Engineering Standard

SAES-P-121 31 July, 2004

Transformers and Reactors
Electrical Substations Equipment Standards Committee Members
Ghamdi, Mohammed A., Chairman
Carlson, Ron W., Vice Chairman
Fayez, Hamad A.
Gopal, Uarutharaja
Hartman, Ralph A.
Helfrich, Cory H.
Lowe, John L.
Maghrabi, Ibrahim M.
Nazzawi, Abdullah O.
Ojan, Jawad A.
Ramadhan, Mohammed J.
Refaee, Jubran A.
Rewatkar, Jayesh K.
Stansbury, M.C. "Chip" (ABQ PLANTS)

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Contents

1 Scope........................................................... 2
2 Conflicts and Deviations............................... 2
3 References................................................... 2
4 Definitions..................................................... 3
5 General......................................................... 4
6 Sizing............................................................ 6
7 Installation.................................................... 9
8 Protection..................................................... 9

Previous Issue: 28 January, 2004 Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008

Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin Page 1 of 21
Primary contact: Ali M. Al-Gahtani on 873-1334
Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

1 Scope

This Standard prescribes the minimum mandatory requirements for the design and
installation of transformers, reactors and instrument transformers. This document may
not be attached to nor made a part of purchase order.

2 Conflicts and Deviations

2.1 Any conflicts between this standard and other applicable Saudi Aramco
Engineering Standards (SAESs), Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs),
Standard Drawings (SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be
resolved in writing by the company or buyer representative through the
Manager, Consulting Services Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.

2.2 Direct all requests to deviate from this standard in writing to the company or
buyer representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302
and forward such requests to the Manager, Consulting Services Department of
Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.

3 References

The selection of material and equipment, and the design, construction, maintenance, and
repair of equipment and facilities covered by this standard shall comply with the latest
edition of the references listed below unless otherwise noted.

3.1 Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure

SAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a
Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering
Requirement

Saudi Aramco Materials System Specifications

14-SAMSS-531 Power Transformers
14-SAMSS-533 Three-Phase Dry-Type Power Transformers
14-SAMSS-534 Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers
14-SAMSS-536 Pad-Mounted Three-Phase Distribution
Transformers

Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards

SAES-P-100 Basic Power System Design Criteria
SAES-P-114 Power System and Equipment Protection

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

SAES-P-113 Motors and Generators

SAES-P-116 Switchgear and Control Equipment

3.2 Industry Codes and Standards

American National Standards Institute

ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)
ANSI C37.46 Specification for Power Fuses and Fuse
Disconnecting Switches
ANSI C37.91 Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power
Transformers
ANSI C57.12.11 Guide for Installation of Oil-Immersed
Transformers
ANSI C57.13 Requirements for Instrument Transformers
ANSI C57.16 Requirements, Terminology and Test Code for
Current Limiting Reactors
ANSI C57.91 IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed
Transformers
ANSI C57.94 Recommended Practice for Installation,
Application, Operation, and Maintenance of
Dry-Type General Purpose Distribution and
Power Transformers
ANSI/NFPA 70 National Electrical Code (NEC)
ANSI/IEEE 979 Guide for Substation Fire Protection

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

NEMA ST 1 Specialty Transformers

4 Definitions

Power Transformer: is equipment manufactured per 14-SAMSS-531.

Dry-Type Power Transformer: is equipment manufactured per 14-SAMSS-533.

Overhead-Type Distribution Transformer: is equipment manufactured per

14-SAMSS-534.

Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformer: is equipment manufactured per

14-SAMSS-536.

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

High Voltage (HV): Voltages 1000 V and greater. When used to describe transformer
windings, can also be used as a relative term to differentiate the winding(s).

Low Voltage (LV): Voltages less than 1000 V. When used to describe transformer
windings, can also be used as a relative term to differentiate the winding(s).

Instrument Transformer: is equipment manufactured per ANSI C57.13, unless

specified otherwise in an individual SAMSS.

Current Transformer (CT): a type of Instrument Transformer.

Voltage Transformer (VT): a type of Instrument Transformer.

