A

Project Report
On
Information & Communication Technology

Session: 2014-2015

Submitted To :- Submitted By:-

Mr. Puneet Vashist Virender Kumar

[Link]
[Link]. No.

J.K. Memorial College of Education

Bihri Kalan (Bhiwani)
 Certificate

Certified that ______________ Univ. Roll. No._________________ is a bonafide student

of J.K. Memorial College of Education, Birhi Kalan, Bhiwani (Haryana).

It is also certified that he has undertaken the Practical in the

subject Of ICT certified effectively and efficiently under my supervision. He has prepared items
with interest and devoted sufficient time to learn the skill of work experience to my entire
satisfaction for its submission for annual university examination of [Link] class.

Signature
Lecture Incharge
 Index

1. Information

2. Communication

3. Technology

4. Information Technology

5. ICT (Information and Communication

Technology)
6. Computer And Computer Types

7. Characteristic of a Computer

8. Computer Function

9. Mobile Phone, Telephone, Satellite, Television

(TV)
10. Radio, Tape Recorder, Projector, Cinema

11. Theater, Walkie-talkie, Compact Disk (CD),

Pendrive

12. Microsoft Office

13. Microsoft Word, Microsoft excel, Microsoft

Power Point

14. Internet
15. E-mail

16. Website
 Information
Data that is (1) accurate and timely, (2) specific and organized for a purpose, (3) presented
within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and (4) can lead to an increase in
understanding and decrease in uncertainty.

Information is valuable because it can affect behavior, a decision, or an outcome. For example, if
a manager is told his/her company's net profit decreased in the past month, he/she may use this
information as a reason to cut financial spending for the next month. A piece of information is
considered valueless if, after receiving it, things remain unchanged.

1. Information is the act of telling or imparting knowledge.

2. Information is knowledge acquired from another.

3. Information is knowledge you can convey to others.

4. Information is facts communicated or learned.

5. Information is data interpreted to be useful.

6. Information is facts and figures.

7. Information is the ‘lifeblood of 21st century society’.

8. Information is power.

In fact, information is any and all of these things.

Everyday uses of information

Let us look now at the types of information we all use in our personal lives, our work and our
studies.

First, what about the information involved in living through a typical day? Take last Saturday,
for instance, what were the decisions you made that day – large and small?

Think about a few of these decisions carefully. What information did you need to access in order
to tackle each of them?

In some cases the information required may have been instantly available to you from your
existing knowledge. For example, if your first decision of the day was what to have for breakfast,
you may or may not have had a detailed knowledge of the contents of your kitchen cupboards.
 Communication
Communication

Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions

through speech, signals, writing, or behavior. In communication process, a sender(encoder)
encodes a message and then using a medium/channel sends it to the receiver (decoder) who
decodes the message and after processing information, sends back appropriate feedback/reply
using a medium/channel.

Types of Communication

People communicate with each other in a number of ways that depend upon the message and its
context in which it is being sent. Choice of communication channel and your style of
communicating also affects communication. So, there are variety of types of communication.

Types of communication based on the communication channels used are:

1. Verbal Communication
2. Nonverbal Communication

1. Verbal Communication

Verbal communication refers to the the form of communication in which message is transmitted
verbally; communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing. Objective of every
communication is to have people understand what we are trying to convey. In verbal
communication remember the acronym KISS(keep it short and simple).

When we talk to others, we assume that others understand what we are saying because we know
what we are saying. But this is not the case. usually people bring their own attitude, perception,
emotions and thoughts about the topic and hence creates barrier in delivering the right meaning.

So in order to deliver the right message, you must put yourself on the other side of the table and
think from your receiver’s point of view. Would he understand the message? how it would sound
on the other side of the table?

Verbal Communication is further divided into:

 Oral Communication
 Written Communication

Oral Communication

In oral communication, Spoken words are used. It includes face-to-face conversations, speech,
telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over internet. In oral communication,
communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking.
Advantages of Oral communication are:
It brings quick feedback.
In a face-to-face conversation, by reading facial expression and body language one can guess
whether he/she should trust what’s being said or not.

Disadvantage of oral communication

In face-to-face discussion, user is unable to deeply think about what he is delivering, so this can
be counted as a

Written Communication

In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate. A written message
may be printed or hand written. In written communication message can be transmitted via email,
letter, report, memo etc. Message, in written communication, is influenced by the vocabulary &
grammar used, writing style, precision and clarity of the language used.

Written Communication is most common form of communication being used in business. So, it
is considered core among business skills.

Memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions, employee manuals, and electronic mail are the types
of written communication used for internal communication. For communicating with external
environment in writing, electronic mail, Internet Web sites, letters, proposals, telegrams, faxes,
postcards, contracts, advertisements, brochures, and news releases are used.

Advantages of written communication includes:

Messages can be edited and revised many time before it is actually sent.
Written communication provide record for every message sent and can be saved for later study.
A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and send appropriate feedback.

Disadvantages of written communication includes:

Unlike oral communication, Written communication doesn’t bring instant feedback.
It take more time in composing a written message as compared to word-of-mouth. and number of
people struggles for writing ability.

2. Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. We can say that
communication other than oral and written, such as gesture, body language, posture, tone of
voice or facial expressions, is called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is
all about the body language of speaker.

