ICSE CLASS 10

HISTORY & CIVICS

CHAPTER-WISE SUMMARY
By Sheela Venkatramani
 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

This book includes…

History & Civics: Chapter Wise Most Important Questions & Answers

Target Exam: ICSE Class 10 Board Exams

Also recommended to prepare for class tests in school

Helpline
Call / SMS / WhatsApp on +91 7506181854
or email us on care@[Link]

Note: Copying, Scanning or reproducing this e-book in whatsoever form is strictly prohibited. Exam18 holds all the rights
of this book and anyone found sharing, copying, reproducing it in whatsoever form will be strictly punished and all the
monetary loss will be recovered.

2|Exam18

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CONTENTS

HISTORY

# TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 The First War of Independence 1857-1917 5

2 Growth of Nationalism 14

3 First Phase of The Indian National Movement 1915-1947 19

4 Second Phase of The Indian National Movement 1905-1916 23

5 Muslim League 28

6 Mahatma Gandhi and The National Movement 32

7 Quit India Movement 40

8 Forward Bloc and INA 43

9 Independence and Partition of India 44

10 The First World War 49

11 Rise of Dictatorships 54

12 The Second World War 57

13 United Nation 63

14 Non-aligned Movement 68

3|Exam18

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CIVICS

# TOPICS PAGE NO.

1 The Union Legislature – The Union Parliament 71

2 The Union Executive – The President and The Vice - President 80

3 Prime Minister and Council of Minister 85

4 The Judiciary – The Supreme Court 89

5 The High Court and Subordinate Courts 93

4|Exam18

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 1

THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1857

Scope of syllabus
• Causes of First war of Independence
• Consequence of First War of Independence.

CAUSES OF THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

A. POLITICAL CAUSE
1) Policy of Expansion –
The British policy of control and gradual extinction of the native Indian States was one of the
major grievances of the Indian rulers. The British tried to expand their political power in four
ways:
(i) By outright wars - To expand their territorial power in India and to safeguard their
economic and political interests, the British waged many wards.
a) The Battle of Buxar [1764] established the British as the masters of Bengal, Bihar and
Odisha.
b) Due to their success in Anglo-Mysore Wars [1767-1799] the East India Company
annexed most of the territories of Mysore State.
c) After the Third Anglo-Maratha War [1817-1818] the Peshwa's entire dominions and all
Maratha territory North and South of the Narmada river were acquired by the British.
d) After the Sikhs were defeated in Second Anglo-Sikh War, Punjab was annexed in
1849

(ii) Subsidiary Alliance - It was introduced by Lord Wellesley. Under this system, the Indian
ruler who agreed to the subsidiary Alliance -
a) Accepted British as the supreme power
b) Surrendered their foreign relations to the East India Company and agreed that they
would not enter into any alliance with any other power and would not wage wars.
c) Accepted a British Resident at their headquarters and agreed not to employ any
European in their service without consulting the company.
d) Agreed to maintain British troops at their own cost and they virtually lost their
independence.

(iii) By using Doctrine of Lapse - Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of India, annexed
many Indian States to the company using the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this Lapse,
heirs adopted without the consent of the company, could inherit only the private property
of the deceased ruler, and not his territory, which would come under the company's rule.

The principle of Lapse was also applied to take away the titles and pensions of the rulers
of some states, States that became victims to the Doctrine were Jhansi, Satara,
Sambalpur, Jaitpur, Udaipur and Nagpur.

5|Exam18

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(iv) On the pretext of Alleged Misrule - In 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh to the
company's dominance on the pretext of alleged misrule. He justified the annexation of
Awadh on the pretext of "the good governance". But the people of Awadh had to face
many hardships. They had to pay higher land revenue and additional taxes on food,
houses etc. The dissolution of the Nawab of Awadh's army and administration threw
thousands of nobles, officials and soldiers out of jobs. Awadh played a major role in the
uprising of 1857.

2) Disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah –

(i) Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal ruler, was under the protection of the company and
received a pension from the British.
(ii) In 1849, Lord Dalhousie announced that successors of Bahadur Shah Zafar would not
be permitted to use the Red Fort as their palace. They were required to shift to a place
near Qutab Minar.
(iii) In 1856, Lord Canning announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah, his successors
would not be allowed to use the imperial titles with their names and would be known as
mere princes.

3) Treatment given to Nana Saheb [adopted son of Baji Rao II, the last Peshawar] and Rani
Laxmibai -
(i) The British refused to grant Nana Saheb the pension they were paying to Baji Rao II
(ii) Nana Saheb was forced to live at Kanpur, far away from his family seat at Poona.
(iii) The wealth he inherited from former Peshawar, was utilized in sending emissaries to
various parts of the country for generating awareness among the Indians about the
British Policies.
(iv) Rani Laxmi Bai of Jhansi, who became the victim of the Doctrine of Lapse, became a
bitter enemy of the British as her adopter son was not accepted as the heir to the
throne.

4) Absentee Sovereignty of the British –

It means that India was ruled by the British Government. from England, at a distance of
thousands of miles.
(i) Absentee sovereignty of the British rule was resented by the Indians.
(ii) The earlier rulers who had settled in India, like the Mughals, collected revenue from the
Indians and it were spent in India only.
(iii) In case of Britain, the Indians felt that they were being ruled from England and India's
wealth was being drained to England and not utilized for their welfare.

B. SOCIO-RELIGIOUS CAUSES
1) Interference with social customs –
Some of the social reforms introduced by the British in India aimed at improving the
conditions of the people. But, the feelings of the people were not taken into consideration,
while introducing such reforms. Hence, reforms like abolition at Sati, introduction of the
Widow Remarriage Act etc. were not welcomed by the masses.

6|Exam18

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

2) Apprehensions about Modern Innovations –

Introduction of modern innovations like railways and telegraphs was misunderstood by
people. Ex-orthodox Indians noted that in the railway compartments the higher castes and
the lower castes were made to sit side by side. They believed that the British had introduced
such practices to defy their caste and religion.

3) Policy of Racial Discrimination –

British officers were rude and arrogant towards the Indians. They believed that they were
superior to Indians. They dubbed the Muslims as cruel and unfaithful. Such acts of unjust
discrimination alienated the British from the Indian masses.

4) Corruption in administration –
The police and petty officials were corrupt. The rich got away with crime but the common
man was looted, oppressed and tortured.

5) Activities of Missionaries –
In 18th Century, the British had a friendly attitude towards Indian Religions. The company
even acted as a trustee of some Hindu temples. But, in the 19th Century, this attitude
changed. The British started interfering with the local religious and social customs. They
denounced idol worship and dubbed local beliefs as ignorance.
After 1813, numbers and activities of the Christian missionaries increased. Indians thought that
the Government. was supporting missionaries who would convert them to Christianity.

6) Fears regarding Western education –

The Western system of education was introduced in many schools. Ex- the Bengal
Government. established an English class in Calcutta, Madrasa, which was a Muslim
institution. English classes were introduced in Benaras Sanskrit college. This migration from
oriental learning to Western education was not received well by the people, especially the
Pandits and the Maulvis. This was seen as an attempt to discourage traditional Islamic and
Hindu Studies.

7) Law of Property –
The Religious Disabilities Act of 1850 changed the Hindu Law of Property. It allowed
conversion from Hindu to other religions to inherit the property of their father. The Hindus
regarded this as an incentive to give up one's religious faith.

C. ECONOMIC CAUSES
1) Exploitation of Economic Resources -
(i) Agricultural India was made an economic colony to serve the interests of industrial
England.
(ii) India was forced to export, raw materials like raw cotton and silk at cheaper rates that
the British industries needed urgently.
(iii) India was also forced to accept readymade British goods either duty-free or at nominal
duty rates, while Indian products were subjected to high import duties in England.

7|Exam18

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(iv) Indian handmade goods were unable to compete with the cheaper, machine-made
British products, which ruined the Indian industry, deprived the artisans of their income
and reduced the avenues of employment of labour.

2) Drain of wealth –
Till the Battle of Plassey [1757], European traders brought gold into Indian, to buy Indian
cotton and silk. But, after the conquest of Bengal, the British stopped getting gold into India.
They purchased raw material, for their industries from the surplus revenues of Bengal and
profits from duty-free inland trade. Thus, Britain started plundering Indian's raw materials,
resources and wealth.

The transfer of wealth from India to England, for which India did not receive proportionate
economic return, is called the Drain of Wealth.

The drain included salaries, incomes and savings of Englishmen, British expenditure in India
on the purchase of military goods, office establishment etc.

3) Decay of Cottage Industries and Handicrafts -

(i) Heavy duties on Indian silk and cotton textiles in Britain destroyed Indian Industries.
While British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty.
(ii) Export of cotton and silk goods from India ceased.
(iii) The art of spinning and weaving, which was a source of employment to thousands of
artisans, became extinct.
(iv) The misery of the artisans further increased by the disappearance of their traditional
patrons and buyers- the princes, zamindars, etc.

4) Economic Decline of Peasantry -

(i) Peasants were discontent with the official land revenue policy and the consequent loss
of their land.
(ii) Increase in land revenue forced many peasants into indebtedness or into selling their
lands.
(iii) Traditional zamindars were replaced by merchants and moneylenders, who had no
concern for the peasants.
(iv) They pushed rents to exorbitant levels and evicted their tenants in case of non-
payment.
(v) Economic decline of peasants affected cultivation and led to many famines.

5) Inhuman treatment of indigo cultivators -

Indigo trade was highly profitable to the British but the conditions under which the peasants
worked were inhuman. They were forced to cultivate only indigo in the fields chosen by the
British Planters. If they planted anything else, their crops were destroyed; their cattle were
carried off as punishment.