Control Transformer: is equipment manufactured per NEMA ST 1, unless specified

otherwise in an individual SAMSS.

Current-Limiting Reactor: is equipment manufactured per ANSI C57.16.

SAMSS: Saudi Aramco Material System Specification

Approval: written approval of the Coordinator, Electrical Systems Division,

Consulting Services Department, Saudi Aramco.

5 General

5.1 Terms in bold font are defined within Section 4.

5.2 Unless indicated otherwise transformer ratings shown are non-forced cooled
ratings at 65°C temperature rise.

5.3 Power transformers and Distribution transformers shall be the two-winding

type. Normally, two-winding power and distribution transformers shall be
delta-connected on the supply side and wye-connected on the load side.
Exception:

Other winding configurations may be specified with approval by the Electrical

Standards Committee Chairman.

5.4 Transformers shall be provided with a HV tap changer for either deenergized
operation or load tap operation. The type of tap changer shall be specified in the
SAMSS Data Schedules.

5.4.1 Tap changers for deenergized operation shall have two (2) 2.5% above
rated voltage and two (2) 2.5% below rated voltage taps.

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

5.4.2 Transformers with Load Tap Changers are utilized for voltage
regulation. Load tap changers shall provide approximately ± 10%
automatic adjustment of the low voltage winding voltage in
approximately 5/8% steps with 16 steps above and 16 steps below rated
voltage unless otherwise specified in the SAMSS Data Schedules.

5.5 All step-down transformers rated 10 MVA OA and above for residential or
mixed commercial loads shall have a HV load tap changer with automatic
voltage control.

5.6 The load tap changing requirements for step-down transformers that serve
industrial type loads shall be determined by the project requirements and
specified in the SAMSS Data Schedules.

5.7 Intertie transformers that may carry power flow in either direction shall be
provided with a HV load tap changer.

5.8 All load tap changers shall be equipped for remote operation.

5.9 The manufacturer shall supply one uninscribed nameplate in addition to the
ANSI standard nameplate. Saudi Aramco shall inscribe the site kVA, ampere,
and voltage ratings on the blank nameplate.

5.10 Bids for Power transformers shall be evaluated in accordance with vendor
instructions in 14-SAMSS-531 and the following:

Formula #1

C = P + (A * Li) + (B * Lc) = $

Where

C = total evaluated present-value price used for bid comparison

purposes including life cycle cost of losses;

P = transformer quoted price delivered to site;

A = cost/kW of no-load loss as stated on the SAMSS Data Schedules;

Li = guaranteed no-load loss at rated voltage, in kW;

B = cost/kW of load loss as stated on the SAMSS Data Schedules;

Lc = guaranteed load loss at the self-cooled rating, in kW, at

referenced temperature.

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

The values of loss constants A and B shall be calculated by the following

formulas and included in the SAMSS Data Schedules:

Formula #2

A = E1 * T1 * [(1 + i)n – 1)] / [i * (1 + i)n ]

Formula #3

B = A * 0.49 $/kW

Current
Utilization Factors
where

E = Energy cost $0.032/KWH

T1 = number of hours per year

transformer is energized 8766 HRS

i = interest rate or rate of return on investment 15%

n = number of years for capitalization of losses 20 YRS

Commentary Note:

The multiplier 0.49 is the load factor determined at 70% average load of the
transformer by dividing the (average load)² by the (rated load)².

6 Sizing

6.1 Power and Distribution Transformers

6.1.1 Transformers shall be supplied with ANSI Standard preferred kVA

Ratings at usual service conditions, unless specified otherwise on
SAMSS Data Schedule-1.

6.1.2 The minimum OA self-cooled kVA rating of each OA/FA transformer

shall be equal to the maximum operating load plus projected future
load.

6.1.3 For transformers that are self-cooled only, a 10% load growth factor
shall be added to the calculated load (maximum operating load plus
projected future load).

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

6.1.4 The forced-cooled FA site rating of each transformer serving a double-

ended substation shall be capable of feeding the entire operating load
of both buses with the bus-tie breaker closed.

