Professional Practice and Ethics Q.4 Define ethics. What is the goal of ethics ? Ans.: Ethics '* Ethics is defined as the process of determining right and wrong conduct. The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligations. Goal of ethics © The discovery of the set of justified moral principles ‘of obligation, rights and ideals that ought to be endorsed by the engineers and apply them to concrete situations. 1.2 ; Professional Ethics - Engineering Ethics, Personal Ethics Q.2 Explain engineering ethics. ‘Ans, : Engineering ethics © Engineering ethics is the set of rules and guidelines that engineers adhere to as a moral obligation to their profession and to the world Engineering is a professional career that impact, lives. When ethics is not followed, disaster often ‘occurs; these disasters not only include huge ‘monetary costs and environmental impacts, but also often result in the loss of human life. ‘* Engineering ethics is the study of the moral issues and decisions confronting individuals and organizations engaged in engineering and study of related questions about the moral ideas, character, policies, relationship of people and corporations involved in technological activities. ‘* Engineering ethics applies to every engineer and is very important. Q.3 Define professional ethics. Ans.: Professional ethics * Professional ethics is a continuous process; it is a way of reviewing behaviour against constantly changing standards. * What may be ethical today, in a particular society. may be viewed differently by others at another time, © This can be influenced by a lot of parameters such as codes of conduct, legal systems, wider public interests ete. Q4 Explain the following terms a) Personal Ethics b) Professional ethics ©) Engineering ethics ‘Ans.: a) Personal ethics : * Personal ethics refers to the ethics that a person, identifies with in respect to people and situations that they deal with in everyday life. b) Professional ethics : * Professional ethics refers to the ethics that a person ‘must adhere to in respect of their interactions and business dealings in their professional life. ©) Engineering ethics : © Engineering ethics is defined by the codes and standards of conduct endorsed by engineering (professional) societies with respect to the particular set of beliefs, attitudes and habits displayed by individual or a group. Q.5 Give difference between business ethics ; professional ethics. Ans.: Business ethics vs professional ethics * Business ethics change over time and are d by whether a certain practice is regarnen tie mk es the sik, Hbrrins organize 1° al or disapproval by others in e : the professi ; ‘Examples include top leasing; lawyer meee information, etc) ries ethics are unchanging rules that go to» Members. set and follow a stand Ahead %6 that a certain profession carrying on their occupational Wor i Se ie te | of these standards must go Beyer’ enforcing professional ethics enable a trade group etplace, ordinary morally (what to be elevated to the level of a profession. what te ma 3 1h pa ~ sa ea 1 ordinary moral ee [113 : Code of Ethics - Profession, | opinion demand. ie # ond ae ea | Professionalism, Pi to fulfill the terms 0 | eee profesional solder must serve fis county ibilit | po tee | honorably, even when ordinary morality, law, and Q6 Define profession. Explain characteristics of a public opinion do not require it) aa These speciél standards are morally binding fo Bess geroteasion : “profeseed” members of the profession. If a member freely declares (or professes) herself to be part of 2 profession, she is voluntarily implying that she wall follow these special moral codes. ards for At least one eA Profession is defined as a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation. If the majority of members of a profession follow the standards, the profession will have a good reputation and members will generally benefit; if the majority of members violate these voluntary standards, professed members of a profession will be at a disadvantage or at the least receive no Characteristics of a profession include benefit from declaring a profession. 1) Advanced expertise - Sophisticated skills and technical knowledge. For this formal education, training, continuing education and updating is required. ‘Any occupation, job, vocation that requires advanced expertise (skill and knowledge), Self-regulation and concerted service to the public good is called profession. It brings high status socially and economically © A. professional is a member of an occupational group (characterized above) who = Sees other members, including those employed elsewhere, as peers/coll 2) Self-regulation - Professional societies play Pattee ee important role in setting standards for admission to profession; drafting codes of ethics; enforcing standards of conduct and representing the profession before the public and government. = Exercises judgment in the performance of ‘occupational tasks and follows relevant professional standards. - Accepts the profession's agreement to work in a morally permissible way (often expressed as 3) Public good - The occupation provides important ‘a code of ethics) as determining in part the public good by concerted efforts to maintain obligations of the role. ethical standards. Eg: Engineers provide products and they do projects for public welfare) health and safety 6 Explain the terms : Professional and