6) Decline of Landed Aristocracy -

The landed aristocracy which included the taluqdars and the hereditary landlords were
deprived of their estates. According to the provisions of the Inam Commission [1852] 20,000
8|Exam18

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

estates were confiscated when the landlords failed to produce title-deeds by which they held
the land. These confiscated lands were sold by public auction to the highest bidders. Such
estates were purchased by merchants and moneylenders who did not understand the needs
of the tenants and exploited them. This drove the landed aristocracy to poverty without
benefitting the peasantry which suffered under the weight of exorbitant land revenue.

D. MILITARY CAUSES
1) Ill-treatment of Indian Soldiers -
East India Company established the British Empire in India with the help of Indian soldiers.
Though, Indian soldiers were as efficient as their British Counterparts, they were poorly paid,
ill-bed and badly housed.
The British military authorities forbade the sepoys from wearing caste or sectarian marks,
beards or turbans.

2) General service Enlistment Act -

As per the General Service Enlistment Act 1856, the Indian soldiers could be sent overseas
on duty. The act did not take into account the sentiments of Indian soldiers since it was a
taboo for a Brahmin to cross the seas.

3) Bleak Prospects of Promotion -

1) All higher positions in employment were reserved for the British, irrespective of their
performance.
2) Even the Indian soldiers formerly occupying high positions could not rise above the
ranks of a subedar.

4) Deprivation of Allowances -
The extension of British dominion in India adversely affected the service conditions of the
sepoys. They were required to serve in areas away from their homes without extra payment
and additional Bhatta [Foreign Service allowance.]
The Post Office Act of 1854 withdrew the privilege of free postage enjoyed by sepoys.

5) Faulty Distribution of Troops -

Places of strategic importance like Delhi, Allahabad had no British armies and were wholly
held by Indian soldiers. Besides, England was engaged in several wars outside India, e.g. the
Persian War, Crimean War and the Chinese War. Indian soldiers thought that the British were
in difficulty and the safety of her Indian empire depended on them. Hence, they were
determined to strike at them at a suitable time.

E. IMMEDIATE CAUSES
1) INTRODUCTION OF THE ENFIELD RIFLE -
In 1856, British authorities decided to replace the old-fashioned Musket [Brown Bess] by the
new 'Enfield rifle'. The cartridges used in the rifle were said to be greased with the fat of cows
and pigs. Greased paper of the cartridges had to be bitten off with the teeth before loading
them in the rifle. The Sepoys were convinced that the introduction of greased cartridges was
a deliberate move to defile Hindu and Muslim religions as the cow is sacred to Hindus and

9|Exam18

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

the sacrificing pig is a taboo to Muslims. Thus, Hindu and Muslim soldiers refused to use
these cartridges and staged an uproar when they were forced to use them.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

1) End of the Company's Rule -
The most important result of the uprising of 1857 was the end of the rule of the East India
Company and assumption of the Government of India directly by the crown. This was done by
the Government of India Act of 1858 which had the following provisions -
a) It transferred the power to govern India from the East India Company to the British
Crown.
b) While the authority over India was earlier in the hands of the Directors of the company
and the Board of control, the power was now exercised by the Secretary of State for
India, aided by a council. The Secretary of State was responsible to the Parliament.
Thus, the ultimate power over India remained with the British Parliament.
c) Secretary of State's salary and allowances were to be paid out of the revenues of India.
d) Actual governance was to be carried on by the Governor-General who was also given
the title of Viceroy or Crown's personal representative. Lord Canning was appointed as
the first Viceroy under this Act.

2) Queen Victoria's Proclamation -

Queen's proclamation incorporating the transfer of governance from East India Company to
British Crown was made public at Allahabad, on November 1, 1858, by Lord Canning, the first
Viceroy of India. The proclamation promised that the Government of India would -
(i) follow a policy of non-intervention in social and religious matters of Indians.
(ii) treat all subjects - Indians and Britishers as equals. Education and ability would be the
basis of all appointments.
(iii) grant a general pardon to all those who had taken part in the war except those who
were found guilty of murder of British subjects.
(iv) promote public utility works in India to ensure the materialistic as well as the moral
progress of people.

3) End of Mughals and Peshwas -

(i) With the death of Bahadur Shah II, who was deported to Yangon, the Mughal dynasty
ended.
(ii) Nana Saheb, the last Peshwa, had taken an active part in the uprising and had fled to
Nepal, after the failure of the uprising. So, office of the Peshwa ended. Thus, the legacy
of two of the most formidable foes of the British - the Marathas and the Mughals had
ended.

4) Relation with Princely States -

a) The policy of Annexation and the Doctrine of Lapse were abandoned.
b) Some Indian princes had remained loyal to the British and had helped them in
suppressing the uprising. Their loyalty was rewarded with the announcement that their
right to adopt heirs would be respected and the integrity of their territories guaranteed
against future annexation.

10 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

c) In 1876, Queen Victoria assumed the title of the "Empress of India"

d) Indian princes willingly became agents of British Crown because they were promised
that they would continue as rulers of their state.

5) Policy of Divide and Rule -

(i) After 1858, British continued their policy of 'divide and rule' by turning the Princess
against the people, province against province, caste against caste, Hindus against
Muslims etc.
(ii) They alienated people from their rulers by giving them special protection and
concessions.
(iii) The British also encouraged hatred and ill-feeling among Hindus and Muslims so that
they could never challenge the British Empire in India.

6) Racial Antagonism -
(i) British believed in their racial superiority and they thought that a social distance was to
be maintained to preserve their authority over the Indians.
(ii) Railway compartments, Parks, Hotels, etc. were reserved for 'Europeans Only’.

7) Foreign Policy
(i) India's foreign policy was dictated by the interests of the British Government. It fulfilled
two aims of the British -
a) Protection of its Indian Empire.
b) Expansion of British economic and commercial interests in Asia and Africa.
The cost of implementation of these policies was borne by the Indians.

8) Changes in the Army -

The Indian Army was re-organized after 1858, to prevent the reoccurrence of another uprising
in the following manner -
(i) The strength of European troops in India was increased.
The ratio of European to Indian troops was 1:2 [Bengal army] and 2:5 [Madras and
Bombay armies]
(ii) European troops were kept in key geographical and military positions.
(iii) Earlier Policy of excluding Indians from the officer corps was strictly maintained.
(iv) To desist Indian soldiers from rising again against the British ruler, the sophisticated
weapons and ammunition were never placed under the charge of Indians. All Indian
artillery units, except few mountain units were disbanded.
(v) The organization of the Indian section of the army was based on the policy of 'Balance
and Counterpoise' or 'Divide and Rule' so as to prevent another Anti-British uprising.
(vi) Newspapers, journals, nationalist publications were prevented from reaching the
soldiers to keep the Indian army separated from the rest of the population.

9) Economic Exploitation -
The uprising of 1857 ended the era of territorial expansion and ushered in the era of
economic exploitation in the following manner -
(i) India was turned into colonial economy, exporting raw material, importing finished
goods.
11 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(ii) Salary and allowances of secretary of state and members of the India council, the civil
servants and military officers were a large drain on the country's resources.
(iii) Peasants were impoverished under the British rule.
(iv) Rural artisan industries like handicrafts, spinning and weaving collapsed.
(v) Indians paid heavy interests and dividends on the British Capital invested in India.

10) Rise of Nationalism -

(i) The uprising of 1857 was the first struggle of the Indians for freedom from British
imperialism.
(ii) The sacrifices made by revolutionaries like Rani Laxmi Bai, Nana Saheb and Mangal
Pandey served as a source of inspiration for the future freedom fighters.

11) Religious changes -

The British rulers declared their policy of non-interference in the religious, affairs, customs
and traditions of the Indians.

12 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

13 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 2

GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

Nationalism refers to the feeling of one-ness and common consciousness that emerges when
people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural background,
have the same language, cultural values and consider them as one nation.

FACTORS PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

1) Economic Exploitation -
The Indians realised that the general aim of the British policies in India was to promote their
own interest at the cost of welfare of Indians. The economic discontent of different sections
of society was as follows:
(i) The Peasants - were the main victims of British Colonial policies. The Government took
away a large part of their produce in the form of land revenue. These exorbitant taxes
led the peasants into the clutches of landlords and moneylenders.
(ii) Artisans and Craftsmen - The English East India Company used its political power to
destroy Indian handicrafts and industry. India became a source of raw materials for the
industries of Britain and a market for its finished products. This policy crippled the Indian
Artisans and Craftsmen as they were devoid of their sources of livelihood.
(iii) The working class - Growth of modern industries led to the birth of a new social class in
India - the working class. They were exploited by factory owners, who were generally
Englishmen. Their outlook and interests were covering whole of India, though their
factories were located in cities. All these factors made their political thinking far more
significant than their numerical strength.
(iv) The Educated Indians - The only employment available to the educated Indians was
government service in which competition was high and chances of promotions bleak.
Thus, all sections of the society felt that their economic salvation lay in freeing
themselves from the British rule. Thus, the spirit of nationalism received a powerful
stimulus.

2) Repressive Colonial Policies - The British conquered India to promote their own interest and
hence, followed such repressive policies to make India subservient to the needs of Britain.
Some of these repressive policies, especially those followed by Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India
from 1976-1880 acted as a catalyst for the growth of nationalist movement in India.

Here are some of the policies introduced by Lord Lytton -

(i) Lord Lytton organized a Grand Delhi Darbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the
Empress of India. Lakhs of rupees were spent on the event but nothing was done for
Indians who were in the grip of a feminine (the Queen).
(ii) Lord Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press Act (1878) and Indian Arms Act (1878)
The Vernacular Press Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might
excite feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. The Act was not
applicable to English newspapers.