Nonverbal communication helps receiver in interpreting the message received. Often, nonverbal
signals reflects the situation more accurately than verbal messages. Sometimes nonverbal
response contradicts verbal communication and hence affect the effectiveness of message.

Nonverbal communication have the following three elements:

Appearance
Speaker: clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics
Surrounding: room size, lighting, decorations, furnishings

Body Language
facial expressions, gestures, postures

Sounds
Voice Tone, Volume, Speech rate

Types of Communication Based on Purpose and Style

Based on style and purpose, there are two main categories of communication and they both bears
their own characteristics. Communication types based on style and purpose are:

1. Formal Communication
2. Informal Communication

1. Formal Communication

In formal communication, certain rules, conventions and principles are followed while
communicating message. Formal communication occurs in formal and official style. Usually
professional settings, corporate meetings, conferences undergoes in formal pattern.

In formal communication, use of slang and foul language is avoided and correct
pronunciation is required. Authority lines are needed to be followed in formal communication.

2. Informal Communication

Informal communication is done using channels that are in contrast with formal communication
channels. It’s just a casual talk. It is established for societal affiliations of members in an
organization and face-to-face discussions. It happens among friends and family. In informal
communication use of slang words, foul language is not restricted. Usually. informal
communication is done orally and using gestures.

Informal communication, Unlike formal communication, doesn’t follow authority lines. In

an organization, it helps in finding out staff grievances as people express more when talking
informally. Informal communication helps in building relationships.
 Technology

DEFINITION:

Technology is a body of knowledge devoted to creating tools, processing actions and extracting
of materials. The term ‘Technology” is wide and everyone has their own way of understanding
the meaning of technology. We use technology to accomplish various tasks in our daily lives, in
brief; we can describe technology as products, processes or organizations. We use technology to
extend our abilities, and that makes people as the most important part of any technological
system.

Technology is also an application of science to solve a problem. But what you have to know is
that technology and science are different subjects which work hand-in-hand to accomplish a
specific task or solve a particular problem.

 Communication Technology: This is a system that uses technical means to transmit

information or data from one place to another or from one person to another. Communication is
used for many purposes; it is used to convey ideas, exchange information and express emotions.
Humans use communication technology tools like phones, computers, emails, fax, text
messaging tools to stay in touch with friends and family , then, businesses use communication
technology tools to facilitate the flow if information in a workplace, to help in decision making ,
to serve customers needs and requests, to promote new products or services to targeted
consumers and so much more.
 Construction Technology: This is the study of advanced methods and equipments which can
be used to build structures. Construction builds two types of structures. These include buildings
and heavy engineering structures. Construction uses various technological actions to erect a
structure on the site where it will be. The use of construction technological tools like heavy
tractors to prepare land where the construction will be, computer design software to create
designs for structures on computers and in 3D format, using various construction technologies to
enclose structures and install utilities has helped in advancing both residential buildings and
commercial buildings today.
 Assistive Technology: This is the type of technology which is used by people with disabilities
to accomplish specific tasks which seem to be difficult or impossible to perform. The term
”Assistive” means helping or providing an extra hand. Assistive technology is being used in
schools to help students with Autism to learn better, it is used to help people with disabled
bodies’ move, speech recognition application help people who can’t type with a keyboard to use
a computer and so much more. Due to advancement in technology, we have a variety of assistive
technologies which can assist you accomplish anything which might seem difficult.
 Medical Technology: This is the type of technology which is used to extend and improve
human life. Medical technology reduces patient’s pain, and injury. Developed countries have
benefited from the use of medical technology in their health care systems and this explains the
reason why people in developed countries leave longer than people in developing countries.
Medical technology is used to diagnose infections, treat diseases and to make research on
diseases affecting humans.
 Entertainment Technology: This is a process of using various technological components to
create an entertainment experience. Since entertainment is too broad, every one gets entertained
in their own way. Technology is used to build theaters, it is used to create video games, to
develop musical systems and so much more. Entertainment technology includes things like
video, sound, automation. Animations, scenery fabrication, computer simulations. Interactive
environments and so much more.
 Business Technology: This is the type of technology which is made up of various hardware
tools and software applications used to run a business and enhance various business operations.
Many businesses are using technology to scale and grow big. Small businesses have used
technology to create new ways of competing with well established companies. To some extent,
some business technologies can make a small company look like a big company and this can
help a small business gain position in a competitive market.
 Educational Technology: Is the type of technology which aims at improving performance by
creating and managing various technological processes and resources. It is an academic
discipline which prepares individuals to acquire deeper understanding and knowledge. It helps
them learn how to devise solutions to problems through research, design, evaluation and
utilization. Educational technology helps in improving the way we learn.
 Information Technology
“Information technology (IT) is “the study, design, development, implementation, support or
management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications,
computer hardware and mobile devices.”IT deals with the use of electronic computers and
computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.
Many companies now have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other
technical areas of their business. IT jobs include computer programming, network
administration, computer engineering, Web development, technical support, and many other
related occupations.”