Professionalism. : ‘Ans: Professional and Professionalism : Q7 When occupation becomes profession ? . Ans. : An occupation becomes a profession when - Frofessionalls A group of individuals sharing the same occupation © Relates to person! or any work Hal 8 pesado organize to work in a morally permissible way, or ‘on profession and which requires expertise (skills to work to support a moral ideal. (ie. Doctors and knowledge), self-regulation and results in public good. TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an up-thrust for knowledge* Professionalism is defined as the conduct, aims, or ualites that characterize or mark a profession or a professional person, lk is the status of a professional which implies certain attitudes or typical qualities that are expected of a professional * According to Macintyre - professionalism is defined as the services related to achieving the public good, in addition to the practice of the knowledge of moral ideals. Q9 Explain purpose of code of conduct for professional persons. Ans.: The purpose of the code of conduct is as follows - 1. To increase professional and ethical consciousness among engineers and their sense of ethical responsibility; To guide engineers in making more informed ethical choices; and To help the Engineering profession itself function at the fullness of its potential. * As professionals, engineers commit themselves to Supporting and acting in accordance with ethical guidelines covering the following six main areas L Competency TIL Public Interest V. Dignity of the profession IL Integrity IV. Environment VI. Administrative Q.10 Explain types of responsibilities. Ans. : Types of responsibilities : There are different types of responsibilities exhibited in human transactions which include : 1) Moral responsibility : A professional must be responsible morally in creating internal good or good’ outcomes and minimizing side-effects from engineering and technology. These include : ) Obligations : A commitment or moral actions b) Conscientious : A comprehensive outlook to accept the duties and carefully, do the tight things by putting their heart, head and hand. ) Accountability : Being answerable, 4) Praiseworthy/Blameworthy: (same as above) 2) Causal responsibility Pro Must take responsibility for the cause. Eg : A negligence has caused some mishap. We take up this causal responsibility. 3) Job responsibility : Comprises of assigned in the place of employment. ; 4) Legal responsibility : It is the response required by law and includes legal obligations and accountability to meet them. Many of these overlap with moral responsibilities. i Conflict of Interest, Gift Vs Bribery Q.11 What is a conflict of interest ? Ans.: Conflict of interest - © A conflict of interest involves circumstances where an individual's professional actions or decisions at the library could be influenced by considerations of personal gain, usually of a financial nature, as a result’ of interests outside their ‘library responsibilities Q.12 Explain the meaning of conflict of interest. Explain some common forms of conflict of interest. Ans.: Conflict of interests : * Conflict of Interest (COI) is an ethical challenge that occurs when an individual or organization is involved in multiple interests that are at odds with’ one another. It occurs when the employee has more than one interest. The situation may arise when a professional has an interest that if pursued might prevent him from meeting his obligations to his employers or clients, for example, an electrical engineer working in a state electricity board may have a financial interest in a company supplies electrical instruments, *A conflict of interest is different from interests. * COI is especially problematic in situations in someone in a position of trusteg, a lanyer-who has competing profesional interests. ifsa Practice Law on Ethics These competing interests make it pehalf of one interest without c integrity of the other, ‘common forms of conflict of interest o The following are some of the most common forms of conflict of interest : . a) Self-dealing, in which an official who controls an organization causes it to enter into a | transaction with the offical, or with another onganization that benefits the offical, ie, the official is on both sides of the "deal" . ¥) Outside employment, in which the interests of ane job contradict another. | ¢) Family interests, in which a spouse, child, or other close relative is employed (or applies for | employment) or where goods or services are purchased from such a relative ot a firm controlled by @ relative. For this reason, many employment applications ask if one is related to a current employee. In this event, the relative may be recused from any hiring decisions. Abuse of this type of conflict of interest is called nepotism 4) Gifts from friends who also do business with the person receiving the gifts (may include non-tangible things of value such as. transportation and lodging) hard to act on | ‘ompromising the Q.13 Explain types of conflicting interests. Ans.: ‘Types of conflicting interests : Following are important types of conflicting interest. 