6.1.5 Forced-air cooling fans and controls shall be provided on all

transformers rated 2500 kVA or larger. On transformers smaller than
2500 kVA, forced-air cooling is optional.

6.1.6 Two stages of forced cooling shall be allowed for transformers with
OA ratings of 90 MVA or larger. The forced cooling may be forced-
air (FA) and/or forced-oil-air (FOA).

6.1.7 The self-cooled kVA rating of power transformers shall be de-rated for
continuous operation at higher than usual ambient temperatures in
accordance with ANSI loading guides. The ambient temperatures in
the Aramco operating areas are listed in SAES-P-100.

6.1.8 The derated kVA ratings shall satisfy the load requirements of
paragraph 6.1.1 through paragraph 6.1.7. All attachments and
accessories such as bushings, instrument transformers, and surge
arresters shall be compatible with the site ambient temperatures and
not limit the transformer kVA rating at site temperatures.

6.1.8 When transformers are operated in parallel, the total circulating current
shall not exceed 10% of the rated current of the lowest kVA rated
transformer.

Table 1 lists the maximum allowable percentage deratings for various site
installations and transformer types and sizes. Manufacturers shall
supply equipment that is designed to perform according to the ANSI
loading guides.

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

Table 1 - kVA De-Rating Factors for Power and Regulating Transformers

OIL-IMMERSED DRY-TYPE
(65°C RISE) LT 225 kVA GE 225 kVA
Transformer Location LT 225 kVA GE 225 kVA 150°C 220°C 150°C 220°C
and Ambient Temp.
Outdoor Solar Exposed 22.5% 15% 12% 8% 9% 6%
45°C Avg, 55°C Max.
Outdoor Not-Exposed 15% 15% 6% 4% 6% 4%
40°C Avg, 50°C Max.
Indoor Well-Ventilated Not Allowed Not Allowed 6% 4% 6% 4%
40°C Avg, 45°C Max. Indoors Indoors
Indoor-Unmanned Not Allowed Not Allowed 3% 2% 3% 2%
Air-Conditioned Indoors Indoors
35°C Avg, 45°C Max.
Indoor-Unmanned Not Allowed Not Allowed 0% 0% 0% 0%
Air-Conditioned Indoors Indoors
30°C Avg, 40°C Max.

kVA Rating Symbols: LT = Less than; GE = Greater than or equal to.

6.2 Reactors

6.2.1 Current Limiting Reactors

[Link] Current Limiting Reactors utilized outdoor shall be copper

wound, immersed in insulating oil in a steel tank. Derating
shall be in accordance with the factors for Oil Immersed
transformers in Table 1 above. The short time rating for fault
limiting reactors shall be 3 seconds.

[Link] Current Limiting Reactors utilized indoor shall be copper

wound air cooled and physically located to prevent electro-
magnetic interference with surrounding objects and accidental
contact from personnel. De-rating shall be in accordance
with the factors for dry-type transformers in Table 1 above.
The short time rating for fault limiting reactors shall be 3
seconds.

6.2.2 The short-time rating for motor starting reactors shall be sufficient to
allow the maximum starting duty of the associated motor served.

6.3 Instrument and Control Transformers

Current transformers (CTs) used for revenue metering shall be ANSI accuracy
Class 0.3.

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

7 Installation

7.1 General

7.1.1 The Field erection and testing of oil-immersed transformers rated 10

MVA or larger shall be in accordance with ANSI C57.12.11. The
design of all transformer installations shall be in accordance with the
NESC and NEC.

7.1.2 Dry-type transformers shall be installed in accordance with the NEC

and ANSI C57.94.

7.1.3 Where the same disconnecting device feeds more than one transformer,
a loadbreak disconnecting means shall be provided to permit de-
energizing each transformer separately.

7.1.4 Separation of oil-filled power transformers from buildings and/or each

other shall meet the minimum requirements of distance and/or fire
barriers per ANSI/IEEE 979.