14 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

The Indian Arms Act made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without license.
This Act was not applicable to the British.
(iii) Maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service examination was reduced from 21 to 19
years, making it difficult for the Indians to complete for it.
(iv) The import duties on British textiles were removed. It proved harmful for the Indian
industry.
(v) Sir, C.P. Ilbert, Law member of the viceroy's council prepared a bill, known as the Ilbert
Bill in 1883. The Bill, which was introduced by the viceroy, Lord Ripon, sought to abolish
judicial disqualification based on race distinctions. This was resented by the British and
they started a Defense Association to defend their special privileges. This reaction
provoked counter agitation by educated Indians. The government withdrew the Bill and
enacted a more moderate measure which vested the power of trying Europeans to a
session Judge and a District Magistrate who might be an Indian.

3) Socio-Religious Reform Movements -

The Socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century were great pioneers of Indian
nationalism. The impact of Western education, which led to a rational, humanitarian and
scientific approach to life, made the educated Indians realize the need to reform their religion
and society. The result was the birth of socio-religious reform movements touching almost
every segment of Indian Society.
Prominent reform movements were:
(i) Brahmo Samaj [founded by Raja Rammohan Roy]
(ii) Arya Samaj [founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati]
(iii) Ramakrishna Mission [founded by Swami Vivekananda] and
(iv) Satya Shodhak Samaj [founded by Jyotirao Phule]

Prominent leaders:
(i) Raja Rammohan Roy -
• In 1829 he founded the Brahmo Sabha, which was later renamed, Brahmo Samaj.
The Bahmo Samaj believed in Monotheism or worship of one God. It condemned
idol worship and laid emphasis on prayer, meditation, charity etc.
• He started a campaign for the abolition of Sati and purdah system.
• He condemned polygamy.
• He discouraged child marriages and advocated the right of widows to remarry.
• It was because of his efforts that, William Bentinck, the Governor- General of India,
passed a law in 1829 making the practice of Sati illegal.
• He was the father of Indian Renaissance and the prophet of Indian Nationalism.

(ii) Jyotirao Phule -

• IN 1854, he established a school for untouchables and started a private orphanage
for the widows.
• He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make them aware of their rights
by educating them.
• He founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj with the aim of securing social justice for the
weaker sections of society.
15 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

• He pioneered the widow remarriage movement and worked for the education of
women.

The Socio-religious reform movements contributed to the onset of Indian Nationalism in the
following ways:
(i) Swami Dayanand and Swami Vivekananda proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture
and civilization.
(ii) The reformers condemned untouchability and the caste system.
(iii) They taught people not to ignore the importance of women, who could participate in
the national movement.
(iv) The reform movements drew their inspiration from India's cultural heritage and
promoted a feeling of pan-Indianism and a spirit of nationalism.

4) Role of the Press -

Some of the prominent newspapers started in the latter half of the 19th Century were: Amrit
Bazar Patrika, The Bengali, The Tribune, The Times of India, The Hindu etc. in English. Many
newspapers and magazines in the vernacular languages were also brought out. These
newspapers played a significant role in developing a strong national sentiment among the
Indians in the following manner:
(i) It was through the press that the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideals of
liberty, freedom, equality, home rule and independence, spread among the people.
(ii) The press exposed the true nature of British rule in India.
(iii) It made possible the exchange of views among different social groups from different
parts of the country and organizing political movements.
(iv) Indians became aware of what was happening in the world, which helped them shape
their own policies and programmes.

PRECURSORS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Many public associations were started in different parts of India after 1858, which were the
forerunners of the Indian National Congress. These included: [1] East India Association [1866], [2]
Indian Association [1876], [3] Indian National Conference [1883].

1) East India Association -

(i) It was founded in London in 1866 by Dadabhai Naoroji
(ii) It voiced the grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures.
(iii) Dadabhai Naoroji, also known as the Grand Old Man of India, was of the opinion that
the British were basically just as good. He wanted to place the true state of affairs in
India to the British so that the problems of the Indians may be resolved.
(iv) The association had its branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.

2) Indian Associations [1876] -

(i) It was headed by Surendranath Banerjee.
(ii) It had branches in Bengal and in town outside Bengal.
Its objectives were:
(i) Creation of a strong body of public opinion.

16 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(ii) Integration of Indians based on common political interests.

(iii) Promotion of friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims
(iv) Mass participation in public movements.
(v) It launched agitations against License Act, the Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act and
against lowering the age limit from 21 to 19 years for the I.C.S. examinations.

3) Indian National Conference [1883] -

In 1883, Surendranath Banerjee convened the All India National Conference at Kolkata. It
offered a model to the Indian National Congress which was formed two years later. The
National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress in Dec. 1886.

FORMATION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

1) The Indian National Congress was founded by A. O. Hume, a retired English Civil Servant on
Dec. 28, 1885.
2) The first session of the Congress was held from Dec. 28 to 31 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit
College, Mumbai under the Presidentship of W. C. Banerjee.
3) The Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favored the formation of the Congress because he wanted it to
act as a 'safety - valve' for popular discontent thereby, safeguarding the British interest in
India.

AIMS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

1) To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the
country.
2) To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or
province.
3) To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.
4) To train and organize public opinion in the country.

SESSIONS OF THE CONGRESS

1) The First session of the Congress under the president ship of W.C. Banerjee was attended by
72 delegates from all parts of India, including eminent persons like - Dadabhai Naoroji,
Justice Ranade, Badruddin Tyabji etc.
2) Second session [1886] was held at Kolkata under the president ship of Dadabhai Naoroji
3) The Surat Session [23rd Session] was held in 1907 under the president ship of Rash Behari
Ghosh.

17 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

18 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 3

FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

[1885 - 1907]
Scope of syllabus:
• Objectives and methods of struggle of the Early Nationalists.
• Any 2 Contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

INTRODUCTION
The three phases of the Indian National Movement were:

• The Early Nationalist Phase [1885-1907]

• The Assertive Phase [1907-1916]
• The Gandhian Era [1915- 1947]
In its initial years, the Congress was led by a group of leaders known as the Early Nationalists and
led by following leaders.

W.C. Bannerjee, Rashbehari Ghosh,

Bengal
Surendranath Banerjee and R.C. Dutt

Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale,

Maharashtra and Gujarat
Pherozeshah Mehta, and Justice Ranade

P. R. Naidu, Subramania Iyer, Ananda Charlu Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya Uttar Pradesh

BELIEFS OF THE EARLY NATIONALISTS

• They had faith in the sense of justice, fair play, honesty and integrity of the British.
• They believed that the British would grant 'Home Rule' of Indians.
• They believed that the British rule had many benefits. E.g. it aided in cleansing social ills,
like sati, untouchability and child marriage.
• They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their aims and believed in
patience and reconciliation instead of violence and confrontation.

METHODS OF THE EARLY NATIONALISTS

Constitutional agitation method was followed by the Early Nationalists. It had two objectives: -

Objective 1: Educate people in India in modern politics, to arouse national political consciousness
and to create a united public opinion. For this purpose, they relied on the methods such as:

• Holding meetings where speeches were given and resolutions for popular demands were
passed.
• Use of the press to criticize government policies.
• Sending memorandums and petitions to government officials and the British Parliament.
19 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Objective 2: Influence the British government and the British public. For this purpose, they relied on
the methods such as:
• Making use of three P's i.e. Petitions, Prayers and Protest. They sent petitions, letters of
protest to the British Government demanding their attention to look at the problems of
fellow Indians.
• A British committee of the Indian National Congress was set up in London, which published
a weekly journal 'India' to present India's case before the British.
• Deputations of Indian leaders were sent to Britain where the leaders exercised active
propaganda in Britain.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF EARLY NATIONALIST LEADERS

Dadabhai Naoroji - India’s Unofficial Ambassador

• He was popularly known as the 'Grand Old Man of India'.

• He was looked upon as India's unofficial Ambassadar, fighting for the causes of his country.
• He founded 'London Indian Society' in collaboration with W.C. Banerjee to publicize
grievances of Indians.
• He was the first Indian to become the member of the British House of Commons in England.
• He was in favour of appointing educated Indians to high posts.
• It was due to his efforts that the House of Commons passed a resolution for holding the ICS
Examination in England and India simultaneously.
• He founded the East Indian Association in London. [Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai -
branches].

Role in Congress
• He took an active part in the foundation of INC and was elected as president thrice.
• Resolutions on self-Government, Boycott, Swadeshi and National Education were passed
by the congress under his presidentship.

Exposed economic ills of India

• His views on Indian economy are given in his work titled - 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'.
• His famous Brain Theory explained how India's wealth was being 'drained to England through
various ways.

Pop quiz: Who is called as India’s unofficial ambassador to Britain?

His literary works

• He edited the newspaper Rast Goftar ['Speaks of Truth].
• He started a magazine 'Dharma Marg Darshak'.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale

• He was awarded the title of C.I.E. [Companion of the Indian Empire]

20 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Pursuaded British for Reforms

• He favoured the use of constitutional means to achieve his goals. He opposed the policies of
the British Government on issues such as-
a) Incurring huge expenditure on the British army.
b) Adopting the policy of racial discrimination in appointments to high posts.
c) Imposing production tax on cotton.
• He made a strong plea for the reform of the Legislative Councils and separation of judiciary
from the executive.
• Played an important role in the passage of Minto-Marley reforms.
• Served a member of Indian Public Service Commission.

Servants of India Society

• He set up the Servants of India Society [1905]
a) Main aim of society was to train national leaders who would dedicate themselves to the
service of India.
b) It worked for the elevation of depressed classes.
c) It assisted educational movements especially those which were for the education of
women.

Role as a member of Imperial Legislative Council

• He became the members of Imperial Legislative Council.
• He pleaded in the Council from reduction in salt-duty and abolition of excise duty on cotton
goods.
• He impressed upon the Government to reduce land revenue.
• He demanded radical changes in the fiscal policies and better jobs for the educated middle
class.
• ‘Opposition where necessary, co-operation where possible.’

