ro
Eyrors and Mathematical Review Csaarbe oo
\ ection.
@ Error and Types ferrors m numatcal fs ae
Errot—> Error 44 defined as he vneasure. of the estimated.
Arfference behoean the chsenved or calewhted value.
of a quantity and tts tue, value,
a In teal. sunlit ernas will
i Anlse ding dhe caballeckton. Errors ot come 1.
vanious forms and sires among then same ar avotdoble
sume are. nob, Te sotakheee
Spode we need co “mitidze Thos A munroical computing
Frequiremenc. OreNS 28 for owe —
Types of Errors:
PTwe Brot ety error 48, denoted by Ab a8 Pho dt ference
bohoeen He tue vale and the approvtmede value,
the. “6 - Brow = Tive: value (@Rkxact value) —Apprufinak value
' erivadive. for ,
Oe SE Te ful flak are
Fi) = Lorn J-FOO ;
F :
thRelabre Brerr Rebafire Brom 13 claroted. by & avd 4g defined,
as the ratio bebveen tre fue enor and fue value.
tg Relative fue Smee ue Serer
True Value.
Relive Approximate nor
Ye chenoked, ey Fre and 48 cledmed as the ratio bebveen.
Lhe approximate error and the progent approxchncction
he, Rag = Approximate Koo _
7 a Present ayposetmalicn *
Ag fom prove eS oe, 30.2047
(present approximation 2987799 ,
Then, the yelabve a) pproimate error, pacaleubral a)
Rye “1o38474~
4 9:89799
= — 0:03894-
Sint 28 before ts carr algo be re presented, m
PS Bye — 0103894 K100K
= -3.804,7
© Absolute relabve aporori male enor row abo need fhe,
caleuleted, os, [Era] 503894 | 7
= 0.03894 AR 3.894%
Gh For Flal= Feo and -h205. Pind, the approximate value of f\lz),
2 ;
wxZi, the Snes velve of 4! (00) ard the fue Orr ,
SE prone mate value. of loradie 1s cakuladed by formal
fe) = $larh)— Fx)
Now, 222 Gh20.3 °fila f 2+0.3)- £2)
63
= flr.3)- $2)
O%
ee Ber Sx23 FeoKE
03
10.256
© ve fllz)aa 10,256 .
lows,
~~ Brack value of flx) at x=2 can b llaed, }
ow krwoledge of clffovendral on 4 meal
f lo) = rex
* fala fxo5x eX
So, £l(a)= #K0.5 x eS" ™
bug, errors bus vallue— approivnote valve
= 4,514 10.256
: &, = 0.75061.
9g Fr Fl) > FO and 5-2. Pind the Pathog 3
®) f'(2) using h = 0.3
b) fi) ung h= 0,
e) fone a fer bhe value of f1(2).
© The, apprximate, ex” for bhe, clerivabive ft hinchora a
f (oe Flerh)-fle)
a) for x22ant he03 4
foot (2+0/3)- £0)
— ja
1B
= FeOSX23
Sabon
ORD
Fe
©
= 10.995
4 Sienplonly #iajab x22 ard-hz0.15 #8 98799
> The approximate enon E,) 19=hese appnsnc = fare
= IB F9IAMD 2.65
[] =|-o.r8y9¢p
‘ 20. 33444, |Pe Nrvcical Cornpuling frocess of Numerical) nga Croracloistes;
Numericcul onpubtsger Numerical ubing rs an approach. for
obi complex In athomahead prblons Cteg ony simple
ee Sprang. oboe of adh all models of
wach sinv ion. OF Mmathematic
plyscd ctheive Bho wo be cde ade aie cpa
ar re quires developmerst, sand use of algorithms,
> Numen'cal Compulg Mebhode dleals webh, the lowing, bepress
* finding Lhe robs of equections.
Solving sysdeme of Linear. rate cgeeabions,
~« Tabenpol om auch scion analyeis.
*& Numericad Ti if
© Numeric? Df Mandiation cbc,
> Numertecdl, ve rnulacon, seal models
(eed Bat cake
Of physreal P’ that can be solved, hy “aig has's mathenadial
operations,
Th: len of n rab cbse cx be divide.
ai! Pe fleciy foo phases reggie
> coke ot methemabccl model.