7.2 Instrument and Control Transformers

7.2.1 Fuses shall be provided on the high voltage (HV) primary side of all
control or instrument transformers rated 34.5 kV and below.

7.2.2 CT's shall have a secondary rating of 5 amperes, except where another
rating is required for compatibility with existing installations or for
special applications.

7.2.3 CT ratios shall not be modified from the original manufacturer's design
by multiple looping of the primary cables or secondary leads through
the current transformer window.

7.2.4 CTs connected to time overcurrent relays shall have a protective relay
accuracy class rating which will ensure that the CT does not saturate at
the calculated fault level with the connected relays set on lowest tap.
The CT ratio shall be chosen so that he secondary current will never
exceed the short time rating of any relay or device connected in the
secondary circuit.

7.2.5 CT secondary wiring shall not be spliced. Interconnection shall only

be made at terminals of approved type.

8 Protection

8.1 General

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

8.1.1 This Section specifies the protection devices and schemes that shall be
applied to power and distribution transformers installed in Saudi
Aramco facilities.

8.1.2 Where the protection requirements for a transformer type or

application are not specifically covered in this Section, the
Coordinator, Power Distribution Engineering Division, Power
Distribution Department, shall determine the required protection
scheme and devices.

8.1.3 Refer to SAES-P-114 for general requirements of protection devices

and schemes.

8.1.4 Where "DD-950114/X" is mentioned, this is a Saudi Aramco Library

Drawing. The "X" designates the sheet number. These drawings
present typical information which complements this standard. They
are not mandatory.

8.2 Transformer Protection Schemes

The following sections specify the required protective relay schemes for the
various types of transformers and transformer applications.

8.2.1 Step-Down, Two-Winding, Power Transformers

The typical protection schemes for step-down, two-winding, power

transformers with self-cooled ratings greater than 772 kVA are shown
in the Library Drawings listed in Table 2.

Table 2 - Step-Down, Two-Winding, Power Transformers

HV-LV Winding Connections DD-950114/12

Normally-Open Delta-Wye 4
LV Bus Tie Wye-Delta, with LV Gnd. Xmfr 5
Delta-Delta 6
Delta-Delta, with LV Gnd. Xmfr 7
Normally-Closed Delta-Wye, Greater Than 600 V 8
LV Bus Tie Delta-Wye, 600 V or less 9
Wye-Delta, with LV Gnd. Xmfr 10

Commentary Note:

Per SAES-P-116, bus tie breakers are not permitted to be operated

Normally-Closed (NC). The information in Table 1 is to provide the
requirements for existing NC bus tie systems.

8.2.2 Generator Step-Up & Auxiliary Station Service Transformer

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

The protection scheme for a unit-connected generator step-up power

transformer, and associated auxiliary station service transformer
connected to the generator leads, is given in SAES-P-113.

8.2.3 Multi-Winding Power Transformer

The typical protection scheme for a three-winding power transformer is

shown in DD-950114/11. Four-winding protection requirements are
the same as for three-winding transformers, except additional relays
are required on the fourth leg of the transformer.

8.2.4 Intertie Autotransformer

The typical protection scheme for an intertie autotransformer is shown

in DD-950114/12.

8.2.5 Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformer

The protection required for a pad-mounted distribution transformer

rated 750 kVA or less shall be phase and ground overcurrent relays at
the high side circuit breaker. Refer to Section 8.4 to determine if fuse
protection is allowed on the HV side of the distribution transformer in
lieu of relays and a breaker.

8.2.6 Pole-Mounted Distribution Transformer

The HV side of an overhead pole-mounted distribution transformer

shall have an expulsion fuse cutout (or fuse link).

8.2.7 Grounding Transformer

Refer to DD-950114/5,7,10 for the typical protection scheme for

grounding transformers on LV side delta connected windings.

1) The Device 50/51XT phase overcurrent relays shall be connected

to a set of delta-connected current transformers, and shall allow a
time overcurrent pickup setting of 1.25 times the continuous
current rating of the grounding transformer.