Surendranath Bannerjee
• He was popularly known as 'Father of Indian Nationalism’.
• He was elected as a member to the Calcutta Corporation for nearly 2 decades.
• He was elected to the Bengal Legislative Council four times.
• He was appointed as Minister of Self-Government and Health by the Governor of Bengal. First
Indian to hold that position.
• He founded Indian Association. Its aims were to educate the people, to create strong public
opinion in the country, and arouse political consciousness and unity.
• To create an all- India political organization, he convened the Indian National Conference at
Kolkata.
• His Indian National Conference merged with Indian National Congress. He presided over 2
sessions of the congress.
• He edited a newspaper, Bengalee which served as a powerful medium for mobilizing public
opinion.
• His book 'Nation in The Making', gives an account of his political concern and his views about
self- government.

21 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

• He started agitation against License Act, Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act and against lowering
the age from 21 to 19 to appear in the ICS Examination.
• He opposed Morley-Minto reforms, which introduced separate electorates for Hindus and
Muslims.
• He opposed partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon in 1905.

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

22 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 4

SECOND PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT

[1905 - 1916]
Scope of Syllabus:

• Causes of the Partition of Bengal and its perspective by the Nationalists.

• Surat Split of 1907.
• Objectives of assertive Nationalists.
• Methods of Assertive Nationalists.
• Any 2 Contributions of - Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai.

Introduction –
Lord Curzon was the viceroy of India from 1899-1905. His tenure of office was marked with
controversies one of his administrative measures that resulted in strong resentment was the
Partition of Bengal in 1905.

The Presidency of Bengal was the most thickly populated province in British India. It comprised
Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Chota Nagpur and other remote areas.
On July 20, 1905 Lord Curzon announced the division of the province of Bengal into the following
2 provinces:
1) 'Bengal' which comprised of Western districts of Bengal Proper, Bihar and Odisha. Calcutta was
made its capital. It was dominated by non-Bengali population.
2) 'Eastern Bengal and Assam' which comprised of the eastern districts of Bengal Proper and
Assam. Dacca was its capital. It was dominated by Bengali Muslims.

The scheme of partition of Bengal was implemented on Oct. 16, 1905.

Cause of Partition of Bengal -

• According to British, the partition of Bengal was an administrative necessity because the
province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a single provincial government.
• To stop the rising tide of nationalism as Bengal was the nerve centre of Indian Nationalism at
that time.
• To curb the Bengali influence by dividing it into two administrations and reducing them to a
minority in Bengal.
• To divide Bengal into two religious based divisions - East Bengal would be a Muslim Majority
State and West Bengal, a Hindu Majority.
The Indian nationalists condemned the Partition of Bengal on the following grounds -
1) It was a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengalis on religious and territorial grounds and thus
disrupt and weaken nationalism in Bengal.
2) The administrative efficiency could have been better secured by separating Hindi-speaking
Bihar and the Odiya- speaking Odisha from the Bengali- speaking part of the province.
3) The announcement of Partition was made without any regard for the public opinion and it hurt
the sentiments of sensitive Bengalis.
23 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Surat Split of 1907 -

• The annual session of the Congress in 1907 was held at Surat.

• There were differences between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists on
Swadeshi and Boycott.
• The Assertive Nationalists wanted to extend the swadeshi and Boycott to rests of India and
make it a political mass struggle.
• The Early Nationalists did not approve it for the whole of India and wanted it to be confined to
Bengal only.
• The Early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists sank their differences and passed a resolution
of the Calcutta session in 1906 condemning the Partition of Bengal. The dispute between the
two wings of the Congress was not resolved.
• There was also disagreement over the candidature of the next President.
• Dadabhai Naoroji, who was respected by both groups, became the President in 1906.
• The differences between the two sections surfaced again in the next session in 1907 at Surat.
• Assertive Nationalists proposed the name of Lala Lajpat Rai as President of the Surat Session.
• The Early Nationalists proposed the name of Rashbehari Ghosh.
• When the Surat Session began in Dec. 1907, there was utter confusion. This led to the split of
the Congress and Assertive Nationalists leaders were expelled [9 years].
• The split in the congress gave on opportunity to the British to exploit the situation to their
advantage.
• They adopted a policy of 'Concession and repression' - concession for the Early Nationalists &
Muslims and repression to the Assertive Nationalists.
• Surat Split weakened the national movement.
• The Early Nationalists, were able to capture the Congress Organization and in the Allahabad
Convention, held in April 1908, the split was formalized.

The Assertive Nationalists -

• In the 2nd phase of the national movement, there emerged a new and a younger group of
leaders within the Congress who did not agree with the methods and ideology of the Early
Nationalists leaders. They stood for complete Swaraj to be achieved by more self- reliant
methods. This group of leaders came to be known as Assertive Nationalists.
• They were so called because they had a different outlook that advocated active resistance to
British imperialism. They condemned the British rule in India and held it responsible for the
Country's downfall.
• Three prominent leaders of this group were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin
Chandra Pal. [Lal-Bal-Pal]

Objective of Assertive Nationalists -

• The main objective of Assertive Nationalists was the immediate attainment of 'Swaraj'.
• This means complete independence and not just self-government. as in the colonies of
Australia, New Zealand etc.

Methods of Assertive Nationalists -

24 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

1) Swadeshi - It means producing necessary items in one's own country and using them for one's
use without being dependent on imported goods. The swadeshi idea was popularized by
occasional bonfires of foreign cloth, salt and sugar.
2) Boycott - Economic boycott of British goods and use of Swadesh was designed to encourage
Indian industries and provide the people with more opportunities for employment. It proved as
a most effective weapon for harming British interests in India.
3) National Education- A National scheme of education was planned which was a to replace that
of Government controlled universities and colleges. The Assertive Nationalists tried to enlist the
students in their service. When the British Government threatened to take disciplinary action
against the students, the national leaders advocated national universities that were free from
Government control. Many national schools were established in East Bengal. In Punjab, the
D.A.V. movement made considerable effort in spreading education through various schools
and colleges. Education was also given in vernacular languages.
4) Passive Resistance - Assertive leaders believed in adopting the policy of non-violent resistance
and vigorous political action to achieve their aims. They asked the people to refuse to co-
operate with the government and to boycott government service, courts, schools and colleges.
They advocated courage, self-confidence and a spirit of sacrifice to achieve their goal of
swaraj.
5) Mass involvement - They had an abiding faith in the strength of the masses and proposed to
win freedom through mass action. They aroused the masses by influencing them with their
sacrifices and suffering.

LEADERS OF ASSERTIVE NATIONALISM

Bal Gangadhar Tilak [1856-1920]
1. He was known as the 'Father of the Assertive Nationalism'.
2. Tilak was the first to openly declare the demand for swaraj. "Swaraj is my birth right and I shall
have it."
3. He set up a Home Rule League at Pune to attain self-government within the British Empire.
4. He used traditional religious Ganapati Festival to propagate nationalism through songs and
speeches. He started Shivaji Festival to encourage young Maharashtrians.
5. He started two newspapers- Maratha [English] and Kesari [Marathi]. Through these newspapers
he preached nationalism and taught the people to be courageous and self-reliant.
6. He wrote two well-known books- the Gita Rahasya and The Arctic Home of the Vedas.
7. He founded the Deccan Education Society under Justice Ranade's guidance. The society set
up many educational institutions.
8. Forerunner of Gandhiji -
(i) Tilak was the forerunner of Gandhi in many ways.
(ii) Tilak's ideas of swaraj were akin to Mahatma Gandhi's idea of complete independence.
(iii) Tilak sought close contact with the masses as Gandhi did.
(iv) Tilak preached the idea of Swadeshi, Boycott and Prohibition. These ideas were preached
and followed by Gandhi later on.

Bipin Chandra Pal [1858-1932]

1. Known as 'Father of the Revolutionary Thought in India.'

25 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

2. He worked for 'Bengal Public Opinion'. The Tribune and 'New India' to propagate
nationalism.
3. He wanted to remove social and economic evils from the society for which he made the
following efforts:
(i) He opposed the caste system and other rigid rules concerning inter-dining and inter-
mixing.
(ii) Advocated widow remarriage.
(iii) He believed that, educating women was the most effective way of elevating their position.
(iv) He preached the use of Swadesh and the Boycott of foreign goods to eradicate poverty
and unemployment.
(v) He demanded 48 hours of work in a week and increase in the wages.
(vi) To establish equality in society, he wanted to tax the rich more heavily than the poor.

Lal Lajpat Rai [1865-1928]

1. Known as 'Punjab Kesari' or 'Sher-e-Punjab'
2. He started a monthly magazine 'Young India' to spread the message of the ‘Right of India to
attain Swaraj’.
3. His other publications included 'The call to Young India', 'England's Debt to India' and 'The
Political Future of India'.
4. He founded 'Punjabi', 'Vande Mataram' and 'People' [English weekly].
5. He wrote a book on 'National Education' that called for reform of the prevalent educational
system.
6. He set up 'Servants of the People Society' for the welfare of the downtrodden and out casts.
7. In 1920 he was elected president of the Indian National Congress.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EARLY & ASSERTIVE NATIONALISTS

[Link] Early Nationalists Assertive Nationalists

1 They believed in constitutional methods They were assertive in their approach.
and worked within the framework of law.
2 They had faith in the British sense of They rejected British rule and held it
justice and fair play. responsible for poverty of Indians.

3 They were inspired by the ideas of western They drew their inspiration from India's
philosophers. past.
4 They wanted to achieve self- government They wanted complete freedom [Swaraj]
within the British Empire and did not strive from the British Empire.
for absolute independence.

