleeding towel but do not pour water
● Wear gloves on him/her
● Stop the flow of blood
● Cover the wound 8.) Fracture
● Apply pressure ● Gently straighten fractured
● For minor wounds, let the limbs, but do not touch
wound bleed to flush out dislocations of the joints.
bacteria and dirt, wash with ● Massage does not help;
soap and water, brush away instead gently stretch the body
first using clean gauze or part
cloth. Use alcohol on skin ● Splinting should not be tight.
around the wound This could hinder circulation
● Seek medical help
4.) Burns
● Extinguish flames 9.) Heart Cramps
● Take off burned clothing. Do ● Drink a half-full glass of salt
not touch adhered portions water solution every 15
● Cover burned area with dry minutes of an hour
dressing ● Include more vegetable and
● Apply ice pack covered with fruit diet to fill up possible
towel sodium and potassium
● For minor burns, immediately deficiency that leads to heart
immerse in cool water cramps
● Seek medical help
 10.) Heat Stroke Protect Yourself in a Road Crash
● Move victim to a cool area
● Remove victim’s clothes to Three things to avoid accident:
allow air to circulate around 1.) To stop quickly, step on the brake
his body and wrap him in wet - If the car begins to skid,
towel release the brake. Step on the
● Place ice pack in neck, brake again using a pumping
armpits, and groin area action. Pump the brake until
● Drink water taken a little at a the car stops.
time provided the person is 2.) If you do not have time to stop turn
conscious - Run off the road if you have to
● Seek medical help and if there is a room.
Running off the road is usually
11.) Shock better than hitting another
● Let the victim lie down with car. Try not to brake as you
the legs at an elevated turn.
position. This makes the blood 3.) Sometimes you can speed up to avoid
in the legs and the torso an accident
return to the heart more - This may work if a car is going
rapidly. to hit you on the side or rear.
● Free his passageway of any
obstruction If you are going to be hit on the rear
● Cover him with a blanket if he - Be ready to brake so that you will not
feels cold be pushed into another car
● Seek medical help
If you are going to be hit from the side
First Aid for Traffic Road Crash Victims - Brace yourself with the steering wheel.
If you encounter an injured traffic road crash Perhaps you can keep yourself from
victim, the following should be done: being thrown against the side of the
● Organize bystanders to warn car.
approaching traffic at least 200 meters If you are going to be hit from the front
before the road crash - Use your arms and hands to protect
● Do not shift accident victims unless your face if you are wearing a shoulder
they are in danger by staying where strap
they are - If you are using a shoulder strap,
● Check breathing throw yourself across the seat so that
● Stay calm and keep the patient calm you don’t hit the steering column or
● Stop the bleeding the windshield.
● Wash small cuts with mild soap and
water to remove dirt and germs
● Use ice on sprains to reduce swelling,
but do not massage
● Do not give anything to eat or drink, it
may cause vomiting and choking to
injured person
● Help get the patient to a hospital, seek
medical help
● Phone the patient’s family, if possible
so that someone can go to the hospital
to look after everything or take the
patient home