2) The 51N neutral overcurrent relays shall allow a pickup setting of

10 to 20% of the 10-second current rating of the grounding
transformer for low resistance grounding system. For solidely
grounded system the relay shall allow a pickup of 10% or less pf
the transformer tating.

8.2.8 Banked Transformers

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

Where two or more transformers are fed by a common breaker on the

HV side and a common breaker on the LV side, the following
protection schemes shall be installed:

1) Where the individual transformers have approximately equal

percent impedances on their own bases, a set of three, phase-
overcurrent relays and one, ground- overcurrent relay shall be
connected to CT's on the HV-side breaker. The HV phase
overcurrent relays shall allow a pickup setting of approximately
1.3 times the sum of the rated currents of the banked
transformers. Instantaneous element shall allow a setting of max
of the following:

a) Inrush of the combined transformer with DC offset (through

fault with DC offset)

b) 110% of minimum melting current of the maximum current

limiting fuse

2) Where the HV side of banked transformers is rated above 1000

V, and each transformer does not have individual HV-side relays,
the LV-side of each transformer shall have a set of phase and
ground protective devices.

8.2.9 Multiple Transformers on Radial Feeders

Where two or more transformers are connected along a common feeder

circuit (at the same or different locations) and the feeder is served from
a remote circuit breaker, each transformer shall have one of the
following HV-side protection schemes located at the transformer:

1) HV-side relays with transfer-trip to the remote breaker.

2) HV-side relays and local HV-side circuit breaker or fault

interrupting circuit switcher.

3) HV-side fuses, where allowed by Section 6.

Refer to the appropriate section of this section for the required

protection scheme and relays for each transformer size and type on the
feeder circuit.

8.2.10 Captive or Dedicated Transformer

The transformer protection shall be basically as specified in the other

sections of this section for a normal transformer with the same kVA

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
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Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

rating, voltage, and winding connections; however, motor relays which

are connected to the HV side of the transformer shall give combined
protection to the transformer and motor. See DD-950114/18 for a
typical protection scheme. For medium voltage motors the transformer
neutral shall be high resistance grounded through the primary of a
distribution transformer. The secondary shall be shunted by a resistor.
A ground fault overvoltage relay shall be connected across the resistor,
and shall trip the high side circuit breaker.

8.2.11 HV Circuit Switcher

1) Refer to DD-950114/13 for a typical transformer protection

scheme where a circuit switcher is provided in lieu of a HV
circuit breaker or fuses.

2) Where the available fault current can exceed the interrupting

rating of the circuit switcher, a trip blocking scheme shall be
installed to prevent damage to the circuit switcher when the fault
current exceeds the interrupting rating. Remote relays and
breakers shall be required to detect and clear fault currents that
exceed the circuit switcher interrupting rating. A time delay
relay (0.2 to 2 seconds) shall be included in the blocking scheme
to force-trip the circuit switcher if remote relays or breakers do
not interrupt the fault. Refer to DD-950114/14 for a schematic
diagram of the typical blocking scheme.

8.2.12 Transfer-Trip to Remote Breakers

1) Where the fault interrupting device is not located at the

transformer, a transfer-trip circuit shall be installed from the
transformer relays to the remote breaker. This shall be provided
by a dedicated channel which shall provide high speed operation.
Transfer trip systems, other than those using direct control wiring
within the facility, shall have channel monitoring which shall
alarm at a manned location. Direct wired transfer trips shall be
via a 94 relay which shall have a target to indicate the source of
the trip.

2) Where the power transformer is protected by remote relays and

there is a normally connected alternate source on the low side, an
auxiliary hand-reset lockout relay located at the remote relay
panel shall also transfer-trip local circuit breakers at the
transformer.

8.3 Protection Device Applications Requirements

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

The protection schemes and relays shown in the Library Drawings and described
in the sections above shall be applied as follows:

8.3.1 Differential Relays

1) General Requirements

a) A three phase percentage differential relay with inrush

restraint shall be installed on power transformers with a
self-cooled rating 5,000 kVA and above.

b) Where transformers are operated in parallel, and each

transformer meets the kVA criteria for differential
protection, each transformer shall have a separate set of
differential relays.

c) Where a grounding transformer is connected within the

differential zone, as in DD-950114/5,7,10, a zero sequence
current shunt shall be installed to prevent false operation
during external ground faults. Refer to DD-950114/15 for
typical installation.

d) The differential relays shall contain a separate restraint

circuit for each winding of the transformer, and each
breaker in a multiple-breaker service shall be connected to a
separate restraint circuit.