26 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

27 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 5

THE MUSLIM LEAGUE

Scope of syllabus
• Factors leading to the formation of the Muslim League objectives of the League.
• Significance of the Lucknow Pact - 1916

FACTORS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE

1) Loss of Sovereignty by Mughal Rulers -
• The British established their supremacy in India after dethroning the Mughal rulers who
were the followers of Islam.
• Muslims became bitter enemies of the British. They participated in the Wahabi Movement,
which aimed to end British Domination in India.
• The British government. consciously discriminated against the Muslims, holding them
responsible for the uprising of 1857.
• The British government. changed its attitude and followed the policy of appeasing the
Muslims in order to undermine the National Movement.
• They sowed the seeds of dissention between the two communities and encouraged
separatist and communal tendencies.

2) British Policy of Divide and Rule -

• After the First War of Independence in 1857, the British became apprehensive of the
safety and stability of their empire in India.
• They saw the unity between Hindus and Muslims as a threat to them.
• To check the growth of a united national feeling in India and to encourage communal and
separatist tendencies in Indian politics, they decided to follow the policy of 'Divide & Rule'
in the following manner.
(i) Tried to create hatred among the Hindus and Muslims by portraying Muslim rulers as
plunderers and Hindu rulers as Cruel Kings to their Muslim subjects.
(ii) They utilized the caste structure to turn the non- brahmins and the lower castes
against high castes.
(iii) They justified the Partition of Bengal by convincing the Muslims that Bengal was being
partitioned to create a new Muslim majority province where the Hindus would not be
able to subvert their interests.
(iv) They tried to spread communal hatred through the Press, Posters, Literature and
Public Platform.

3) Relative backwardness of the Muslim Community in Education, Trade and Industry - The
communal and separatist trend of thinking grew among the Muslims to some extent because
of their relative backwardness in education, trade and industry.
(i) Upper class Muslims comprising zamindars, aristocrats, were anti-British. They were
conservative and hostile to modern education. Hence, the number of Muslims educated
in western system of education remained small.

28 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(ii) The British Government consciously discriminated against the Muslims, holding them
responsible for the uprising of 1857. They were discriminated in the recruitment to civil
and military services.
(iii) The Muslim community was not much involved in the growth of any organized industry.
Here too, they lagged behind.

4) Economic Backwardness of the country-

• Economic backwardness of the country contributed to the growth of communalism in
India.
• Due to the British Colonial Policies, India lacked modern industrial development and there
was acute unemployment among the educated youth, as a result of which there was
fierce competition among the youth to secure the few available jobs.
• The British used this opportunity to further their policy of 'Divide and Rule' and fan
communal rivalry among the educated Indians on the question of jobs in Government
service.

5) Role of Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan -

• Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan was a great educationist and social reformer.
• He regarded Hindus and Muslims to be one quam [nation]
• He founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental college at Aligarh which had both Hindu
and Muslim patrons.
• Under the influence of the British Principal of Mohammedan Anglo- Oriental college, he
gave up his earlier views and declared that the political interests of Hindus and Muslims
were different.
• When the Indian National Congress was founded, Sayyid Ahmad Khan opposed it.
• He founded United Indian Patriotic Association in 1888 with a view to oppose the
congress. He was supported by Mr. Beck, the British Principal of Mohammedan Anglo-
Oriental College.
• He felt that the continuance of British rule was a 'Guarantee for the welfare and progress
of the community’. Hence, he declared that if the educated Muslims support the British,
the later would reward them with Government jobs and other special favour.

6) Erroneous Interpretation of History -

• The manner in which Indian history was interpreted in those days contributed to the
growth of communal thinking among the Hindus and the Muslims. Some British and
communal historians divided Indian history into the Hindu and Muslim periods.
(i) The rule of Turks, Afghans and Mughals was called the 'Muslim Rule' where the
rulers were said to be the followers of Islam and their subjects, the followers of
other religions.
(ii) In Hindus period, Muslim rulers were dubbed as foreign invaders who had settled in
India.
• The British and communal historians ignored the nation of a composite culture in India
and tried to create a rift between the two communities. They failed to interpret that the
diversity was primarily class-wise and region wise and not religion-wise.

29 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

• Some communal historians highlighted the myth that Indian society and culture had
reached great heights during the ancient period but was declining during the medieval
period which was dominated by Mughal rulers.
• They did not give much importance to the contribution of the medieval period to the
development of Indian economy, religion, art, culture etc.

FORMATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE

The proposal to form a central organization for Muslims was accepted and a political association
'All India Muslim League' was set up on Dc. 30, 1906, under the President ship of Nawab
Salimullah. Agha Khan was elected as Permanent President of the Muslim League. Its headquarters
were to be at Aligarh, but its central office was shifted to Lucknow in 1910.

OBJECTIVES OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE

(i) To promote, among the Muslims of India, support for the British Government and to remove
any misconceptions regarding the intentions of the Government in relation to Indian Muslims.
(ii) To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims and to represent their
need and aspirations to the Government in mild and moderate language.
(iii) To prevent the rise of feelings of hostility between the Muslims of India and the other
communities.
THE LUCKNOW PACT
The joint scheme of political reforms agreed to by both the Congress and the Muslim League in 1916
at Lucknow is known as The Lucknow Pact.
Significance of the Lucknow Pact
1) Hindu-Muslim Unity - Both the communities agreed to compromise in some areas for the
common goods.
(i) The congress compromised on its secular character by accepting the scheme of separate
electorates for Muslims.
(ii) Muslim League accepted the principles of election and the majority rule.

2) Unity within the Congress -The Lucknow session and the signing of the Lucknow Pact
brought about unity between the Assertive Nationalists and the Early Nationalists. After their
split in Surat Session of 1907, they came together in 1916, and as a result, congress was
strengthened.

3) Pressure on the Government - The unity between the congress and the League and between
the Early Nationalist and the Assertive Nationalists became a threat to the British Government
of India. The Government now had no excuse for delaying political or constitutional reforms.

4) Necessity to Pacify Indians - As the First World War continued the leaders of the Congress
and the League impressed upon the British Government that their demand for constitutional
Reforms should not be rejected if they wished Indians to be loyal to the British.

The Government, hence felt if necessary to pacify the Indians by the Declaration of Aug. 20,
1917, which promised a policy of gradual development of Self-Government Institutions in
India.

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

30 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

31 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 6

MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT

Scope of Syllabus
• Non-co-operation Movement
• Causes - Khilafat Movement, Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh tragedy
• Programme and Suspension - Chauri Chaura Incident
• Impact of the movement
• Civil Disobedience Movement
• Causes- Reaction to Simon Commission, Declaration of Poorna Swaraj
• Dandi March, Programme and impact of the movement
• Gandhi- Irwin Pact
• Second Round Table conference

INTRODUCTION
During 1917 and early 1918, Gandhiji was involved in three significant struggles -
1) Champaran Satyagraha [1917] -
Indigo Cultivators of Champaran were exploited by European Planters. Indigo Cultivators
were bound by law to grow Indigo on 3/20th of their land and sell it to the British Planters at
prices fixed by them. Gandhiji offered Satyagraha for safeguarding the interest of indigo
cultivators in Champaran, Bihar.

2) Ahmedabad Satyagraha [1918] -

Gandhiji led the mill workers of Ahmedabad in a strike against the mill owners who refused to
pay higher wages to the mill workers. Gandhiji undertook a fast and hence the mill owners
had to give in to the demands of mill workers and increased their wages by 35%.

3) Kheda Satyagraha [1918] -

Crops failed in Kheda and peasants were not able to pay land revenue. Gandhiji organized
the peasants to offer Satyagraha, when the government refused to forgo the land revenue.
Ultimately government arrived at a settlement with the peasants.

METHODS USED BY MAHATMA GANDHI DURING HIS FREEDOM STRUGGLE

1) Non-violence [Ahimsa] - Means non-killing or avoiding injury, but for Gandhiji, it meant
avoiding injury to anything by thought, word or deed.
2) Satyagraha [Satya-truth; agraha- insistence to hold fast] -
It meant to be fearless, truthful as well as peaceful, suffering willingly while refusing to submit
to what is wrong.
Gandhiji's Satyagraha movement was directed against the British system of exploitation and
not the British people individually or collectively.
3) Swadeshi - It means producing necessary items in one's own country and using them for
one's use without being dependent on imported goods. Gandhiji believed that the use of
swadeshi goods would make us self-sufficient and eliminate our dependence on imported
goods.
4) Mass Movement - Involvement of masses to participate in the freedom movement.
32 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

NON-CO OPERATION MOVEMENT [1920]

Non-cooperation is 'a way of protesting in which one does not cooperate with the evil-doer.'

Causes that led to the non-cooperation movement -

1) Khilafat Movement [1919] - In the First World War Turkey was defeated and the ottoman
Empire was divided. The sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph was deprived of all authority.
The Caliph was looked upon by large sections of Muslims as their religious head. Muslims
were angry as they felt that weakening of Caliph's position would adversely affect the
position of the Muslims. Hence, the Muslims population in India started 'THE KHILAFAT
MOVEMENT" under the leadership of Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali.
The Khalifates formed a 3-point Programme-
(i) The Caliph must retain his Empire.
(ii) He must be left with sufficient territory to enable them to defend the Islamic fate.
(iii) The Arab lands [Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Iraq] must remain under the Muslim Rule.

Khilafat Day - Oct. 17, 1919 -

This movement was supported by Gandhiji as he saw this as an opportunity for uniting Hindus and
Muslims.
Gandhiji was elected as president of the All-India Khilafat Conference in 1919.
By Aug. 1920, the Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement started.

• People resigned from Government Services.

• Shops selling foreign goods were picketed.
• Students boycotted schools & Colleges
• Hartals and demonstration were held.

By the end of 1920, the Khilafat movement and the Congress Non-cooperation movement merged
into one nationwide movement.

In 1921, Khilafat committee appealed to Muslims not to join the police and armed forced and not to
pay taxes. This enraged the government and Ali Brothers were arrested.

