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Thevenin

The superposition and Thevenin's theorems source: http://www.davidbridgen.com

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nicolae-teodor cioc
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44 views6 pages

Thevenin

The superposition and Thevenin's theorems source: http://www.davidbridgen.com

Uploaded by

nicolae-teodor cioc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
‘Untitled Document: ‘ap://www davidbridgenconvost him The Superposition and Thévenin's theorems suse to age qualy. aking thom du ead lof6 1/29/2010 12:04 PM. ‘Untitled Document: ‘ap://www davidbridgenconvost him OST. Rules, 0.K? Ohm’s Law is straightforward to most people but there are many occasions when it won't help us much in solving a problem. K. T. Wilson takes us through the steps to enable us to answer really tough problems. MOST OF US know Ohm's law in its three forms V = RU, R= V/l, l= V/R, and in the couree of any sort of lctronies work we use Ohm's law frequently. tbe ‘comes second nature, particulary in faultinging. Is the current flowing through a particular transistor what we ‘expect it10 be? We don't usually measure the cutrent 9s itmeans breaking the circuit, we simply measure the voltage across the emittor resistor and use Ohm aw to Caleuiate how much currents flowing, Alternatively we messure the voltage across the collector resistor and ‘once again calculate the amount of current using Ohm's law ‘We're s0 accustomed to using Ohm's law that it brings us up witha bit ofa start when we find problem which seems to be difficult or impossible to solve by ‘Ohm's law alone, One type of problem ofthis sori the ‘wosuppy problem, like the simple examplein Fig. 1. In this 2ype of circult, 9 current through a resistor is Supplied from two different sourees — a situation we ten find, for example, inthe ecuite of stablsed power a By Fi. Meow pty bio suppl. The problem hero is to find out how muchi Currents flowing through the resistor We cant assume that each supply will pass current as if the other supply were not there. In our example, the 10'V supply would pass a curcent of 10/3'3 mA which i 3.03 mA we fir thave the 12V supply present, andthe 12V supply ‘would passa cutrentof 12/3.7 mA, whichis 3.24 ma the 10 supply dint exist. We can't use these results, though. Ifthe fot current wore 3.03 + 3.24 mA, 9 total of 6.27 mA, then the voltage across the 242 resistor would be, by Ohm's law, 6.27 2.2 = 13.8, which 's more than either af the supply voltages, ‘bviously wrong. Equally obviously, each supply must chip ina share ofthe current, but how ean we ealeulate how much? T'S pot a all ficult when you know how, and the how i provided by 8 simple ru called the Superpost tion theorem. The Superposition theorem shows how the voltages across RS can be added. separating the effects caused by each of the supply voltages. The ‘solution takes as many stops as we have supplies ~ here goes! ‘. Imagine the 12 V terminals shorted. The circuit now locks like Fig. 2, with R2 and Ra parallel Com ining 242 and 1K6 in parallel gives 892R. so thatthe teu consists of 10V supply feeding 89K through a ‘ saris resistor Using the potentiataivider law, the voltage across the 892A resistors now ey ae ig. 2 Mow th choot of Fig. looks when th 12 V terminals me chore 10x0.892 130.892 (using units of klohms for resistance). Note this value sown 2, Now imagine the 10 V terminals shorted, andthe 12V supply restored. The circuit now looks asin Fig. 3, with 1 and R in parallel. Combining 2k2 and Th in Ww & ow & mS om (9 IN ARALLELY ied Sik oe ‘ig. 3. How th creo of Fig. 1 looks when the 10¥.tormiale mahored| paralll gives 687R, so thatthe citeuit consists of 12 V feeding 2 687R resistor through 1k5 series resistance, The voltage across the 6878 resistors now 10x0.687, : 3.779, Note this value to, '3. By the Superposition theorem, the total voltage across A3 when bath supplies are present simply the Sum ofthe wo voltages wehave calculated: 4.74 8.77 = "8.47 V. By Ohm's low, the current flowing through the 2K2 resistors 2847 73.85 ma This. of course, isn't the only way of solving such problems — there's another method using Kirchot's Laws — but i's by far the easiest of al the methods since all you need to know is how to find the sum of ‘resistors in parallel, and how 10use Ohm sla. Resistors In poral. incidontaly, are easily dealt with by most ‘scientific calculators. The sequence for resistors 2K? and TKBis BEORB BO ” 1/29/2010 12:04 PM. ‘Untitled Document ‘ap://www davidbridgenconvost him 406 1/29/2010 12:04 PM. ‘Untied Document 40f6. ‘The display now shows the answer. Kinds of problems. Just o recap on the method, what you do is to imagine every suppy voltage bar one Shorad, then work out the resistances in parle and resistors. DO this Tor each 1d then add al the voltages. The total voltages. ‘han the voltage which wil be caused by ll the supplios when the cieut Is oper tay i where the name ‘means adding each voltage tothe rest. “The idea behind the Superposition theorem isa very simple one ~ that a cuit consists of rosistors and ower supplies, and each power supply acts like a short ‘ruitfor another power supply. This simple ides canbe ‘extended to give one of the most useful rules In elec twonics ~ Thevenin’s theorem. Never heard of? You haven't ved ~ read on "Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear network can be represented by a voltage generator in sores with 4 resstance. That's the way it's writen in most books, and you ean be forgiven if you don't realise st ‘ones ow useful hiss. What ‘containing resistances, no matter how complica behaves jst like a power supply (with zero resistance) and: series resistor (Fig. 4), nothing more. This, of ‘ourse, wouldnt be of much use unless wo could easy Fig. 4. By Thovenin's ‘abort ther Cc ot P 19 Rewnaen beherelite ite vege OF CIRCUIT Spy with rosistones iatee

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