> Como bructon, vost Les ‘cal mobhoct,
oN pena of method. b oblenen solubon
aby Validadn of the seduben .
Choractoteties a gy,
Awad the regulls we obtain must be cutfeny
Recuiatte ib oe Ane purpose: for whieh. mathe feof
ds Eeftcheny of method, wthel requirech Less c ut bine
” and Liss prgramning € ei yet achinty 1
desned av Rcwaty 4 alicays prefered,eee
Mh Rate of convergento-> Many numeral mettels are. hosel on
r dea Fan trative pocess. This prooces Anvelves genciatin of a
eaqueyce of ‘Approx wrth, the nope thal te: process will
Fo Coe, on asain My cole ale oo 3
4 10 10% ‘ ay
“inpockarc ite cmc. beet method 4% used,
h vtca)_oftabilthi» Th 2 tend fo
a ” "Stored, Coan dinslern® compubebiond rela
I ud voces thal shows si n
| ‘talons a be numa unslable. We! sued chee
|
@Sonces Tors +
Rrrors ope ‘selving aur en meen wr scfenee priblen. cart
anise dus ty cenerail, faders. Pirsk the Srrone be mm tho
rmodelisg dechnique (a6, A rathemabeal wo del). bend coors
anise’ from wietalas fhomselve ov mr. meas
of phycrcal,"tuawdebica ls ee, cout
| Beye 4B none, arte cette meted ae
| Pi Rourd off emer. no
>A
2 ood van ony represent & number, Approximately,
"pe repre fe where. fred, numberof df,
Used te exact numbers , * gts me
oe eer ge rani Nke Y, ray be. represented ag O.xs33:
: MO Fin bug
4h ote. $41 — 9, 32393:
me ant othe. vumboerg de 3 -
rep : exactly, ke Rand 13 thet canna 00033,
iPAwncacdion erro! “
- —? Truncadion enon, 23, de
Mnathemadtead pocaagsl oe te oven caused by buncling
> For example , Lhe Macdauan -sertes for Cag gen Bay
Sa arte 4p.
al 3 ill> Thz series has anf He num ber. foams bud when up
this sented to cahulade e, oy of number of eins
Con be used,
Ror excuny} uses Lhree, ferme
caltulate. e) Phen, Pi home a
Candi,
2
Now She, Srycation enon. for ewk an epprovinedin, ww
Truncatin, error = eX [at +e),
= Piya.
al 4
e Fropage tion of Errors:
> Tf a caluladion 4s wade with numbers Hat anc mf exack,
Hher the calulatim heel will tave_an error,
—> Propagation sf omoa, a the effect of vanicbl
om ye uncextakarhy of a function, ee “—_
> Wher. Ye variables ane the valios of & imental Lint tates
\ peace 4 the wornbivadion of vantablles Jn Dhe-doncon.
“Pind the for Me pry ob
R IM OR on addy chow
Twrers rf ome 98 calualing ey Where , x nasi, Os
Sot = B4t 0.04
By Acwoking at He numbers, the ae ocetl
of X ardY are X21,55 and Y= 3.44. posible alles
The miniraum possible values of Xand ¥ are X19. and \=3.4¢
MO KAN 44543, 56
= 81 43 the max value of XtY
Hence, -
4.31 ZX+y 4NI9PS Review of tule th
eave:
ger theoemn 15
fh). fd-t fa) HO) yey fo ne NE) ity.
ided 4 cderivadives of fs) exisk and awe enblina behveore
Dt ahd x4,
This canaloo be wittlen as {(he) = af (h)+f'C)z of 2, af ae 2
Fubbrys ~h-0 we gel Madunianr sees aay
$@= Flod+s! (0)x+" FO)? +f SO sero
Sample. End Le value of cP using Le Irak ve towne cf
Maclaulian_ series
Sohbet. firs five dome of Mactasian senies for 6% can
be calculated as
fd=e, >H0=1
fle) = eX . a Flot
foe, 9 (0-1
f"(Y= > f'"(0) = 21
fi" (d= “e > f"(oj= a1.