2) Rowlatt Act [1991] [Justice Rowlatt] -

It was passed in March 1919. This act authorized the Government to imprison any person
without trial and convict him in a court.
This act implied -
(i) Arrest of a person without warrant
(ii) In camera trial [trial in seclusion]
(iii) Restrictions on movement of individuals
(iv) Suspension of the Right of Habeas Corpus
(v) Gandhiji started Satyagraha, challenging the Government

3) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy [1919] -

A large crowd gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on April 13, 1919, to protest against
the arrest of leaders like Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satya Pal. The Bagh had only one exit.
General Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar surrounded the Bagh with his soldiers.

33 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

After closing the exit with his troops, he ordered them to shoot at the crowd. About
thousands of innocent demonstrators were killed and many more wounded.

Objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement -

1) To attain self-government. within the British Empire if possible and outside if necessary.
2) Annulment of the Rowlatt Act and remedying the 'Punjab Wrong' i.e. the British Government
should express its regret on the happenings in Punjab, particularly in Amritsar.
3) Remedying the 'Khilafat wrong' i.e. the British should adopt a lenient attitude towards Turkey
and restore the old status of the sultan of Turkey.

Programmes -
1) Boycott Programmes -
(i) Boycott of government schools, colleges and courts
(ii) Boycott of foreign goods
(iii) Surrender of titles and honorary offices
(iv) Resignation from nominated seats in local bodies
(v) Refusal to attend government functions

2) Swadeshi Programmes -
(i) Popularization of swadeshi & Khadi by reviving hand-spinning and hand-weaving.
(ii) Establishment of national schools and colleges.
(iii) Development of unity between Hindus & Muslims.
(iv) Removal of untouchability.
(v) Emancipation and upliftment of women.

Suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement -

1) Chauri Chaura
(i) Tragedy at Chauri Chaura, a village in Gorakhpur District in UP, occurred on Feb. 5, 1922
(ii) A procession of about 3,000 peasants marched to the police station to protest against the
police officer who had beaten volunteers picketing a liquor shop.
(iii) The police fired at the peasants.
(iv) The Demonstrators set the Police station on fire, killing 22 police men who were inside the
police station.
(v) Gandhiji was greatly shocked at these incidents, withdrew the Non-cooperation Movement
on Feb. 12, 1922.

Impact of Non- Cooperation Movement -

1) The National movement became a Mass Movement – Different sections of Indian society like
peasants, workers, students, teachers, etc. participated in the movement.
2) Instilled confidence among the People – It generated a desire for freedom and inspired people
to challenge the colonial rule.
3) Fostered Hindu-Muslim Unity - It fostered Hindu-Muslim Unity as seen in the merger of the
Khilafat movement with this movement. Congress got an opportunity to bring the urban
Muslims into the National Movement by convincing them that the Nation was equally
concerned with the problems affecting them.
4) Promoted social Reforms-

34 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

a) Due to non-cooperation movement, many steps were taken to prohibit and remove
untouchability
b) Many national schools and colleges were set up in different parts of the country.
c) Boycott of foreign goods led to the promotion of Indian handicrafts and industries. Khadi
became the symbol of National Movement.
5) Popularized the cult of swaraj - The goal of non- cooperation movement was to attain swaraj
within the British empire.

THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT [1930]

Meaning Civil Disobedience Movement was an attempt at paralysing the administration by
breaking some specific rules and regulations.
Factors Leading to Civil Disobedience Movement -
1) Simon Commission -
In Nov. 1927, the British Government. under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon appointed a
commission known as Simon Commission to investigate the need for constitutional reforms in
India.
(i) The commission composed of 7 British members of Parliament and had no Indian
members.
(ii) At its Madras Session 1927, Presided over by Dr. Ansari, the National Congress decided
to boycott the commission at every stage and in every form.
(iii) On Feb. 3, the day the commission reached Bombay, an All India Hartal was organized.
Wherever the commission went, it was greeted with Hartals and black flag
demonstrations under the slogan 'Simon Go Back'
(iv) Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten up mercilessly on Oct. 30, 1928 at Lahore railway station, while
leading a demonstration and he lost his life.

Recommendations of the Simon Commission -

1. Dyarchy should be abolished and there should be complete autonomy in the Provinces
including the department of law and order, but the Governor should be given over riding
powers in matters like the internal security.
2. Provincial Legislative Councils should be enlarged.
3. Federal Government at the centre, should embrace not only British India but also the Princely
states.
4. The Governor- General should select and appoint members of his cabinet.
5. British troops and British officers should stay on in Indian regiments for many more years.
6. High Courts should be under the administrative control of the Government of India.
7. The communal representation was to continue.

Nehru Report [1928]

Lord Birkenhead, the secretary of state for India, justified the exclusion of Indians in the Simon
Commission. An All Parties Conference was convened in 1928 to take up the challenge of Lord
Birkenhead.
Motilal Nehru was made the chairman of the committee. The report submitted by the All parties
conference is known as the Nehru Report. This report proposed -

35 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

1. Dominion status for India.

2. Parliament of India should consist of
(i) The senate elected for 7 years with 200 members elected by the Provincial councils.
(ii) The House of Representation with 500 members elected for 5 years through adult
franchise.
3. Joint electorates with reservation of seats for minorities [except in Punjab and Bengal] on
population basis with the right to contest additional seats.
4. Creation of new provinces on linguistic basis.
5. 19 Fundamental Rights including the Right to vote, freedom from arbitrary arrest, searches and
seizures and freedom of conscience.

Declaration of Poorna Swaraj -

• The British Government. did not accept the Nehru Report and the Congress passed the
Poorna Swaraj resolution at its Lahore Session in 1929.
• Jawaharlal Nehru was made the President of the Congress at the Lahore Session.
• The resolution declared Poorna Swaraj [Complete independence] to be the objective of
the congress.

The Congress working committee met in Jan. 1930, and decided the following Programme:

1) Preparation for Civil Disobedience.

2) According to Poorna Swaraj resolution, the word ‘Swaraj’ in the constitution would mean
complete Independence, which was set as the goal of the National Movement.
3) 26th of January, was observed as 'Poorna Swaraj' day.
4) Resignation by members of the legislature.
5) Withdrawal from all possible association with the British Government.

ROLE OF GANDHIJI IN CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT [1930-1934] -

The Congress working committee met in Feb. 1930 at Sabarmati Ashram and vested in Gandhiji,
power to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Gandhiji started the movement with Dandi March [March 12- April 6, 1930] from the Sabarmati
Ashram to Dandi on the Gujarat Coast.

Dandi March -
On 12th March, Gandhi began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a village on the
Gujarat Sea Coast.
Followed by several followers, on the morning of 6th April, he violated the salt laws at Dandi by
picking up some salt left by the sea waves. He selected to attack the salt laws because the salt- tax
affected all section of society, especially the poor. His breaking of the Salt Laws marked the
beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Programme of the Movement

The movement involved:

1) Defiance of Salt Laws
36 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

2) Boycott of Liquor
3) Boycott of foreign cloth and British goods
4) Non-payment of taxes and revenues

The Progress of the Movement -

1) Violation of Salt Laws was followed by violation of forest laws in Maharashtra, Karnataka and
the Central Provinces.
2) Refusal to pay the rural chaukidari tax in Eastern India.
3) All over the country, people joined hartals, demonstrations and the campaign to boycott foreign
goods and refused to pay taxes. Many Indians offered Satyagraha.
4) Movement reached the North-West Frontiers. Under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar
Khan, popularly known as 'The Frontier Gandhi', the Pathans organized the society of Khudai
Khidmatgars, known as Red Shirts. They adopted non-violence for the freedom struggle.
5) Civil Disobedience Movement resulted in mass strikes and setting up to parallel governments in
several places.

ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE

The Indian Round Table Conference held three sessions- First, Second and Third Round Table
Conferences.

First Round Table Conference [Nov. 12, 1930 to Jan. 19, 1931] -
The First Round Table Conference was held in London. The congress boycotted the conference
but other political parties were well represented.

Gandhi- Irwin Pact - As the Satyagraha could not be suppressed, the Government through Tej
Bahadur Sapru and Jayakar started negotiations with Gandhiji in Jail. This resulted in signing of a
Pact by Gandhiji and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, in March 1931. This is known as Gandhi- Irwin pact.

The Government agreed to -

1. Withdraw all ordinances and end prosecutions
2. Release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence
3. Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops
4. Restore the confiscated properties of the satyagrahis
5. Permit free collection for salt by people near the sea coast

The Congress agreed to -

1. Suspend CDM
2. Participate in the Second Round Table Conference
3. Not to force police investigation in the past matters

Second Round Table Conference [Sep.7- Dec.1, 1931] -

1. It was attended by Gandhiji as a sole representative of the congress
2. Conference was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue with separate electorates demanded
by Muslims, Depressed classes, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians etc.
3. British Government. refused to concede the immediate grant of Dominion status

37 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

4. Gandhiji returned to India, disappointed

Third Round Table Conference [Nov. 17, 1932- Dec. 24, 1932] -
Renewal of CDM -
1. With the failure of Second Round Table Conference and not giving the approval for dominion
status, Gandhiji came back to India.
2. The Great Depression of 1930 in the world, hit the farmers in India.
3. Gandhiji decided to sort out the situation with viceroy Willington but the interview was refused.
4. The Congress passed a Resolution for the renewal of the CDM.
5. On Jan. 4, 1932, Gandhiji was arrested.
6. Government resorted to repression, issue ordinances and assumed special powers.
7. Congress was declared illegal.
8. Congress leaders were arrested, and their properties were seized.
9. Gradually, CDM lost its force.
10. Congress called it off in 1934.
11. Gandhiji then resigned from active politics.