2) Current Transformers for Differential Relays

a) The differential zone shall include the HV and LV-side

circuit breakers, (where possible) by connecting the 87T
relays to CT's on the line side of the HV-side circuit breaker
(where available) and to CT's on the load side of the LV-
side circuit breaker (where available). See DD-950114/4
for a typical configuration.

b) The CT current rating (neglecting the CT's continuous

thermal current rating factor) shall not be less than the
maximum continuous force-cooled current rating of the
transformer.

8.3.2 Phase Overcurrent Relays

General Requirements:

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
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Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

a) Phase overcurrent relays (Device 50/51H) shall be installed on

the HV side of transformers rated above 1000 V, where the
transformer is fed by a circuit breaker or circuit switcher, but
shall not be installed where the transformer is protected by fuses.
The relays shall be connected to CT's on the source side of the
circuit breaker, where available.

b) Phase overcurrent relays (Device 51L, 50/51L) shall be installed

on the LV side of transformers, where the LV winding is rated
above 600 V. The relays shall be connected to CT's on the
transformer side of the circuit breaker, where available. Where
LV is connected to an incomer feeding multiple loads,
instantaneous element (device 50) shall not be provided.

c) Integrated Breaker Trip Device units (Device 50/51SST) shall be

provided in the circuit breakers in lieu of relays on the HV side of
transformers rated 1000 V or less. Integrated Breaker Trip
Device units shall be installed in the circuit breakers on the LV
side of transformers rated 1000 V or less in lieu of relays. All
Integrated Breaker Trip Device units shall include the following
adjustable elements:

i) Long Time (Adjustable pickup and time delay)

ii) Short Time (Adjustable pickup and time delay)

iii) Instantaneous (Do not provide, or deactivate, on LV side

Integrated Breaker Trip Devices)

iv) Ground Unit (Adjustable pickup and time delay)

d) The pickup setting of the relay time-overcurrent unit or the

Integrated Breaker Trip Device long-time unit shall not exceed
the maximum allowable pickup values in NEC Article 450-3 for
Supervised Installations, and the setting percentages given in
NFPA 70 Table 450-3(a)(2)(b) shall apply to the transformer
self-cooled rating.

e) The time-current characteristic of the protection on the HV side

shall coordinate with the transformer through-fault protection
curves over the calculated range of fault currents as required by
ANSI C37.91 for infrequent fault duty type of service. It shall
also coordinate with the time-current characteristics of the LV-
sides devices.

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
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Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

f) Protective devices on the HV-side of a transformer feeder shall

coordinate with the time-current characteristics of the LV-side
devices.

8.3.3 Ground Overcurrent Relays

1. General Requirements

a) A ground overcurrent relay (Device 50G, 50/51GN) shall

be installed on the HV side of transformers rated above
1000 V, where the transformer is protected by a circuit
breaker or circuit switcher, but shall not be installed where
the transformer is protected by fuses. For residual CT
connection, the 50/51GN pickup shall allow setting of 10%
of transformer forced cooling rating and a minimum time
delay of 0.1 sec at or below 400% of transformer self
cooling rating.

b) Ground fault units shall be provided in the Integrated

Breaker Trip Device devices for the circuit breakers on the
HV side of transformers rated 1000 V or less, but shall not
be installed where the transformer is protected by fuses.

c) Ground fault units shall be provided in the Integrated

Breaker Trip Device devices for the circuit breakers on the
LV side of transformers, where the LV winding is rated
1000 V or less. Where LV is connected to an incomer
feeding multiple loads, instantaneous element shall not be
provided.