Ths, Rom Mac! Sele
(oa ng +i a Os. 3
CRA Teta tat ot wt
AL
eA 140, 25-+ 0.25% Hone 4 63h
“Al
4.9240 “2
the exacl es 278 ed 5 synched digits 8 1.2840,
Er Oe $(0)20
Heer, f(x) will be Gos 4 H(0)2 4
B £6) will be—sMx.6"(0)2 0
$i (x) wrll be —cosxe 5 f" lo)a-2@._ Mean Value, There (eviewo) er 4
Suppose F 4a tonbininson [aibland cof n(o).
Drew secant Line. yor othe pam (fat pore (1 fl b).
cl Ahee's ce pombc where azceh such that He z
dene to the aph of £ abu=c ee
secant dene fi-hog Same ope. The slope of tre cecoul Le i
48 FO-#O) and, Hat of te banger dine 18 f'. 7
ba q
a cb
fig. Graphiced Trberpebabinc? Mea Valve Themers
Beample+ Conetder flH234+ 322 om the mkwal S241.
Since £22 a patynortal f 18 confiniou? m-SEX4I and
dt fleentiable m Sex 41,
_fG)- FCS) = #38029,
1-(-5)
Se, we ghould be able fo find a nwnber c baleen San aud
C)=
FO) es Bt 54 Fld = 3H,
Now, we seb $! (c) equal PS ard solve-forc, wegel,
SP+ber9
DC+2e23
Do+1c-320
DC=-3 ove=l.
21 15 not m the Anbewal e241 bub cs 48, Tha Ca
Ga a wunbe. aaltehyhyg Me eochaion of MUT efor.
issoxithyn.
wu hod fo
Compe
4 avabpe ext vietecrietg #5 ali
age Maite one furctin. of the etre Fes ie f we,
be. eatces. Por Huls purpose. we need She concep
Big Oh Oh (0) nohadtion > When we shave only ayraphbre upp
ofan, op) x) we read re
vet thee eet A fac fiche ie 7 ir 2) » Desig eg]
for all x>=a ky ty) 2= cs 0. eet oF uid en) +8
Upp band ef f(x) g a g
1) Big Omega (.) nolabion 5 By gives aaymnptolte Lower beurd,
A te fo) SL (. ay? [read 2 {602 big omega of 9 bel uff
ere exists Luo vate Gnstanks cand ke Bich that for all
a>=k, ct pine Peta. Mus relation sayps Hat ae
* bow of 435,
fi Br Taek i) noletion > When vie need as
dbhen we use By- OA function f(x) = Blather oe
btg theta of go Troe Phere existe Mnee, post ve constants c1, cP
and k suck that fon allx>=ky c1* aidenf len 2% (x),
This yelation shows thet $y 43 edge of gl.. : 1 Thi wands ampordanl)
8) Selving Non-hinean Equactions; ( ”
Ary funchin of one vaniable whit docs nef
asa shaigh!
on
dire m -Awo climersins a funchion. qn
Naniableg i does nod graph Ba p an Lhreo, dimenelns
Can be said f be vionlrtear,
Types of nov. —lineon. equation:
a
Algelovaie equedion > fy n =fle) 28 said & be.
abebrave t€ 42 can be as g {
Si te my
Frm th Pont hart. f£a+f=0
Bx+54-21=0 (ttmean)
2xaS%%y-252 0 (non Ltneor)
Py ~2y'= O (non-Snear
ot Pelnoral equcdions > Px, inonial eguabons ove a otmple class of
algebraic eguabins that ve vpreaented ag fetlows:-
Et Oy DY tar +d,20.
M. SP 43349424 5-0),
iy Transcen uation >A non— brats equabion 9 called
Hranecercerdal equation, These ely P denon
and egp08 Hae
emebtc, Me
fovl dé, big exponend cal
*% soe “so
dogae1 =0 ebc.
Pebheds of ous ug Lineor, equations,
ere ane nul to find nook of ron Loreos eguabrs,
"OK Stet aval meld, p
Mohr LN Graphical od
wh Tital avd Erno Method
wWTtaadive mdhods [gee lion ynedhed , Nesolon Raphan method, Secas
ee ” lee 4 Fed pant method J,fone fralbial Melhed abions are sdved by using derived
fev yl ve Zophy He vale, of tapud pomrnoles
ee of alpebrate uabin ari bere =0 2 gren
14° Solution. rau 9g
*t iy fhe form RRRE
2a,
oe cal Nels vndlhod. to cleleriming the read of
tpt pa tt eat
> Flo& the junction pe axis, aénret
=> Opseuve et eae as a's, Mu'g, port a
iad _f Frror Mebhods
@ this method we mate a puis of quesiss fo vier
evaluate fie) at thal rf uf 48 = Zo\04 24 oes.