Impact of CDM -
1. The movement created a tide of patriotic favour in the country. The Government withdraws the
ban on the congress in June 1934.
2. Large numbers of social groups like merchants and shopkeepers, peasants, tribals and workers
in different parts of the country were mobilized for the Indian National Movement.
3. The Movement, under the leadership of Birla and the 'Harijan Sevak Sangh' changed the social
conditions. Depressed classes were allowed in temples which was earlier denied.
4. The Government of India Act, 1935, introduced the principal of a Federation and the principle of
Provincial Autonomy i.e. Responsible government in the Provinces.
5. Brought women out of their homes to participate in Politics
6. Movement revived the will to fight the elections.

38 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

39 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 7

THE ‘QUITE INDIA’ MOVEMENT

Scope of Syllabus:
• Causes of Quit India Movement
o Cripps' Mission
o Japanese Threat
• Quit India Resolution
• Impact of the Quit India Movement.

EVENTS LEADING TO QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

Resignation of the Congress Ministries -

The Second World War broke out in September 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland.
The British Government of India joined the ward without consulting the National Congress or the
elected members of the Central Legislature.

The Congress leaders demanded that India must be declared free or at least have effective power
before it could actively participate in the war, as it was not possible for an enslaved nation to aid
others in their fight for freedom.

Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy, could not give any such assurance and he declared Dominion status
as the goal of British Policy in India. British Government tried to put the religious minorities and
Princes against the congress. The congress, hence, asked its ministries to resign.

The Muslim League was jubilant over the resignation of congress Ministries. It celebrated the day
as a 'day of deliverance and thanks-giving'

In 1940, Muslim League passed a resolution demanding the partition of the country, and the
creation of a state called 'Pakistan', which would comprise: Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir, Sind and
Baluchistan.

August offer [1940] –

During the Second World War, the international compulsions forced the British Government to seek
some settlement with the Congress. On August 8, 1940, Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy made a new
offer known as the 'August offer'. The offer proposed Dominion status for India after the war.
The Muslim League did not accept the offer, as it did not give a clear assurance for the
establishment of Pakistan.

40 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CAUSES OF QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT

1) The Cripps' Mission [1942] -
Japanese army rapidly advanced towards India, which made it necessary for the British to solve
the political deadlock in India. Hence, under Sir Stafford Cripps, a mission called 'Cripps'
Mission' came to India with certain constitutional reforms

Proposals of the Mission -

(i) India would be given a Dominion status after the war
(ii) A Constituent Assembly to be set up comprising of members elected by the Lower House
of the Indian Legislature and representatives of the Princely states
(iii) A federation of British India and Indian states would be established. Any province that was
not prepared to accept the constitution would be allowed to obtain Dominion status
separately
(iv) Provinces could join the Indian Union, if not, have their own constitution formulated
(v) All matters arising out of the complete transfer of responsibilities would be negotiated
between the British Government. and the Constituent Assembly
(vi) Provisions allocated for protection of racial and religious minorities

Failure of the Cripps' Mission

Almost all the parties and sections of the people rejected the proposals on the following
grounds -
(i) Cripps' Mission did not promise Independence in the future
(ii) The plan aimed at partitioning the country
(iii) The League opposed the creation of a single union as the demand for Pakistan was not
accepted
(iv) It did not provide sufficient safeguards for the interests of Minorities - Sikhs, Anglo- Indians,
Constituent Assembly
(v) Princely states had no right to become part of the constituent Assembly

2) Japanese Threat-
(i) The Japanese Army attacked Burma [Myanmar] and was marching towards Assam.
(ii) The Indian leaders were anxious to save their country from the clutches of the Japanese,
but their slavery to the British was the hindrance.
(iii) The Indians desired to have their independence from the British to avoid the impending
war. So, they decided to launch a movement calling upon the British to Quit India.

QUIT INDIA RESOLUTION

In 1942, failure of the Cripps' Mission left no further meeting ground between the British
Government and the Congress.
The Congress working committee adopted the Quit India Resolution at Wardha in July 1942.
The All- India Congress Committee met at Bombay on August 8, 1942 and passed the Quit-India
Resolution adopted at Wardha in July 1942.
• A non-violent mass movement was to be started under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi if the
British do not accept the demand of immediate and complete independence.

41 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

• Gandhiji and all other congress leaders were arrested on 9th August and Congress was
declared illegal.

Impact of the Movement -

1. Quit India Movement was short-lived. It demonstrated the depth of the nationalist feeling in
India and the capacity of the Indians for struggle and sacrifice.
2. It gave a clear picture that the British would no longer be able to rule the country.
3. It was the mass uprising as people from all quarters of society participated.
4. After the suppression of the movement, the constitutional question remained dormant.
5. INA served as an extended support to the Indian National Movement

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

42 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 8

FORWARD BLOC AND INA

Scope of Syllabus:
• Objectives of Forward Bloc
• Objectives of INA
• Contributions of Subhas Chandra Bose

FORWARD BLOC

Bose felt the urgent need for an organised left-wing party in the congress. After resigning from the
presidentship of the Congress in 1939, he laid the foundation of a new party within the Congress, to
bring the entire left wing under one banner. Thus, party known as Forward Bloc, was formed on May
3, 1939.

Objectives of Forward Bloc

• Its immediate objective was liberation of India with the support of workers, peasants, and other
organisations.
• Re-organisation of agriculture and industry on socialist lines.
• Abolition of the Zamindar System.
• Introduction of a new monetary and Credit System.

Indian National Army (INA)

The idea of the INA was conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian Officer in the British Indian
Army. He decided not to join the retreating British army and instead went to the Japanese for help.
Indian Prisoners of War (POW’s) were handed over by the Japanese to Mohan Singh who inducted
them into the INA.

Objectives of INA

• To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army with modern arms.
• To organise a provisional government of Free India in order to mobilise all the forces effectively.
• Total mobilisation of Indian man-power and money for a total war.
• The motto of the INA was ‘Unity, Faith, Sacrifice’.

Contributions of Bose

• He was instrumental in the formation of the Forward Bloc.

• He led the freedom struggle outside India as the supreme commander of the INA. He set up the
provisional Government of Free India in Singapore.
• He declared war on Britain and the USA and acquired its first stretch of territory in India when
Japan handed over Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• He gave the call to his soldiers, “Give me blood and I shall give you Freedom.” He gave the
slogans ‘Delhi Chalo’ and ‘Jai Hind’.

43 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 9

INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION OF INDIA

Scope of Syllabus: -

• Cabinet Mission Plan- Clauses

• Mountbatten Plan- Clauses and acceptance
• Indian Independence Act of 1947- Clauses.

CABINET MISSION IN INDIA

Clement Attlee, the new British Prime Minister, sent to India a cabinet mission to facilitate the
transfer of power.
In 1946, a cabinet comprising of 3 members arrived in India-
1) Pethic Lawrence, the Secretary of State.
2) Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade.
3) A.V. Alexander, the First Lord of Admiralty.

Clauses of Cabinet Mission Plan -

1. Federal Union -
a) There will be a Federal Union of British Provinces and the Princely States
b) The Central Government would deal with – Foreign Affairs, Defense, Communication
c) The Union Government was responsible to raise funds for these subjects

2. Power of the Union - The Union would have its own Executive and Legislature with members
elected by all Provinces.

3. Provincial Autonomy - Provinces to enjoy complete autonomy for all subjects other than the
union subjects.

4. Grouping of Provinces - British Provinces would be divided into groups.

Group A- would include six Hindu Majority Provinces
Group B - would include three Muslim Majority Provinces
Group C - would include [i] Bengal [ii] Assam
Delhi, Ajmer, Marwar and Coorg to join Group A and Baluchistan to joint Group B.

5. Formation of a Constituent Assembly - A Constituent Assembly would be set up to frame the

new constitution of the Indian Union.
(i) 389 members included to form the Constituent Assembly.
(ii) 296 members to be elected from British Provinces.
(iii) 93 members elected from the Princely states.
(iv) Members of Constituent Assembly to be elected by the Provincial Legislative Assemblies.

6. Representation of Minorities - Separate representation to be given to Muslims and Sikhs.

44 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

7. Formation of the Interim Government - An Interim Government to be formed at the Centre

with 14 members. The Viceroy would reconstitute his Executive Council consisting of
representatives of all communities.

8. Freedom to join the Common Wealth - India was given the choice to remain with the British
or exit from the Common Wealth.

9. Transfer of Power A- Treaty to be initiated between the Constituent Assembly and the United
Kingdom for the transfer of powers.

REJECTION OF THE DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN

Muslim League's demand for Pakistan was rejected by the Cabinet Mission because:
1. Creation of Pakistan would not solve the communal problems. The distribution of the Muslims in
whole of India was uneven.
2. There was no reference made for including within Pakistan, the non-Muslim districts of Bengal,
Assam and Punjab.
3. Armed forces, transportation, postal and telegraph systems were built for India as a whole and
the division of these assets would create a problem.
4. Princely states would have to decide, which union to join.

REACTION TO THE CABINET MISSION PLAN

The Congress -
1. Congress accepted the proposal with reservations. It accepted only that part, which dealt with
the Constitution Making.
2. Accepted the plan of a Constituent Assembly. The congress wanted the grouping of the
Provinces as optional and not compulsory.
3. Rejected the offer of the Viceroy to form an Interim Government because of its limited status
and powers and also because the principle of parity with Muslim League was not acceptable to
it.
4. It was also opposed to the League's claim that it alone had the right to nominate all the Muslim
Members to the Executive Council.

The Muslim League -

1. The League accepted the plan fully as it felt that the grouping of Muslim Majority provinces in a
way meant the formation of Pakistan.
2. The League asked Wavell, the Viceroy, to constitute the Interim Government.

LORD MOUNTBATTEN
For the purpose of transfer of power to the Indians, Lord Wavell was recalled and Lord
Mountbatten was appointed the new Viceroy. He assumed the office of the Viceroy and Governor
General in 1947. His immediate task was to restore peace among the two warring section - The
Congress and the League.