Information Technology:

Information Technology is a set of hardware and software tools used to store information.
Information technology tools help in providing the right people with the right information at the
right time. Knowledge workers in organization use information technology to complete various
tasks and these can include; transferring of information which facilitates decision making with
in an organization, improve customer service, and so much more. In this information age, it is
very important to manage information systems to ensure accuracy and efficiency. Management
information systems (MIS) involves planning for, development, management, and use of
information technology tools to help knowledge workers and people perform all tasks related to
information processing and management. Big financial institutions like ”BANKS” use
information technology to operate their entire businesses as well as serve their customers.
ICT (Information and Communication
Technology)
This concept involves transfer and use of all kinds of information. ICT is the foundation
of economy and a driving force of social changes in the 21st century. Distance is no longer an
issue when it comes to accessing information; for example, working -from-home, distance
learning, e-banking, and e-government are now possible from any place with an Internet
connection and a computing device.

ICT IN EVERYDAY LIFE: =

The acronym ICT (Information and Communication Technology) includes all technical means
that are used for handling information and facilitating communication, including computers,
network hardware, communication lines and all the necessary software. In other words, ICT is
comprised of information technology, telephony, electronic media, and all types of process
and transfer of audio and video signals, and all control and managing functions based on
network technologies.

About ICTSmedia

ICTSmedia is a publishing house in information and communication technology, research and

event organisation. Located in Tirana ICTSmedia, is focused on online, printed and mobile
media, as well as in other key areas like organising and hosting of high-level events and
conferences within the ICT industry.
 COMPUTER
A computer generally means a programmable machine. The two principal characteristics
of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and
it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).

Modern Computers Defined

Modern computers are electronic and digital. The actual machinery — wires, transistors,
and circuits — is called hardware; the instructions and data are called software.

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:

1. Memory: enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

2. Mass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common
mass storage devices include disk drives and tape drives.
3. Input device: usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data
and instructions enter a computer.
4. Output device: a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer
has accomplished.
5. Central processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer, this is the component that actually
executes instructions.

In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work
together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part
of the computer to another.
 Types Of Computers:
Analog and Hybrid (classification based on operational principle)

 Analog Computers : The analog computer is almost an extinct type of computer these days. It
is different from a digital computer in respect that it can perform numerous mathematical
operations simultaneously. It is also unique in terms of operation as it utilizes continuous
variables for the purpose of mathematical computation. It utilizes mechanical, hydraulic, or
electrical energy or operation.

 Hybrid computers : These types of computers are, as the name suggests, a combination of
both Analog and Digital computers.

The Digital computers which work on the principle of binary digit system of "0" and "1" can
give very precise results. But the problem is that they are too slow and incapable of large scale
mathematical operation. In the hybrid types of computers the Digital counterparts convert the
analog signals to perform Robotics and Process control.

Apart from this, computers are also categorized on the basis of physical structures and the
purpose of their use. Based on Capacity, speed and reliability they can be divided into three
categories of computers :

1. The Mainframe Computer : These are computers used by large organizations like
meteorological surveys and statistical institutes for performing bulk mathematical computations.
They are core computers which are used for desktop functions of over one hundred people
simultaneously.

2. The Microcomputer : These are the most frequently used computers better known by
the name of "Personal computers". This is the type of computer meant for public use. Other than
Desktop Computer the choice ranges as follows :
o Personal Digital Computer
o Tablet PC
o Towers
o Work Stations
o Laptops
o Hand Held Computer

3. The Mini computer : Mini computers like the mainframe computers are used by
business organization. The difference being that it can support the simultaneous working of up to
100 users and is usually maintained in business organizations for the maintenance of accounts
and finances.

Yet another category of computer is the Super Computers. It is somewhat similar to mainframe
computers and is used in economic forecasts and engineering designs.

Today life without computers is inconceivable. Usage of different types of computers has made
life both smooth and fast paced.
Analog Computers :
Analog Computers and Digital computers are the two kinds of computers, the combination of
which is responsible for the invention of the modern Hybrid computers.

The analog systems carry out arithmetic and logical operations by manipulating and processing
data which you input such as the weight, temperature, voltage, power density, etc. But unlike the
digital computer that changes all inputs to binary digits of "1" and "0", the analog computer does
not change inputted data to any such sign language.

The analog computer has become obsolete type of computer these days. It is different from a
digital computer as it can perform numerous mathematical operations simultaneously. The digital
computers, however could not operate the more complex operations. The Analog System is also
unique in terms of operation as it utilizes continuous variables for the purpose of mathematical
computation. It utilizes mechanical, hydraulic, or electrical energy or operation.

Mathematical Principles Applied For The Data Processing In Analog Computers :

 Logarithm
 Summation
 Exponentiation
 Calculus
 Multiplication and Division
 Inversion

The analog computer which is a complex machine is an integration of various mechanical parts
which has pipes, valves, levers, gears and several key parts which can be named as follows :

 Fixed function generators

 Operational amplifiers
 Potentiometers
 Integrators

Advantages and Disadvantages of Analog Computers :

The advantage of an analog computer is that it can simultaneously find solutions to several
mathematical problems and that too while being precise unlike the digital computer. But it is not
free of drawbacks. Unlike the digital computer it lacks speed of calculation. There are other
functional problems which mar the efficiency of analog systems. Of these, the problems of non-
linearities, temperature co-efficient, parasitic effects and noise floor are the main problems so to
say.