Hhe, approctmale. rook of given non linen uation,
~ we make anobherr qices 2e and ye; the same. process
again undid the which £0926 8 found.
Q. Iterative Methods:
D Brsection_ Method:
” is ‘method 28 alco Lnown, 23 tall tnderval melbod,
tie he Fi lc
te Refine en Md ott eae ah ener te 4
Me wu .
hel yea diay sbled ug define another parr pn
cho be, he ral pared bohween AGb. te Ypyaz ato |
Now fhoe exist the follroing cond bona =
® TE £ (3m) =O; ave o, wal at dn
# 1 £64) Hltin) 40, then Looe 48 4 rob. bellocen ox jot
# Tf flea)-flam)L6, ther there 48 a wed behveon, dey,
By esting the styr cf Se firllon ok rtdoprnd
dectde. cokik! pot Y te shonal et pom we
This can be alusdeated win the Fipune ag fellows:Advanbanes of Bisecdion Method:
) The The section method 43 alioays convergend since the vacthed brackels
wy oi i Tans is ane conducled, tho srdoval gels halved. So one ar
the. cleaease tn enor in the solution. of fhe eguatien
|
|
‘Re
apy Brsectlem Method:
¢ fsa megs of bisechion method 13 loo 08-1d-4g samp based on
&
4 Co id El pat +48 closer, ap 2 eed, ad wil dake larger, "
Using the breechy ra ea eS ct upto
— 2A geheand ge mee od, S : oS =O, cerrett up, .
e x
ae ue. snslial gitsa'as YE 1 and xc u=2-
“Derahint
=1 u= hee
fee 1.164 pe 5.664 0 Ane ey)
Rime fle tst whee. % wr 2.
stce, sey teee | vidal guess.
$0, y=%,=b5 7 Xu
Error = 0-500 (tor [+])
Theradion 2
My=4 Me y=1-5
F(x) =-4.464 $&u)= ohat
a aS $ (Xm) = O° 301
Smet (ay) Flom) 20
96 Kyetneh25
Err 30-333Titevadion 3 4
q24 BMy2l25 '
f(qed-BL $(0y)20301 i
Yin = 1125 Lf y,2 70-459
mee. 5 ly’) ¥f (im) SO
Ly Bye 1125
Frorz 0.200
Continuing the process m table belro,
r ;
Tdoadhion! 34 | tu | ate | £64) | £ Gu) | $C) | Bro
[ 4 4 fa, 15 |-1461 [5.065 [1.96% |0.5dd
2 4 [45 | was | 4st | pace [0,301 6.333,
3 4 1.25 | 4.496 | 1.564 | 0.207 |[-0489 0-200
# ad25| 105 [4 te, [=0.455 0.204 none ee
5 4298 | 1.95 | oto | 0-086 | 0.201 |n.106 | 0.950
6 | aasg [4-219] 1.203 | -0.08¢| 0106 | 6,010 lo ox
q 4.19% | 1.903] 4.195 | -%086| 0-410 |~4,033 |o.0137
1195 | 2,203] 4.199 | —003g | O10
3 4.199 [Polo | -0019, 0.006 |
Thug rood, = 1.199
Coin Brsechiom Mebhod.
“ re Incection method tefl +8 abe yn eA mlovel.
Afber nth sderackions streof Iboradion 13 reelueed 4p;
An= Ga uw)
Now we con say thee maximum error, ie. ne sdabin 1 E=thy.
> [fl= ae
Stmilanly afler os we Aeration insta
Bae ern 18 piven ,
Bass (y-%)
Sas e x2 halved ”
1s 0
Ree pecan Soy dle
brsectlon ridbhod converges Jt2> Neolen, Rophsara Methods
Newlon— Raphsen method, 9s based. on the. prtneple bak sf
he tntbial guess ef the word of fl)=0 8 at and f me
draws the feed to the cue at fy), the point Cae shere.