2. Ground Sensors & Window-Type CT's

a) A sensitive instantaneous ground overcurrent relay (Device

50G) shall be installed on the circuit feeding the HV side of
the transformer, where the HV winding is delta-connected,
or ungrounded wye-connected, and a single window-type
CT can be fitted around all three phases. The CT ratio shall
be selected to limit the maximum relay current to 50 A.

b) Where a single window-type CT cannot be fitted, a ground

overcurrent relay (Device 50/51G) shall be connected in the
phase overcurrent CT circuit.

3. Neutral Overcurrent Relays

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
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Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

a. One neutral overcurrent relay (Device 51NT) shall be

connected to a CT in the neutral of all grounded neutral,
wye-connected, 480 V, power transformer windings, except
where the transformer is protected by fuses on the HV side,
and there is no dedicated HV circuit breaker or the HV
circuit breaker is too remote for direct tripping.

b. Where the LV winding is rated 1000 V or greater, three

separate neutral overcurrent relays, (51NT, 51NB, 51NL)
shall be installed. For a typical connection, refer to DD-
950114/8.

c. The neutral overcurrent relays shall allow pickup settings

approximately 10% higher than the highest pickup setting
of the ground relays on the LV bus outgoing feeders. The
time-overcurrent curves of the neutral overcurrent relays
shall allow a coordination time interval of 0.35 to 0.50
second with the curves of the ground relays on the LV bus
outgoing feeders at the maximum LV normal transient fault
current. Instantaneous element (50) shall not be provided or
it shall be deactivated.

d. The current rating of the transformer neutral CT shall be

100% or greater of the winding self-cooled current rating
for solidly-grounded transformers, and not more than 50%
of the resistor 10-second current rating for neutral
resistance grounded transformers.

4. Restricted Earth Fault or Directional Ground (Device 67TG)

A restricted earth fault (ground differential) relay (device 87N)

shall be installed to protect the grounded-wye transformer
windings. Refer to DD-950114/8,9,10,11 for a typical
configuration.

An 87N or 67TG relay shall provide sensitive protection for the

windings and incomer for any LV system operating condition
when a zero sequence source on the LV bus.

8.3.4 Directional Phase Overcurrent Relays (Device 67L)

Directional phase overcurrent relays (Device 67L) with instantaneous

and time overcurrent units shall be installed on the LV side of
transformer connected to buses with normally-closed bus ties or
normal LV sources. The Device 67L directional relays shall look

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

toward the transformer. See DD-950114/8,9,10,11 for a typical

configuration. The relay pickup shall allow a setting of 10% forced air
cooling rating of the transformer. The instantaneous element shall
allow a setting of a reverse through fault current with DC offset.
Commentary Note:

Per SAES-P-116, bus tie breakers are not permitted to be operated

Normally-Closed (NC). This information provides the requirements for
existing NC bus tie systems.

8.3.5 Ground Fault Detector for Ungrounded Systems (Device 59V0)

Where an autotransformer tertiary or LV winding of a two-winding

step-down power transformer is delta-connected or ungrounded-wye
connected, and a grounding transformer is not provided, a zero
sequence overvoltage ground fault detection scheme shall be installed.
Refer to DD-950114/6,12 for a typical installation.

8.3.6 Pressure-Rise Relays (Device 63T, 63GT)

Where a Buchholz or Sudden Pressure relay is provided, a 63X

auxiliary target relay shall be located on the transformer relay panel in
the substation control room. The 63X relay shall trip an 86T hand-
reset lockout relay. The 63T/63X relay shall always trip a separate
lockout relay from 87T relays. Where an 87T differential relay is not
provided, the 63T relay shall trip the 86T1 lockout, and the remaining
relays the 86T2 lockout.

8.3.7 Overtemperature Devices (Device 49T)

1. The winding hot-spot temperature measuring device shall initiate

an overtemperature alarm, but shall not trip the transformer
circuit breakers.

2. The top-oil temperature measuring device shall initiate an

overtemperature alarm, but shall not trip the transformer circuit
breakers.