Digital Computers :
Digital Computers are that kind of computing machines which work on the principle of binary
mathematics. Digital computing machines when clubbed with Analog computers produce Hybrid
computers. The digital systems work on the principle of binary mathematics. In binary
mathematics all calculations are represented through "0" and "1".
You have often heard about the word "Byte", "Mega Byte", "Kilo Byte". But what is a Byte? A
single Byte is a group of 8 numbers or bits represented through a code series comprising of "0"
and "1" .The combination of the digital signal can solve a number of mathematical operations. It
is interesting to note that the fundamentals of mathematics applied are addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. But the chief problem is that though it can solve mathematical
problems at a tremendous speed, it cannot perform bulk operations simultaneously. For this
purpose, digital systems by themselves cannot give very precise results. Hence, for greater
efficiency, the Digital systems do not find much application.

Data Processing In Digital Computers :

Digital computers function with the help of logic circuits. A reliable oscillator helps in the proper
synchronization of various logic circuits that are responsible for processing data in the digital
computers. In better quality computers, the oscillation rate might even be a billion cycles per
second. Operating at such high speed, it can process more than billions of logic and arithmetic
problems.

Mainframe Computer :
Mainframes are computers that are the most bulky types and with the advancement of
technology, they have almost become extinct. Computers are of three types - Mainframe
computers, Minicomputers and Microcomputers. Mainframe computer systems can be called the
predecessor of servers because they could actually support multi users though as efficiently as
the servers. Usually, a main frame would occupy an entire room and could cost over million
dollars.

Used for the purpose of research, engineering works, meteorological calculations, graphics and
the likes, mainframes today constitutes Unix, Linux, and IBM's z/OS, OS/390, MVS, VM, and
VSE. Mainframe systems were manufactured extensively throughout the 1950s and were
marketed by IBM, Control Data, General Electric, NCR, UNIVAC, Honeywell, RC, and
Burroughs.

The three important Features ofmainframe Computers :

 Mainframes provide for maximum I/O connectivity as they accommodate huge disc farms.
 Mainframes excel in providing maximum I/O band width. Interestingly in spite of all the
connected drives connected to the mainframe system, no data blocking ever happens to mar its
efficiency.
 Mainframe systems also provide for very good single thread operations.

The Mini computers are a less bulky version of the mainframe computers. Minicomputers are
used by business organization. The difference being that it can support the simultaneous working
of up to 100 users and is usually maintained in business organizations for the maintenance
ofaccounts and finances. Besides,there are personal computers or microcomputers. The micro
computers include Desktop PC s, Laptops, Handheld computers, Tablet PC s, workstations,
palmtops, etc. These are the most frequently used computers.

Minicomputers :
Minicomputers, what exactly are they? If supercomputers and mainframes are considered to be
the best in terms of mathematical operations then minicomputer systems succeed them.
Previously,minicomputers were considered to be superior to personal systems. But these days,
advancement intechnology has made minicomputers almost obsolete because the PCs today are
highly advanced.

The Minicomputers were first built in in 1960s and they immediately became a huge success as
40,000 of the minicomputer systems were immediately sold of making the computers hugely
available to the general public. With such a successful market possibility many companies
stepped in to venture in the minicomputer market. The most successful among these two hundred
companies was DEC that launched the minicomputer models PDP-11 and VAX 11/780.

Some significant aspects and historical facts about the mini computer system has been
summarized as follows :

 They are much smaller in size than the mainframe computer systems. As such they do not
occupy an entire room but usually occupy space similar in size to that of a standard refrigerator.
 They are much less expensive than the mainframes.
 Their invention was possible because of the invention of core memory technologies and
transistors.
 Minicomputers can can give parallel access to up to 100 users. Hence they were used in places
such as business organizations for maintaining billings and finances.
 Some of the very first companies to manufacture the minicomputer systems were Hewlett
Packard, DEC and Data General.

A few models of minicomputers which have been a marked success over the years are :

 DEC VAX series and PDP series

 Hewlett Packard HP3000 series
 SDS,SDS-92
 Prime Computers, Prime 50 Series
 Norsk Data, Nord-1, Nord-10, Nord-100
 IBM Midrange Computers
 Control Data Corporation's CDC 160A, CDC-1700
 Data General Nova
 Honeywell-Bull Level 6/DPS Level6/DPS 6000 series

Minicomputershave eventually evolved in to microcomputers. With the launch of

microcomputers, thepublic have had a greater access to the advantage of incorporating
computers in the daily stride of their lives.

Supercomputers :
Supercomputers are one of the many types of modern computing machines which are capable of
giving very speedy calculations. It is because of their high speed processing ability that
Supercomputer systems are used in such works as animation graphics, weather forecasting,
nuclear research work, petroleum research works, crypt analysis, molecular modeling and the
likes. You must be wondering then what is the difference between a supercomputer and a
mainframe computer system? While Mainframe machines are primarily used for a number of
purposes, supercomputers are so designed to serve a singular purpose.

A brief time line ofthe development of supercomputers has been given as follows :
 1960s : Seymour Cray of Control Data Corporation (CDC) launches the Supercomputer
systems.
 1970s : Cray Research isfounded by Seymour Cray after he leaves Control Data Corporation
(CDC). Most supercomputers were meant for running vector processor.
 1985-1990 : Cray's model of supercomputer takes over the market.
 Today, supercomputers are designed by such companies as HP, IBM and of course, Cray Inc.
Supercomputer systems are now becoming almost the same as laptop computers and desktop
systems.