Ae targend crosseg the c-AXIS 93 an ‘rol caina eh veal,
x
fig. Geomebrral pre fad) Newton—Raphser. Mellel,
Using the definition of th eh, :
A of the pe fa funchion ab oe oe
Flee) = #6)-flan) =
+4.
-%,
oes rok al Mays Hon Fea 5=0. Patling thts 2 above.
OO Hy) = £0)
Gy
This ghee, 5h
This equine 18 called He NewkonRapheor frmubs for solving
ole eucine of the form flx)=0, & shorting with an atfnl ,
G88 26 5 “we find ‘the excl queas Xp) by using the abrave. ewation,
ean ret fe precess onbl Yoo root within a clestrabh
entvling Newton Raphson formula, from Taylors Series
het sh 1g an evnall Ancrement An Xp, act next estate of rok
Ms Orgy = Vth.
oF oh = gph
We know et Tl 3B;
bis mies canbe warden
f6cth) =f€c) ftaph. + F'G)H + ft tee = :Stee h. 23 vey small pwe can neglect the
Seed, an
writ.
terms containing
“highs order berms: Yherr, above equator can
ag:
focrh) = #ea+ fen
Fo
ef")
HS fea)+ #odh sign CER.
eae on £ (ants) =f (en) + $ fn) ( cn
—@
TE yy, 08 reed of Lhe given pepe be
a
FEC) PC GED) _
Seng abone equations ty
A Se get Hee [Link] Lage gel,
wee
Kee
ce S ee called Newton Kaphser formula.
Se equecion x4 4x9 =O using Newbon— Raph sor.
raed, » The setustin covrecd updo a sya digel, °
— fa 44x-9-0.
Fe; = eth 1
US assume antdial
“Llaatin, ees
Xo=4
f(x) = 23 at lo= 12,
Ms 4-23
= 2.0833 ( Unis fernnai)
Ryror = =| (ot) |
-q
U4 08~4
2.08
= 0-490Tderation?.
y= 2.0833,
FO= 3.638
$= 9.166
% = 11633
Rerer = 0,245 ,
| above process im dable th gel solib'en ag;
, Error
£ 4] 23 az .
2 2.0833] 3.678 8166 | 0.920
3 1.633 | 0.202 | 7.249 0 245
4 14.606 | 0.001 | 4.211 0014,
Ss 1406 | 9.000 _} #221 | 0.000
of Nealon Raghson: Melhod.
Dradvarks of Neodon- oth, eles
\ ; ioe £60) = 1x2 ag
poate Weta fe a x= 24. 3f
| we shart thera fe the %=0 (whee the deiudie 13 200),
2 totlt be undef 5
2% Fb0)
f'&)
= O-2
0
= undefined,
>The same; issue Fines ated snsdead, of skanking pom,
any sheralbon veh als
ts
Ror st the dewvabive 4g Small bv vot 20%, the nexd thrsabm
web be a for wase Appox imation, :
1 Oseilladiors near local meantime ave paint» Por come. funchions,
Some sdondi
potnts no ender an smfintte cle, p Pe
cent Shea fe
PS the sequence of sdoctin wll Ubemade
heboen contain points wth mgm a volConvergence. of Newln-Raphson Methed:
Suppose ro, 48 roul of f(a) =0 and tn % eathmaled rod
Cf fl) =0 such Beat f4y—rq/= S244. then 4 Taylor Seales
expansion:
$0) =f Crt = fli) fh) 6m) thr 0 O
wehene, R48 lagran form of Lee Tayler seve
‘Sapaviston remainder and 18 gin ii. equation
b-A fea"
iho & #3 In behoeer Ly and XY Since. aly 18 Hie roof,
a}, becomes: 2
O= fl) +£'(%) (4-4) +8-#'B) Cea) —@
Dividig equaline. By by 1 Cin) and reanargng ges,
f(%) ‘s, -,) = - FB. xy,
$0) +(%,, 2) cee (%. Xin) @
We lnno Lhat accereting fo Newb Reps tml Tug I9girn dH
: Lng = Ln i) : .