1. Actual conflict of interest : © This refers to the situation where the objective is list in decision making, and the inability to discharge the duty to the employer. It is the result of weaker judgment and service. A civil engineer working in the public works department has a financial interest in a contracting ‘company, which has submitted a bid for the onstruction of a bridge. "There may be a variety of outside interest. But the conflict arises when the outside interest influences ‘r threatens the professional judgment in serving __ the employer or clients. Profesional Practice and EDS 2. Apparent conflict of interest : ; ie on explained in the following ae cs engineer is paid based on a percent of see at the design and there is no incentive for aes the costs. In this situation, it appeats aa engineer makes the design more expensive In to get larger commission for him. : This situation leads to doubting the engineers interest and ability for professional judgment. 3. Potential conflict of interest : ‘There are situations where the interest of an employee extends beyond the current employer and into the interest on one's spouse, relative or friend. © The interest changes into intimacy and subsequent non-moral judgments against the interest of the employer and in favour of the outsider or even 2 potential competitor. a) Favourable contact : This happens when the engineer has partial or substantial stockholding in the business of that contractor or supplier. b) Bribe and Gift : The conflict arises when accepting large gifts from the suppliers. Bribe is different from a gift. The following table shows a comparison of the nature of bribe and gift. Codes of ethics do not encourage even gifts, but employees have set forth flexible policies. Government and company policies generally ban gifts more than a nominal value, ‘An additional thumb rule is that the acceptance of gift should not influence one's judgment on merit. ©) Moonlighting : It is a situation when a person is working as employee for two different companies in the spare time. This is against the right to pursue one's legitimate self-interest. It will lead to conflict of interests, if the person ‘works for competitors, suppliers or customers, while working under an employer. Another effect of moonlighting is that it leaves the person exhausted and harms the job performance in both places. 4) Insider information : Another potential conflict of interest is when using ‘inside’ information to establish a business venture or get an advantage for oneself or one’s family friends. The information may be either of the parent company or its clients or its business1-5 engineers might inform the The purpose of the kickback is usually detision on the company's merger with another the other party to cooperate in the illegal company or acquisition or an innovative strategy adopted. In such cases, their friends get information on stock holding and decide on trading their stocks to sell or buy quickly, so that gain more or prevent a loss. For example, in WorldCom USA, the insider information | "4H the sight decision? ee was used to manipulate and sell a large | Ans: Difference between business sift amount of stock holding by the Director, upon __ Gift is given to someone without any expectation knowing that the government has declined to return. Value of gift are often based on closeness it admit their product. relation, time of gifting, economic condition of giver and receiver. Q.15 What is the difference between an business gift and a bribe? What kind of n structures should an organisation have in pl help its employees avoid ethical dilemmas Q.14 Explain the meaning of : a) Bribery b) Kickback * Bribe is given with expectation of favour toward Ans.: a) Bribery giver. Its economic value are incoherent to closeness © Bribery is the act of giving money, goods, or other in relation, timing (inappropriate timing) and costly. forms of compensation to a recipient in exchange * Business gifts may be a costly cricket match ticket, for an alteration of their behaviour (to the desk clock, sweets or even a cash envelope. Timing benefitfinterest of the giver) that the recipient of such gifts makes them bribe. Suppose a gift from would otherwise not alter someone just before you are going to roll-out a © Many types of payments or favours can constitute tender, a calendar and desk accessories with bold) bribes: tips, gifts, favours, discount, waived fees, name of pharma companies to) dine srasa aaa > free foods, free advertising, free trips, free tickets, are actually bribe and not gift donations, campaign contribution, Many MNC organisations have come up with sponsorship/backing, higher paying job, stock norms and structures already. Some norms which options, secret commission, or promotions. are still needed are : * The key to identifying bribery is that it is intended _* Reporting to department about any gifts that is to alter the recipient's behaviour. received from whom, value and date details. Any * The simplest form of bribery: a parent who tells a sifts above certain monetary values should be child that if he behaves while at the grocery store, avoided, he will get ice cream or a toy. This is a common __# No gifts received with brand name should be pt and mostly harmless form of bribery, but does it set on desk as it will tamish the image the tone for expecting a future favour in exchange official/public servant for lenient toward for good behaviour? In business, bribery can be brand. very subtle, * Provision of filing gift tax by receiver, by Kickback : department should tally the gift received © A kickback is a form of negotiated bribery in which mentioned in department books and filed a commission