Before the 1970s, supercomputers were mostly run on scalar process principle. But in order to
improve its efficiency a number of new technologies were developed such as :

 Liquid Cooling
 Striped Disks (RAID)
 Parallel File systems
 Non-uniform memory access (NUMA)
 Vector Processing

When the hardwares of the supercomputers are prepared to serve a special mathematical
operation, they are called Special Supercomputers. Currently there are many such types of
supercomputers as the GRAPE for molecular dynamics and astrophysics, Deep Crack for
cracking DES cipher, Deep Blue for playing chess, etc.
8 important characteristics features of a
computer
This post give you an idea of Characteristics of a computer. A computer is an electronic
computing device which performs the execution according to the given set of instructions called
program. It accepts the data, processes it and produces the information.

Main Characteristics of Computer

The characteristics of computer are Speed, Accuracy, Automatic, Endurance, Versatility,

Storage, Reduction of cost, Intelligent quotient.

Now I will explain each of the characteristic features of a computer in the following headings.

 Celerity (High Speed)

 It denotes the speed of a computer. The computer present in the modern world has the
speed of nano and pico second. The various speed that are used by the computers from the
former generations are as follows:
 1 milli second=1*10^-3 second
1 micro second=1*10^-6 second
1 nano second=1*10^-9 second
1 pico second=1*10^-12 second
Thus the speeds are measured.
 Authenticity (Accuracy)

 It denoted the accuracy of the computer. They are reliable and robust. It ever makes a
mistake. Most probably the error occurs due to the user rather than the computer. There may be
certain hardware mistake but with the advanced technique in hand they are overcome.
 Example: Only accurate robots are used to perform the operations for the patients since
human hands are not flexible for making operations.
 Spontaneous (Automatic)

 The computers are automatic. It may execute the process without any intervention of
user once they are assigned to a work. Once the data or instruction are fetched from the
secondary devices such as optical disks, hard disks etc. Immediately they get stored into RAM
(primary memory) and then sequentially they get executed.
 Pertinacity (Endurance)

 This denotes that the computers never get tried as the humans do. If there are surplus
amount of executions to be made then each and every execution will be executed at the same
time period. They can perform their assigned task without taking any refreshment.
 Example: Computers which are used for controlling the satellites.
 Adaptabilty (Versatile)

 In our day to day life computers has been a part, with their extended flexibility they are
used, all over the world. They can be used as personal computers, for home uses, for business
oriented tasks, weather forecasting, space explorations, teaching, railways, banking, medicine
etc. All Modern computer can perform different kind of tasks simultaneously.
 Storehouse (Memory)

 Secondary storage devices are the key for the data storage. They store the data for
which the user wants to retrieve these data for future use. The examples for various secondary
devices are Floppy disk, Optical disks (CS and DVD), Zip drives, Thumb drives etc. The data of
smaller size can be easily fetched and they can be copied to the primary memory (RAM).
 Example: Data Warehousing made by IBM.
 Cheaper (Reduction of cost)

 Computers are short term investment in order to achieve a long term gain. Though the
investment is high they reduce the cost of each and every transaction. They reduce man power
and leads to an elegant and efficient way for computing various tasks.
 Needs a User interface

The only draw back of computer is it cannot make the decision of its own. It needs a guidance to
enhance the process. After all computers is a machine
 Computer Functions
All the computer applications are make use of these basic function of computers in different
ways and combinations. There are basically for basic functions of computers:-1 Input:
Receiving or accepting information from outside sources. The most common way of
performing this function is through the information entered through the keyboard and the
click of mouse. Of course there are many other type of devices for receiving such
information - for example, the web cam. Computers are also able to receive information
stored in other devices like DVD disks and pen drives. Computers are also able to receive
information from other computers and similar devices. When we use computers for
automatic control of machines and processes, computers are also receive information
directly from such equipments and processes.
2 Storage:
Store information in the computer. The memory is stored in computer in in several different
ways depending on how the information is used. For simplicity we will classify in two broad
categories. The information stored in computer can also be divided broadly used in two
categories. The user data and the instructions used for internal operation and processing in
the compute. These instruction are what we call computer programs or software.
3 Processing:
This is really the core of computer operation. The computer processes the data that is fed to
the computer by various means and the data already contained in internal memory to
produce the results that is the core of all computer application.

4 Output:

The results of the processing are made available for use by any user or other devices. The most
common ways of producing such outputs are through computer monitor, speakers, and printers.
When a computer is connected to other devices, including through Internet, this output is in the
form of electrical pulses. The output data can also be recorded on to an external recording
medium such as a DVD disk.
 Mobile Phone
A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone, hand phone, or simply a phone)
is a phone that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link while moving around a
wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone
operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is
used only within the short range of a single, private base station.

In addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services
such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications
(infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming, and photography. Mobile phones that offer
these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones.

The first hand-held cell phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell[1][2] and Dr. Martin Cooper
of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing around 4.4 pounds (2 kg).[3] In 1983, the
DynaTAC 8000x was the first to be commercially available. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide
mobile phone subscriptions grew from zero to over 7 billion, penetrating 100% of the global
population and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.[4] In 2014, the top cell phone
manufacturers were Samsung, Nokia, Apple, and LG.[5]

Smartphones

Active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, from ITU

Smartphones have a number of distinguishing features but the ITU measures those with internet
connection which it calls Active Mobile-Broadband subscriptions (which includes tablets etc.) In
the developed world these have now overtaken the usage of earlier mobile systems but in the
developing world account for only 20%.
 Telephone
A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to
conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone converts
sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals suitable for
transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances, and replays such signals
simultaneously in audible form to its user.