Thus "@ can be uniter,
mn — FE) fg 9 8
na afl) Oy Ly) 0)
hed By =%,—-Xn and Fy 4a= Xing) f1@ can be worttden as;
Ena =-f"(2) :
, 2$'(%)
i Takin chaptiute value Ay hats, sides, grees,
Ena) = [#2
Array —O
Ry si leu — 1 a
fe - shee shel Neaken-Rephsee malhed ave gia fe2 Secart M ethod: Pn ae
Tis welled uses two anttal cabtmates bl does vod require
A brackel the rot. Ceamebteal represertasion of se seard
YS ab sham m othe Ppuve bel ovo;
iD
% wt
Gia)
Hy. Geomebicall vepréserfadinn of He seark vrtbod,
feb ug ands fu rntheal griesse8 ay ond spaor oe a
tet tne elween £04) and f+) pase ti x-an&
tear» Now, ABE and DCE are Zrrmtlan Stanglés ard Horefore
“pani relation potds;
oF F(%) i fCo1)
Qnty Mea ~
Reamnangi dhe tema we get,
4 Lae f(%-1) 4 Fl %G) Xe
$ (-2)— Fle
Adding and subtrachyy flx;)y. en
q p= OG fia Le Xpa) i, es pulled
F04)- F(iy4 stead ferrule,
Bs Sdye tho equadtin 22447-1020 with enor. prtctetore 0.08
ee heb us assume that anitial, quess Gs? 4x26.
A Spectfted error. prectetan R=0-0F,my s2 flue iu)
y) OF
%.26 fla) 236 yee Es HO ,
“ged” Boers iy-te 2 at 8
Qa 7 299
Aezdion2:
Raz FOi)=86
% a2 f(a7)=258
21568 Frave0.878
Derabons:
| Daaht — flu)=2.58
Mp.21- 568 F (ag)21.189
yg 21561 Evin 0.0775
Conbtrulg abot fable 283
ali ie hl a) ha) Sr
| 4 1.569 164551 1196 aig) 0.055 0-003
| Yous tho woe 181.4496.
Convergence. of Secant Meblod: 4
. The, secant Jormula 8 cpr by;
= — Fa) (ata)
if ef be te achal (2 * “Flaeq) -f (%e-2) ©
te bale me 9 im id epbe. 2
extrmale m 7h bat {2 epbe the erro)
141 > Cry by
Mpa p +My
f pg 2 Ep yt.
| Substituting Hose value mm Q, we gel,
Gam @—_ fe) (ep=t)-4 ,
FO8)— $%-2)
4 Og= Sta HO)- 6 firs)
a " Fly) Flea)ER, mote mbaval x ard Xr
COG aye Het) —@
ae 1G,
Sme flxy)20 and y= 34 -my » Harefore Gg @ hemes
F(R )= #0),
ee
_ % flG)2 & £(R)
Satlaly + $l a)= egy f(Res)
Sulosbra tng those m the numerater of of Dregs
Cogn = tp Cra FR J—4'(Ry a)
Fq)-Flea)
ie we Can say,
e1a°S 1-6, ——O,
We know thal, Pre edo, of con yergence ofan rtovabin procets 3 P of
geces
Oy Ep coh,
Subeliabg Prese values 4 BAG,
Gfoc Guy Ga
Prt
1 efacet
oy, & EDF
46 p%p-t=0 which bos Le. ee
Sma p# always pootbive we dese p= 1618
Ht fetloos that Lhe order of convergence of He secant
waded. 12, 1.619 & Convongene. 18 reflecteel f a9 superlmean
Contr gonce.A Prxed- Pant eration Method: Fe
Tn frred.-pomt sbradtion mothod we rearrarye
furchiow f(2)=0 such thal 2 18 on Bho lefahard srde of He
Cpuaction. This ces be. expressed a belinos |
fl) 20 —@. . i
8 writer a8, i) —@. |
FI" 48 cabled, fixeol pale equection, this. con be achioved,
Irate martpulatis or by Sineply adeling w bo bolle ef
OP cg sy ply eg»
} fe; 33
43x10 Ss xed
© Sm (2) 20 SS x2 Sox) +X. ,
Stree. YO and e® are simfhn , yeob of equation @ ed
nk of equetn B. kanh of eo xs gh by He pt 7
[Link] of Shaight ine yor. anol fue cue 22 9) this
pornh of anlasechd, 1 cally Fred pond of gens fant p 189
fered part of function fle) rf curd t fis Far examele,
tf function £ #8 clefrned on te real nSnbeg by fl2)=[Link]-
ther 2 ta fered port of £ because f2)=2.