is paid to the bribe-taker in exchange receiver. Failure to file tax for gift should be for services rendered. Generally speaking, money, seriously. goods, or services handed over are negotiated * Scrutiny of gifts received by officials ahead of time. checking of property declaration © The kickback varies from other kinds of bribes in Repeated gift from same person should that there is implied collusion between agents of iteitu patties, rather than one party extorting theQ.46 Explain meaning of lawful Ans.: Lawful gift . a Giving 2 gift to a public official can be troublesome because of the intent of the giver in that situation When it is unclear or there is a hint of a corrupt intent, an investigation can ensue. In theory, there 18 a clear distinction because of the intent of the giver. * However, in practice, it can get murky. It is tisky to Rive something of value to a person in a position of authority, in a position to make some decision or take some action in their official capacity as a public official, 1 Environmental Breaches, Negligence, Deficiencies in State-of-the-Art; Vigil Mechanism, Whistle Blowing, Protected Disclosures Q.17 Explain environmental breaches or violations. Ans.: Environmental breaches - Environmental crime refers to the violation of laws intended to protect the environment and human health. © These laws govern air and water quality and dictate the ways in which the disposal of waste and hazardous materials can legally take place. * Individuals or corporations can be found guilty of a white-collar crime when violations of environmental ‘* An environmental breach or violation occurs when ‘an activity or an existing condition does not comply with an environmental law or regulation. Environmental violations can include (but are not limited to) : ) Smoke or other emissions from local industrial facilities; b) Tampering with emission control or air conditioning systems in automobiles; ©) Destruction of wetlands, contamination ground water 4) Improper treatment, storage, or waste-disposal of hazardous wastes; ©) Dumping into oceans, streams, lakes, or rivers f) Exceedances of pollutant limits at Publicly-owned wastewater trectment plants; 8) Unpermitted dredging or filling of waters and wetlands; h) Any unpermitted industrial actvity; ') Late night dumping or any criminal activity including falsifying reports or other documents, i) Improperly handling pesticides or other toxic chemicals k) Falsifying lab data pertaining to environmental regulations Q.8 State the objectives and scope of vigil mechanism policy. Ans. : Objectives of vigil mechanism - © The vigil mechanism aims to provide a channel to the Directors and employees to report genuine concerns about unethical behaviour, actual or suspected fraud or violation of the Codes of Conduct or policy, * The company must be committed to adhere to the highest standards of ethical, moral and conduct of business operations and in order maintain these standards, the ' encourage its employees whoScope of Vigil mechanism policy '* The Policy covers disclosure of any unethical and improper or malpractices and events which have taken place/ suspected to take place involving : a) Breach of Business Integrity and Ethics ) Breach of terms and conditions of employment and rules thereof ©) Intentional Financial irregularities, including fraud, or suspected fraud 4) Deliberate violation of laws/regulations ) Gross or Wilful Negligence causing substantial and specific danger to health, safety and environment f) Manipulation of company data/records 8) Pilferation of confidential/propriety information hh) Gross Wastage/misappropriation of Company funds/assets Q.19 What is whistle blowing ? Explain aspects of whistle blowing. Explain types of whistle blowing. Under which situation whistle blowing is justified ? Ans.: Whistle blowing - © Whistle Blowing is defined as conveying information by an employee, on an important moral problem to somebody in a position to take on the problem. Further this is done outside the approved organization channels. * A whistle blower is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public. ‘* Many whistle blowers have stated that they were motivated to take action to put an end to unethical practices after witnessing injustices in their businesses or organizations. In addition to ethics, social and organizational pressure are a motivating force. Aspects of whistle blowing © There are four aspects of whistle blowing, namely : 1, Basis of disclosure : The basis for disclosure be intentional, or under pressure from or others not to disclose. business ie It can be a threat employees’ health, safety and criminal activity, or unethical practices, or an injustice to the worke the organization. Agent : The person disclosing the inform may be a current or former employee person having a close link to the organi 4, Recipient : The person or organization, receives the information, is in a position remedy the problem or alert the affects parties, Usually, the recipients are not aware of the information fully or even partially. Types of whistle blowing «Based on the destination (recipient), blowing is classified into types as : (@) Intemal : In this case, the information conveyed to a person within the orga but beyond the approved channels. (b) Extemal : This happens when the informat is transmitted outside the organization, recipient may be a municipal chairman member of