The word telephone was first coined by Johann Philipp Reis ca. 1860 in reference to the Reis
telephone, and the term was later adapted into the vocabulary of many languages. It is derived
from the Greek: τῆλε, tēle, "far" and φωνή, phōnē, "voice", together meaning "distant voice". In
1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that
produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice. This instrument was further
developed by many others. The telephone was the first device in history that enabled people to
talk directly with each other across large distances. Telephones rapidly became indispensable to
businesses, government, and households, and are today some of the most widely used small
appliances.

Satellite
a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit. Such objects are
sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the
Moon.

The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.
Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some
satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit.

Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military and civilian
Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites,
and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite
orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of
ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary
orbit.

Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend

many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit
control.
 Television
Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images and
sound. Television can transmit images that are monochrome (black-and-white), in color, or in
three dimensions. The name television can refer specifically to a television set, a television
program, or the medium of television transmission. Television is an iconic mass medium, serving
as a conduit for entertainment, advertising and news.

Television became commercially available in a crude experimental form in the late 1920s. After
World War II, an improved form was popularized in the United States and Britain, and television
set became commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions. During the 1950s, television
became the primary medium for molding public opinion.[1] In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting
became popular in the US and began in most other developed countries. The availability of
storage media such as VHS (1976), DVDs (1997), and high-definition Blu-ray Discs (2006)
enabled viewers to use the television set to watch recorded material such as movies and
broadcast material. Towards the end of the first decade of the 2000s, the transition to digital
television greatly increased its popularity. Since 2010, with the arrival of smart television,
Internet television has seen the rise of television programming available via the Internet through
services such as Netflix, iPlayer, and Hulu

Radio
Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic signals through the atmosphere
or free space.[n 1] Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing (modulating)
some property of the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width.
When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating
current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back
into its original form.

Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate (change) some property of the energy produced to
impress a signal on it. Some types of modulation include amplitude modulation and frequency
modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves,
and vice versa. An antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical
resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected. The electromagnetic
wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. A radio receiver receives its input from an
antenna and converts it into a form usable for the consumer, such as sound, pictures, digital data,
measurement values, navigational positions, etc.[2] Radio frequencies occupy the range from a
3 kHz to 300 GHz, although commercially important uses of radio use only a small part of this
spectrum.[3]

A radio communication system sends signals by radio.[4] The radio equipment involved in
communication systems includes a transmitter and a receiver, each having an antenna and
appropriate terminal equipment such as a microphone at the transmitter and a loudspeaker at the
receiver in the case of a voice-communication system
 Theatre
Theatre is a living art. Theatre is storytelling at its most magical. Theatre is reality. Theatre is
fantasy. Theatre is the expression of the human condition in its myriad forms throughout history.
Theatre is experimentation. Theatre is problem-solving, and Theatre is fun. Theatrical
presentations are events involving a collaborative process between playwrights, actors, directors,
scenic designers, costume designers, lighting designers, sound designers, technicians,
dramaturgs, historians and audiences. The theatrical event can be entertaining, evocative,
provocative and/or educational. But whatever its form or substance, theatre is always a living,
dynamic collaboration between artists and audiences.

Career Opportunities in Theatre

The theatre world is an ever changing playground of ideas and art in motion. Careers in this
field, though challenging at times, are never dull. The typical image of a career in theatre is one
in which the actor moves to New York and embarks on a Broadway stage career, but this is only
one option for one aspect of theatre.

There are many positions in theatre: Actor, Director, Set Designer, Costume Designer, Lighting
Designer, Sound Designer, Technical Director, Producer, Choreographer, Dancer, Singer,
Musical Director, Dialect Coach, Fight Choreographer, Stage Manager, General Manager,
Playwright, Dramaturg, Artistic Director, Managing Director, Production Manager, Special
Effects Designer, Makeup and Hair Designer, Technician/Artisan (sets, lights, costumes, sound,
and props), Marketing Director, Development Director, Company Manager, Box Office, Patron
Services, Casting Agent, and many others.

Walkie-talkies
Walkie-talkies are handheld, portable radios: they communicate wirelessly (using radio waves)
on a single, shared frequency band. Each battery-powered unit contains a transmitter/receiver
and antenna (for sending and receiving radio waves), a loudspeaker that often doubles up as a
microphone when you talk into it, and a button that you "push-to-talk" (PTT). The
loudspeaker/microphone works in much the same way as an intercom: because a speaker and a
microphone contain essentially the same components (a coil of wire, a magnet, and a paper or
plastic cone to pick up or generate sounds), you can use a single device to do both jobs
essentially by switching the electrical circuit into which it's connected and reversing the current.
More sophisticated walkie-talkies (like the Motorola model shown in our photos) contain
separate loudspeakers and microphones.
 Compact disc (CD)
Compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally
developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-
ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and
data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video
Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and
audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.

Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to about 80 minutes of
uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from
60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24
minutes of audio, or delivering device drivers.

At the time of the technology's introduction, an individual CD had greater capacity than a typical
personal computer hard drive. The reverse is now true, with personal computer hard drives
having capacities far exceeding the capacity of a CD.