Ey" D provi a cmvinent clichtay Lh
value ob Orie hash ofeaend “a if pred ‘enact
Sit EE it et al
Similaaly, >. Approrinacttin, tan be .
eg nn Genes
Affe. ferozuliig tg, we ge cp
This pot 48 called fred potrd formula, arch g1ve8 rage to the
oa pi Lager oi penne: ports: Head ay
gg
oO 7
fin. blerking of fred pared icthedais | dhe. equabion. ac 6x48=0 by assuniyy enon, precision 0.01.
ae alin can be wittden ag x=x>-Sxt8,
atealse* Shad inifial value of,guess 481,
of Gxt.
xo $B »
Brov= 4-1
= O#5
451 = oF
Terabion 2
yet
Bea
Eror=0.0000
Since, Ao solite value rf error +8 leas Mase spectied Lmth.
Root =44
Sone equation 1+4/2 Sin(-x)—2e =O x aasumigg Ooh preceion.
Potukion
Absre. exuacion can be wiitlen a8 se=1+1/2 sin).
Breas i tridial pe value. of Gees 4 0.
SSS
Frrova
THeradion 9,
2g=4
Ga142
Frrov= 0-296
eh
%
KO ELAIBE Sinces Abscude vabuncf ermen rs lege Lhe
Error = 0.000103 petted Lrwath.. Revd = 4. 986,Con ixeclm Pond eLhod : depend om the.
Con cof this aration proceas depend on 4
nade of abd. We can Shecrthealy prove fis 23 fobaati-
the sleradion formule 49, Xpap=AlZn) -O
het my be. the Yeot of given. equation then,
= glp.—@
Subbraching above fo equations we qe
Mn = gl) fl) —O
According to ee one say x=K He.
ardoavab cease 8 at end pom 4 .
§'® = 9%)- glen)
3
™ glp- (%) = a(R) (24-2n)
Sabscttalyg this Obed @
nga = 3 ‘(R) (% -%n) —®
if & represents the anon am Lhe 1. thorakten, Hen ef
becomes, "
Ens =gJ (R) en ©
—> This gives that the oven decreases with each tleratinr
oR) 21. ol pact method
—> He say Hat fix hod Convenges on
Uden. he Grdthien 9t0)21.48 Leal cove. YB_Npoillnss for each tozdive M
4 © Rtesedin Methods ) : “ .
Y Deude witial valwos fier y and x, and borin ontelaE,
2 Compele i= fla) 4 4, = fla)
Shab ff, Boe then + dite do nof bracket Be rool and gob Step.
© a= (a4+%2)/2 an
mfg 20 en sah meme ffs) :
atee St 4024) = #2)
‘seb xy 2%
set fof,
— TF absolute value of (a4) fg 48 teas than omen Edun
Yook = ( /o,
wi He gc
Step.
se. ofp 6
—. Lop. i het /
2 Newton. cheer Method, Bhor
tntlical, jit to 06,5 5 XL, Gi preciaton E.
ssl an
J ralole flee) 1 G0)
> And the smproved ellynale oe
742 2—
—> Check for the accuracy of bdesh estimate © dh predefrad ube 2?
“Compare Hae veladive approutate erro
(& 0) /xy | [2 stop, othosolte conftnue
ltl typ ty repeat shep 3 ht,> Secant Mothod (Agent) i 1
Input choo anibial oyecces [3 4%) rectton E, |
pur 0 Intel quresses (S24 %4% f j
> Baluate fla) d die) Ct
— EFetimate He neo yalue of te vod a:
2b 2% — lta) (4-0)
£04) - Fl) ©
> Phd He abeotute relative appa ern [Eq)
= | 4%
a A he Ps]
“ree he approximate ennbdr
ve enron.(F), (6) wh peectie
Tf R>E,
. yaty
fl) = 4a) !
7 =H,
wir step3 |
che, : i her. cr
=> Shep
4a Fred - Point: Teration Method i(Agerthm)
Input snitial quess (say 2) femon eatimale (sas
=> Coheed fay lo. 4s ™ é ge.