legislature or minister. It becomes severe if the information reaches the press and _ through them the public The damage is maximum and sometimes poses difficulty it remedying the situation. * Based on the origin or source (agent), this can divided into three types, as follows ; (a) Open : The originator reveals his identity he conveys the information, This information reliable and true, but sometimes partially true, (b) Anonymous : The identity is concealed. TI information may or may not be true, But agent anticipates perhaps some repression threat, if identity is revealed. (©) Partly anonymous (or partly open) : situation exists when the individual x identity to the journalist, but is tl name be withheld from others, Under which Whistle blowing is * Under the followingimmediate response was forthcoming from reasonable time. satisfactory them, within a 4, Regular channels within the organization have been used to transport the information to the highest level of managements and information has reached them. Situations 3 and 4 may not be appropriate, when one's supervisors are the main source of the problem or wi demands that regular channels ar: only add the delay 5. There is a reasonable hope that the whistle Blowing can prevent or remedy the damage existing or anticipated yhen urgency © expected to ‘Professional societies, unions and some central laws are there to protect the genuine whistle blowers, but the route is full of adventure. Laws alone are not sufficient. The engineers and other employees have to act as watch dogs and provide necessary legal assistance to the blowers. ©The IEEE has taken active roles by assisting the ‘members, backing them when they are to face legal Proceedings, helping the engineers discharged unjustly and honouring the courageous whistle blowers with public recognitions, * Whistle Blowers have to consider - a) The personal obligation to family b) Right to pursue one’s career and 6) Sometimes sacrifice, before this venture, 020 Is there specific legislation in place relating 10 whistleblowing ? Ans, : * The Whistleblower Protection Act, 2014 was enacted to enable any person to disclose to a Competent thority, acts of corruption or wilful misuse of public servant. ‘This Act is intended to protect those sae public interest disclosure relating to an a\ corruption or wilful misuse of power or wilful misuse of discretion by a public servant. * The Whistleblowers Protection (Amendment) Bill, 2015 was introduced in Lok Sabha on May 11, 2015 and passed in that House on May 13, 2015. The Bill amends the Whistleblowers Protection Act, 2014, Q.21 What is whistleblowing ? State its benefits. ‘Ans. : Whistleblowing : *Whistleblowing is an act of disclosure of information to public, generally of activities of an organization that are against public interest and’ whistle blowers are the persons who divulges ‘wrong doing, fraud, corruption or mismanagement. *The concept of whistle blowing comes into existence when companies or management involve themselves in illegal or unethical practices or wrongdoing in the work place to gain competitive edge over the rival companies. Benefits of Whistieblowing Policy 1, Fostering good governance by encouraging employees to escalate deceitful actions by colleagues/ seniors/third parties, 2 Promotion of the organizational values thus nurturing a culture of openness in workplace, 3. Sending a clear message that severe action will be taken against unethical and fraudulent acts. 4. Dissuading employees from committing fraud by instilling fear of unfavorable consequences when. caught. : 5. Early alerts to diffuse a potentially larger disaster. Q.22 What is Whistleblowing in the Workplace ? ‘Ans. : Whistleblowing in the Workplace - + Whistleblowing is the term used when a raises a concer about a relevantworker's attention in connection with the worker's employment. * Relevant wrong doings are broadly defined in the Act and include the following : 1) Commission of an offence - has happened, is happening, or is likely to happen; 2) Failure to comply with any legal obligation (other than one arising under the worker's contract of employment); 3) Miscarriage of justice; 4) Health and safety of any individual; 5) Misuse of public money; 6) Gross mismanagement by public body; 7) Damage to the environment; 8) Destruction or concealment of information relating to any of the above Q.23 Elaborate protected disclosure under whistle blower Act. Ans.: Protected disclosure - * The Protected Disclosures Act 2014 aims to protect people who raise concems about possible wrongdoing in the workplace. * The Act, which came into effect on 15 July 2014, is often called the whistleblower legislation. © The Act provides for redress for employees who are dismissed or otherwise penalised for having reported possible wrongdoing in the workplace. * It is important to note that in order to enjoy the protections of the Act, disclosures must be made in accordance with the provisions set out in the Act * The Act's definition of the term worker includes : 1, Employees or former employees 2. Trainees 3, People working under a contract for services 4, Independent contractors 5, Agency worker 6. Civil and Public Servants The Act as for a stepped disclosure process h the objective that disclosure should be, er possible, made at workplace level to the of riate person. «The At provide eam d worker in line with the channels se legislation, a worker is protected from by the employer. * Penalisation is defined in the Act and example : a) Suspension/Layoff/Dismissal; b) Demotion; ) Transfer of duties, change of location, in working hours, reduction in wages; d) Imposition of reprimand, discipline or ol penalty; e) Unfair treatment; ) Discrimination; g) Harassment, threat of reprisal. 