8.3.8 Low oil level indication.

Where a low fluid level indicator is provided, it shall give an alarm on

low oil level. This device shall also trip through an auxiliary target
relay (71X), if trip on low oil function is not provided by the 63 device.
The trip level shall be 5% below the alarm level, or as recommended

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

by the transformer manufacturer. The target relay (71X) shall be

located on the transformer relay panel.

8.3.9 Lockout Relays (Device 86T1, 86T2, 87T3)

1. Hand-reset lockout relays (Device 86) shall trip and lockout the
HV and LV-side circuit breakers.

2. A minimum of two separate lockout relays are required for each

power transformer. The main and backup relays shall trip
separate lockout relays. Main and backup lockout relays shall
trip separate breaker trip coils where dual trip coils are provided.

3. Trip-isolation test switches shall be installed in the trip circuits

from the 86T lockout relays. See Section 4 for details of the test
switches.

4. Lockouts shall block the automatic transfer scheme. Lockout

relays which operate for transformer faults only shall not block
auto transfer.

8.4 Fuse Protection of Transformers

8.4.1 General Requirements

1. HV-side fuse protection is allowed on 69 or 115 kV delta-

connected windings where the self-cooled OA rating is below
5,000 kVA.

2. HV-side fuse protection is allowed on delta-connected

transformers where the voltage is less than 69 kV and the OA
rating is less than 2,000 kVA.

3. Fuses shall not be installed on transformer primary windings that

are connected in grounded-wye, or on autotransformer series or
common windings.

4. Individual transformers of banked transformers shall not be

protected by fuses.

5. HV-side fuses shall not be provided in lieu of breakers to protect

transformers with low resistance-grounded neutrals or grounding
transformers on the LV side.

6. Where fuses are installed on the HV side of a transformer,

separate overcurrent protection devices shall be installed in the

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

LV circuit. These may be at the service entrance in residential

installations.

7. The fuse manufacturer's application data shall be consulted to

obtain the required fuse style and rating for each application.

8.4.2 Fuse Ratings

1. The symmetrical interrupting rating of a fuse shall not be less

than maximum symmetrical subtransient fault current at the
transformer.

2. The interrupting rating of current-limiting type fuses shall be

based on the available fault current and not on the let-through
current characteristic of the fuse.

3. The continuous current rating of a fuse shall be greater than the

continuous full-load current rating of the transformer. The
required rating shall be selected such that the fuse will not melt or
deteriorate during force-cooled loading or magnetizing inrush
conditions.

4. The minimum-melting time-current characteristic shall

coordinate with the transformer inrush current.

5. The fuse maximum continuous current rating shall be as specified

by NEC Article 450-3 Table 450-3(a)(2) for Supervised
Locations.

6. The selection of the fuse continuous current rating shall allow for
the higher than standard ambient air temperatures specified in
SAES-P-100, and the effect of pre-fault full-load current.

8.4.3 Installation Requirements

1. Where expulsion fuses are mounted separately or as part of an

expulsion fuse cutout, the manufacturer's recommended
minimum phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground clearances shall be
followed, but the clearances shall not be less than the minimum
clearances in ANSI C37.46.

2. Where fuses are located in an enclosure, the fuse manufacturer

shall supply a revised current rating or the applicable derating
factor.

8.4.4 Fuse Coordination

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Document Responsibility: Electrical Substations Equipment SAES-P-121
Issue Date: 31 July, 2004
Next Planned Update: 1 December, 2008 Transformers and Reactors

1. For the normal maximum transient fault current, the minimum

coordination time interval between upstream relays and
downstream fuses shall be 0.25 second, and between upstream
fuses and downstream relays shall be 0.35 second.

2. The total-clearing time-current characteristic of the fuse shall

coordinate with the transformer through-fault protection curve for
minimum and maximum normal fault currents, in accordance
with ANSI C57.91 or the transformer manufacturer's data.

Revision Summary
30 November, 2003 Revised the "Next Planned Update". Reaffirmed the contents of the document, and reissued
with no other changes.
28 January, 2004 Minor revision.
31 July, 2004 Minor revision.

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