© form. ws Sx),
> Noo estimate the valuc, of the OE as
%=9(%)
a
E,
elie, Get shes.
_5 Slap.
le Accor do these. aabetthms prac
doky corny tee Cp on fer each methodCee. mys rip nwsnde the)
Siabe ee exfermiva Long divietons of polynemial Tal
wt Less writing and fucer’ calculations, Gee
—pheb Phe) be a podpnomial’ of deprce n. Hf we diide Fle) by (=-¢)
we gel another Potiiomtal 9h) udich 4s quetiont of ected
—> Assume, 7 nek ;
POE) = Ayre a ae EX
gtx) = beh x th
s
% Peds gtx) (x-a),
1 Oy 28, ta, = (bX 4b, Eth) (a0).
> Coneparing Hee cefhaents on both selec of Lhe epuodion
ei ,
boy 92 Oy gt aby
b= a,tab,
hus, 620 A bp yaQetah, who god...n.
xt 3x45)
Gan, (xt-3x45) + (x-4)
Sel the synthetic alivision,
‘colve the floaing probleme viing cynthele. daieion mthed
Bg OD les Yes)
x4) Oak ox®3x45 77
‘ther gf becomes, elfen !8
cnstat
4 i 2% “re Sg Cpl ad Boe.
"Ee betters 4
aie ot (249
Remade = 24-3& Remainder Theorem:
wnainder Theorem: (x)
—> Remainder, theorem sbales that phe peel ft
cbivided by (x- 6), ther the remainde, fc). He A
7 this mens Het we can ay ny eget divleyee dt i
Sek 4wo number 48 He fe indy Thi remainder % ry z
jonah vahie, Ce) et = : i
Thus the rata hen #8 useful dor ealiaig ripe
aba gree value of 2,
4s Sebe. using remainder, Ahenem flx.)= QxBex24 x5 40 fond f-2) :
a we to use yb tic divigin 03 described above What
ad
Aleffewn ce +3. wh the, final anguer 8 bes
1 poked af funchined, vabt)Dvide 2
. rei Wry 2m, Jo gel the raproal
Set Ray
end while
> mena
verb — Oo
S
ez Pind reals of ey uation Ce a2 13x74 BBX
vaphsen, vnethed, fowth fe ey
| eat i est Zt sie
24) =0 using neokor
= Beppe
che Bie. 1) =00
Ison. saclled, bp gel rol, thus, 4 rock fhe gabe,
ch
| Spas hou wae vente diviston deflate the p nomial ble A) yeh
i — ges te Pagrental: 35214-4240
Again use Meokra Raphsn method ott with,
seas el, fon o.o4
fof H.
s 3 fae ee igre te iL. the. polynomial by (x-9)
Form Neolmn me bel ced
4X-12 =O
Trifed eas) = =2 , ror Lmtd E)=0.01
Shepts 4 Again, Use pepe Sigey Ede de gata (x-2
which tres! the ariel cepa te paloma bp fx-2),
Now, firsh root the ial 3 cele,
poke gk no: ree u3 calcul aled, Lasting the
—2o
Thus, rsd Roof —4-@_ Homer's Methed for [elmmdal Evaluation 4
EAs a woay de optinte she bask of evaluating 2
“rolinomeal evaluate The rot ak ffl, bo hs
andividual deans dy sien yous 1 method
i erates the lowes! nomial Thug
4 represent ans owal en K 3
rt ee,
Segre chien sai « adie fom
—> Grstder 2 poneall polpromel ep ab
P= Aw
= acragcrateagtty. Faye"
whore, Bes 3p 5 14+ 44y Ore he real nwrbersd, we wight
efo evaluate Ya polynemial at pond: SAY
c ich this, we need ty define #re-grer “yn ial
> a eel off ot P
P(x= Oy tye tate tQ,x".
oy, Plt) = 421( a9 tty Lt qx")
on, Pl2)= Gt (4g+x (Ayt += tax") )
Px) = 4,1 (yrr(agts( Ot an., Coat (x)
> Now we can debe = “new segunce. rf condteunts ag fellas,
=a
bn a=Qnat nm
Ther by 1s He valve of p(%).