1.6: Introduction to GST - Various Roles of Various Stake Holders Q.24 What is GST ? State types of GST. of India's adoption of GST. Ans,; GST - * GST is known as the Goods and Services Tax. Th Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a uniform it tax levied on goods and services across the * Goods and Services Tax Law in India comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based single domestic indirect tax law for the e country, *GST is a multistage tax system comprehensive in nature and applied on goods and services, ‘* GST has replaced central taxes like service tax, additional duties of excise ar special additional duty of customs, and surcharges, on supply of g Components of GST2 State GST : SGST is ey products or services Selthin sae the sale of 43, Integrated GST : IGST is leyieg | interstate basis typically attracts Torreon ot consideration thereof. {CST on the 4, Union Territory Goods and UTGST is levied on the suppl eet Banices in any of the Uni Tema e tor it country, viz. Andaman and Nicobar Ietrae Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Toa Lakshadweep, and Chandigarh. UTGST i, levied along with CCST i India's Adoption of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) «On September 16, 2016, Government of India issued notifications bringing into effect all the sections of Constitutional (122nd Amendment) Bill setting fimly into motion the rolling out of GST. This notification sets out an outer limit of time of one year, that is tll 15-9-2017 for bringing into effect GST. eindia established a dual GST structure in 2017, under their “one nation, one tax” reform, which was the biggest reform in the country’s tax structure in decades. «The development of GST took many consultations, negotiations and revisions before it was launched in its final form in 2017. The main objective of incorporating the GST was to eliminate tax on tax, or double taxation, which cascades from the manufacturing level to the consumption level. Q25 What is GST council? Give composition of GST council. Ans; GST Council *GST Council is a federal forum with both centre and states in India on board. *GST is implemented and regulated by the This council is made up of the finance different State GsT of the Central as well as Composition of GST Council ‘© The Union Finance Minister (as Chairman), «The Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance, and «The Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister, nominated by each state government. 0.26 What items are not taxed or covered under GST? Ans. Items not covered under GST ‘There are a few products, which were not under the purview of GST till long after its launch. 1. Alcohol for human consumption : On alcohol, the power to tax remains with the states. 2. Petroleum products : GST was not imposed on five petroleum products - crude oil, diesel, petrol, natural gas and ATF. 3, Tobacco : Along with GST, the Central Government has the power to levy additional excise duty on tobacco products. 4, Entertainment tax ; The power to decide on entertainment tax levied by local bodies remains with the states Tae a Fill in the Blanks for Mid Term Exam _ Q1 Accepted principles of right or wrong. governing the conduct of business people are called Q2 The basic rule of professionalism is “not knowingly to do__". 3 According to the Companies Act, is an action aimed at drawing the attention of stakeholders to instances of unethical practices in an onganization, Q4 From Goods and Services Tax became effective. Q5 The head of GST council is : TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS® - an vpthst for krowdoe‘Which of the following is a correct combination ? Type of Ethics Example 1) Business Ethics ~ A) Drafting a policy on Corporate Social Responsibility 2) Meta Ethics -- _B) Writing a thesis on the nature of perception in moral 3) Professional Ethics ~ ) Drafting a white paper on the ethical conduct of Managers 4) Applied Ethics ~ _ D) Conceiving a formula to deal with ethical implications of road 1@ 1-A;2-B;3-C;4-D ic 1-Aand3-C Q2 To be successful, business ethics training programs need to__ a, focus on personal opinions of employees & be limited to upper executives a business values €_ business ethics Q4 Profession means a any paid occupation, job or career Lc any way of serving livelihood Q5 The first and foremost professional ethics is (a) to striving for excellence [eto serve the needy and poor of the society Q.6 What is true about a professional ? “a The professional has to have autonomy € He should not subject to political control Q7 GST means___ [a) Goods and Supply Tax [| Goods and Services Tax el | educate employees on formal ethical frameworks and models of ethical decision making |d promote the use of emotions in making tough ethical decisions Accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business people are called___ b 2 alle = 1-B;2-C;3-A;4-D 2-C;3-Bard4-D business conduct business principles specialised person in his job area None of these none of these He cannot be supervised by the All of the aboveaaR Siiiiie CY ae