Projector

Acer projector, 2012

A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or moving images)
onto a surface, commonly a projection screen.

Most projectors create an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some
newer types of projectors can project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display,
or retinal projector, is a projector that projects an image directly on the retina instead of using an
external projection screen.

The most common type of projector used today is called a video projector. Video projectors are
digital replacements for earlier types of projectors such as slide projectors and overhead
projectors. These earlier types of projectors were mostly replaced with digital video projectors
throughout the 1990s and early 2000s (decade), but old analog projectors are still used at some
places. The newest types of projectors are handheld projectors that use lasers or LEDs to project
images. Their projections are hard to see if there is too much ambient light.
 Pen Drive
A pen drive is another name for a USB flash drive. Other names are Flash drive, USB flash
drive, Thumb drive, etc. They are devices that allow storage of computer files that you can
remove and take from computer to computer. The price of the drive is determined by the size of
its memory measured in megabytes or gigabytes. While 128 megabyte drives used to be
considered large, current pen drives sizes can reach 1, 2, 4, or more gigabytes. The drives are
inserted in the computers USB ports and are automatically recognized on PC operating systems
beyond Windows 98 (which needs a separate installation of drivers). Pen drives can also have
full blown applications on them which are written in what is called U3 compatible software.
 Microsoft Office
Microsoft Office is an office suite of desktop applications, servers and services for Microsoft
Windows and OS X operating systems. It was first announced by Bill Gates of Microsoft on 1
August 1988 at COMDEX in Las Vegas. Initially a marketing term for a bundled set of
applications, the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and
Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with
shared features such as a common spell checker, OLE data integration and Visual Basic for
Applications scripting language. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for
line-of-business software under the Office Business Applications brand.

A touch optimised version of Microsoft Office is available pre-installed on Windows RT tablets.

A mobile version of Office, Office Mobile, is available for free on Windows Phone, iOS (with
separate versions for both iPhones and iPads), and Android. A web-based version of Office
called Office Online, (formerly Office Web Apps) is also available. Microsoft has stated that it
plans to create a version of Office for Android tablets ("and other popular platforms") as well.

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced that Microsoft Office 2016 will be released in the
second half of 2015.

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a word processing program that allows for the creation of
both simple and sophisticated documents. The program is equipped with templates
and wizards to help you create useful documents such as resumes, letters and
fax cover sheets. There are also features that allow you to add professional
looking graphics to your documents.

Title Bar: This bar lists the name of the program and the title of the current document.

Menu Bar: This bar displays the headings for each drop-down menu. Commands are grouped
under each of these menu headings according to function.

Standard Toolbar: This toolbar contains short cuts to some of the most frequently used
commands from the menu bar.

Formatting Toolbar: This toolbar contains short cuts to some of the most frequently used
commands found under the FORMAT menu item.

Status Bar: This bar displays information about the active document.

Microsoft Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type
with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. The purpose of the MS Word is to allow
the users to type and save documents.

Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.

 Spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines)
 Speech recognition
 Inserts pictures in documents
 Web pages, graphs, etc.
 Tables
 Displays synonyms of words and can read out the text
 Prints in different ways

Microsoft Excel
Excel is an Electronic Spreadsheet Program An electronic spreadsheet is a computer program
that is used for storing, organizing and manipulating data. Excel is an electronic spreadsheet
program that can be used for storing, organizing and manipulating data.

When you look at the Excel screen (refer to the example on this page) you see a rectangular table
or grid of rows and columns. The horizontal rows are identified by numbers (1,2,3) and the
vertical columns with letters of the alphabet (A,B,C). For columns beyond 26, columns are
identified by two or more letters such as AA, AB, AC. The intersection point between a column
and a row is a small rectangular box known as a cell. A cell is the basic unit for storing data in
the spreadsheet. Because an Excel spreadsheet contains thousands of these cells, each is given a
cell reference or address to identify it.

The cell reference is a combination of the column letter and the row number such as A3, B6,
AA345.

Data Types, Formulas, and Functions

The types of data that a cell can hold include numbers, text or formulas. Just as in math class,
formulas are used for calculations usually involving data contained in other cells. Excel and
other electronic spreadsheets include a number of built in formulas used for common tasks
known as functions.
 Microsoft Power Point
PowerPoint is a presentation software program that is part of the Microsoft Office package.

PowerPoint uses a graphical approach to presentations in the form of slide shows that accompany
the oral delivery of the topic. This program is widely used in business and classrooms and is an
effective tool when used for training purposes.

PowerPoint is one of the simplest computer programs to learn. It is the number 1 program used
worldwide for presentations. Anyone can create stunning presentations that look like they were
designed by a professional. PowerPoint presentations can be made into photo albums, complete
with music or narrations, to distribute on CDs or DVDs. If you are in the sales field, it involves
just a few simple clicks to add an illustrative chart of data or an organizational chart of your
company's structure. Make your presentation into a web page for emailing purposes or as a
promotion displayed on your company's website.

It is easy to customize presentations with your company logo and to dazzle your audience by
using one of the many design templates that come with the programs. Many more free add-ins
and templates are available online from Microsoft and a host of other websites. In addition to an
on screen slide show, PowerPoint has printing options that allow the presenter to provide
handouts and outlines for the audience as well as notes pages for the speaker to refer to during
the presentation.
 INTERNET
Internet ("network of all networks") is a global system comprised of interconnected
computers and computer networks, which communicate by means of using TCP/IP
protocols. Although, in its beginnings, it emerged from the need for simple data exchange, today
it affects all domains of society. For example:
 Economy: Internet banking (paying bills, transferring funds, access to account, access to
credit debt, etc.), electronic trading (stocks, various goods, intellectual services, etc), etc.

 Socializing: social networks, forums...

 Information: news portals, blogs etc.

 Healthcare: diagnosing disease, medical examinations (for people living on an island or in

other remote places, some examinations, that require a specialist, can be done remotely), making
appointments for medical examinations, the exchange of medical data between hospitals and
institutes, surgery and remote surgery monitoring.

 Education: online universities with webinars (web + seminar), websites with tutorials, expert
advice, Ideas Worth Spreading @ [Link] , etc. Internet really does have many
applications and a huge social impact. Perhaps the most important trait is information
exchange, because information exchange among people enables collaboration, collaboration
of like-minded people leads to ideas and actions in real life, and coordinated actions of people
results in social change.

DATA FL OW/ TRANSFER

Download is a term that implies taking a copy of digital data from a network computer on a
local computer, and upload means placing digital content on a network computer. For
example, when you saved a copy of this manual from the web site [Link]
to
your computer, you have downloaded digital data, that is, the manual. Likewise, when we
finished writing this manual, we have placed it (uploaded) it on the network computer (our
Internet server).

Bitrate represents speed at which data is transferred through a modem (network). It is

measured in bit/s (bit per second). bit/s is/are a measurement unit for speed of digital data
flow through the network. The number of bits transferred in one second tells us how many
bits can be transferred through a network in one second.
1,000 bit/s rate = 1 kbit/s (one kilobit or one thousand bits per second)
1,000,000 bit/s rate = 1 Mbit/s (one megabit or one million bits per second)
1,000,000,000 bit/s rate = 1 Gbit/s (one gigabit or one billion bits per second)

Speed of data flow can be expressed in bytes per second. Since one byte has eight bits, such
is the relation between bit/s and Bp/s, i.e. bits per second and bytes per second.
Ways to connect to the Internet:

 Dial-up Internet access method uses a modem (56k) and a telephone line.
 Broadband is characterized by a high-speed data transfer, permanent access to
the Internet, and thus the risk of unauthorized access to the network or your
personal computer.

Connection methods:

 Mobile-connecting by using a mobile network (GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA)

 Satellite-commonly used in parts of the world where there is no proper infrastructure and there
is no other way of accessing the Internet

 Wireless (Wi-Fi) - data is transferred between computers by using radio frequencies (2,4 GHz)
and the corresponding antennaes.

 Cable - connecting to the Internet through television cable network using a cable modem.

• Broadband is characterized by a high-speed data transfer, permanent access to the Internet, and
thus the risk of unauthorized access to the network or your personal computer. In the beginning
of broadband Internet access, due to underdeveloped communication infrastructure, Internet
providers charged based on the data traffic but not time spent on the Internet (unlike dial-up
Internet access). Today, in large cities, telecommunications infrastructure is developed, therefore
Internet providers do not charge money based on the time spent on the Internet or the amount of
transferred data but they do charge by access speed.

INTERNETSERVICES

E-commerce is a form of trade that allows customers to browse and purchase products
online.

E-banking allows users to have control over their accounts (view balances and transactions),
transactions from one account to another, credit payment, shopping vouchers for mobile
phones etc. The benefits are saving time (which would otherwise be spent waiting in lines),
lower service fees, and access from anywhere, anytime.

E-government-use of information technology to provide better public access to government

information ([Link]-GovernmentToCitizens, G2C), therefore providing citizens with
their human right to information.
 E-mail
E-mail is the transmission of text messages via Internet. Using attachment, users can
exchange files like images, multimedia, documents, etc. E-mail addresses consist of a
username, @ sign ("at") and a domain name, e.g. [Link]@[Link], where
“[Link]” is the username and “[Link]” is the domain name.

Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since c 1993,[2] is a method of
exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates
across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the
author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging.
Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward,
deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online
simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes
to send or receive messages. Historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any
electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term
to describe fax document transmission. As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the
use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today.

Website
The three primary things to make a website are your domain name, web host and a topic. So,
you know you want to create a website, but first you need to consider what the website will be

About. Knowing what the website is about will help determine your domain name. Most
domain names are 1 to 3 words that describe what the website is about. The domain name is the
URL of the website, such as [Link]. What is a Website is the website I have
created for this project.

A website is a collection of Web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that is hosted on
one or several Web server(s), usually accessible via the Internet, cell phone or a LAN. The
definition of web page is a document, typically written in HTML, which is almost always
accessible via HTTP, a protocol that transfers information from the Web server to display in the
user's Web browser.

A Web site is a related collection of World Wide Web (WWW) files that includes a beginning
file called a home page. A company or an individual tells you how to get to their Web site by
giving you the address of their home page. From the home page, you can get to all the other
pages on their site. For example, the Web site for IBM has the home page address of
[Link] (The home page address actually includes a specific file name like
[Link] but, as in IBM's case, when a standard default name is set up, users don't have to enter
the file name.) IBM's home page address leads to thousands of pages. (But a Web site can also be
just a few pages.)