45 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Partition Plan was put forth in front of the Big seven leaders-
1) Nehru
2) Patel
3) Kripalani
4) Jinnah
5) Liaquat
6) Nishtar
7) Baldev Singh.

The plan was announced on June 3, 1947.

The main points of the Mountbatten Plan are -
1. Partition - Country to be divided into two Dominions i. e. India & Pakistan.
2. Relation between two Dominions - The two Dominions to decide what relation they would
share with each other and with the British Common Wealth.
3. Boundary Commission - The plan provided for the creation of a Boundary Commission to
settle the boundaries of the two Dominions in case partition was decided upon.
4. The Princely States - All treaties signed between the British and the Princely states would
come to an end. They could associate themselves with either of the Dominions or remain
independent.
5. Bengal and Punjab - The partition of Bengal and Punjab was proposed, provided the
Legislative Assemblies of the provinces decided in favour of partition.
6. Sindh - The Legislative Assembly of Sindh was expected to take its own decision.
7. North-West Frontier Province - A public meeting was to be held to decide whether the people
wanted to join India or Pakistan.
8. The District of Sylhet - The Muslim majority district of Sylhet was to decide unanimously
whether it would join East Bengal or remain in Assam.
9. Constituent Assembly - Existing Constituent Assembly would continue to work. This
constitution would not apply to Pakistan. A separate Constituent Assembly would be created
for those parts of India that favored partition.
10. Transfer of Power - The transfer of Power would take place, in 1948, as decided by the earlier
British Government. With the passing of the Indian Independence Act, the transfer took place
before August 15, 1947.

Acceptance of Mountbatten Plan -

The reasons for accepting the Mountbatten Plan are:
1. To avoid large scale communal riots and problems in India.
2. The League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to co-operate. Experience
of working with the League convinced the Congress that it could not have a joint administration
with the League.
3. Only alternative to Partition was a Federation with a weak centre. A smaller India with a strong
Central authority was better than a bigger state with a weak centre.
4. The leaders felt that further delay in the transfer of power could find India in the midst of a civil
war.

46 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

5. The leaders felt that partition would rid the constitution of separate electorates and other
undemocratic procedures. India could then evolve a truly secular and democratic polity.

THE INDIAN INDEPENDENCE ACT, 1947

On the basis of the Mountbatten Plan, the Indian Independence Bill was passed by the British
Parliament on July 1, 1947.
The main provisions of the Act were -
1. Two New Dominions -
India would be partitioned and two independent Dominions- India & Pakistan would be created
from August 15, 1947.
Pakistan would comprise Sindh, British Baluchistan, North West Frontier Province, the West
Punjab & East Bengal. India was to comprise all the remaining territories included in the British
India.
2. Provisions of Partition
(i) Both Bengal & Punjab would be divided if desired by the people. Provincial Assemblies of
the two parts to meet separately representing Hindu majority districts & Muslim majority
districts and would decide through a majority vote whether they wanted the division of the
province or not.
(ii) A referendum would be held in North West Frontier Province [NWFP] as well as in sylhet
district in East Bengal to determine whether they would like to join Pakistan or India.
3. Governor General for Each Dominion -
Each Dominion was to have a separate Governor General, appointed by the British King on the
advice of the cabinet of the concerned Dominion.

4. End of Jurisdiction of the British Parliament -

(i) The legislative authority of the British Parliament would cease from August 15, 1947.
(ii) Titles of 'Emperor of India' and the 'Kind of England' were dropped.
(iii) Act of 1935 to serve as an ordinance till the new constitution was framed.
(iv) The Governor General was given the powers to modify or adopt the Government of India
Act 1935, by March 31, 1948.
(v) Thee right of the King to veto laws was given up. This right was given to the Governor
General.

5. Princely States -
The princely states would become independent and all the powers exercised by the British
authority were to be terminated. All treaties and agreements made by the British would lapse.

6. Treaties and Agreements -

All treaties and agreements between the British Government. and the rulers of the Indian States
would lapse.

7. Division of the Army and the Assets -

All assets and liabilities to be shared between two Dominions.

47 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

8. Bringing the Act into operation -

Governor General was vested wit necessary powers for bringing the Indian independence into
effective operation.

CONCLUSION
Indian Independence Act 1947 marked the end of the British Rule in India.
1) The Dominions of India & Pakistan came into existence on Aug.15, 1947.
2) Lord Mountbatten continued as the Governor General of India.
3) Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor General of Pakistan.
4) Lord Mountbatten remained in office a Governor General upto June 1948.
5) Rajagopalachari succeeded him as the first and last Indian Governor General.
6) Dr. Rajendra Prasad took over as the First President of the Indian Republic.

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

48 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 10

THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Scope of syllabus:
Causes of First World War

• Nationalism and Imperialism

• Race for Armaments
• Division of Europe into two Hostile groups
• Sarajevo Crisis [immediate cause]

Results of the War

• Treaty of Versailles [June 28, 1919]

• Territorial Rearrangements
• Formation of the League of Nations.

INTRODUCTION
1) In 1914, a war began in Europe which soon engulfed the entire world with battles fought in
Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific.
2) It was fought on a worldwide scale and affected almost all the countries of the world.
3) During this war, new methods of defense and destruction were used.
4) In the earlier wars, civilians were not involved. But this war was fought by the people as a
whole.
5) Because of the unprecedented extent of its spread, impact and damage and its total nature, it
is known as the First World War.

CAUSES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

1) Nationalism & Imperialism -
Nationalism refers to the sense of unity felt by the people, who share a common history,
language and culture. In the latter half of the 19th century, this feeling of unity turned into
extreme pride, which made people believe that their country is superior to other countries. This
led to the development of aggressive nationalism in Europe.

Aggressive nationalism meant love for one's own country and hatred of other countries. Each
nation thought about its own national interests and did not care for the interests of the other
nations. Hence, military strength became synonymous with national prestige and every country
began to increase her military power.
This aggressive nationalism led to the Rise of Imperialism, a system by which a powerful nation
used to establish its control over another country, by political pressure, or by outright wars etc.
Once concerned, this country was claimed as a colony. These colonies were governed by the
imperial nation, which exploited the resources of these colonies for their economic interest. By
the end of 19th Century, England and France built a huge colonial empire in Asia and Africa.
Other countries of the world like Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan also wanted to increase their
sphere of influence and create their colonies in Asia and Africa. These colonies were essential

49 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

for their progress as they could provide raw materials for their industries and markets for their
finished products. Besides, acquiring colonies would add to the power and prestige of these
countries. This led to a clash of interest among these countries.
Thus, aggressive nationalism and fierce economic competition filled the atmosphere with fear,
apprehension, mutual hatred and international tension. People were convinced that international
problems could only be solved through militarism.

2) Race for Armaments -

The mad race for armaments was one of the reasons which led to the First World War.
(i) Major Powers began stock piling armaments in the name of self defence and preservation
of peace.
(ii) As a result, if one country increased its armaments, other countries were compelled to do
the same, which filled the atmosphere with fear and hatred.
(iii) In order to protect her colonies in Africa and a few islands in the pacific, Germany began to
build powerful navy with a view to achieving parity with Britain.
(iv) By 1914, she had left Britain & France for behind in the production of iron and steel.
(v) One of its ships, the 'Imperator' built in 1912 was the largest in the world.
(vi) Germany dug the Kiel Canal deeper so that the battleships could enter its waters.
(vii) Britain and France were concerned with Germany's growing military strength, which led to a
fierce competition among the European countries and gave rise to the race for armaments.

3) Division of Europe into two hostile Groups -

(i) There were two kinds of states in Europe in 20th Century.
(ii) There were single Nation- States like France, Holland & Germany whose national identities
were based on their common language and traditions.
(iii) On the other hand, there were imperial states like the Austria- Hungarian Empire and the
Russian Empire.
(iv) Germany entered into an alliance with Austria- Hungary.
(v) In 1882, Italy joined the alliance and it came to be called as 'Triple Alliance ' .
(vi) After the death of Bismarck- the German chancellor, France established friendly relations
with Russia, and England.
(vii) The 3 countries- France, Russia, England formed the 'Triple Entente' in 1907 to counter the
Triple Alliance.
(viii) Japan joined the Triple Entente later.
(ix) Thus, Europe was divided into two hostile camps.
(x) Britain had created a vast British Empire by acquiring colonies in Asian and Africa.
(xi) Other countries like Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and the USA too wanted to acquire
colonies in Asia and Africa.
(xii) Rivalries between nations happened not just for colonies but for colonial trade and trade
routes as well.
(xiii) These rivalries created suspicion, tension and wards, which finally culminated in the First
World War.

4) Sarajevo Crisis [Immediate Cause] -

(i) On June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria- Hungary
was assassinated at Sarajevo, Capital of Bosnia.
50 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(ii) The assassination was organized by a secret society called 'Black Hand' or 'Union of Death'
formed by extremist Serbian nationalists whose aim was to unite all Serbians into a single
Serbian State.
(iii) Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia on July 23, Making eleven demands. Serbia
accepted most of the demands except those that would have led to the loss of her
sovereignty.
(iv) Austria declared war on Serbia, on July 28, 1914. Russia prepared for war to support Serbia.
Germany declared war on Russia and on France. Thus, began the expansion of the war to
include all those involved in the mutual defense alliances.

Britain, France, Russia and their allies were called the Allied Powers.
Germany, Austria and their allies were called the Central Powers.
The war was fought in different areas called fronts.
They were:
(i) Western Front between Germany and Northern France,
(ii) Eastern Front between Germany and the Russian Forces.

ENTRY OF THE USA IN THE WAR

1) In 1915, German U-Boats sunk a British Ship Lusitania.
2) Among the passengers killed, several were Americans.
3) Americans were sympathetic to Britain and this incident further roused anti-German feelings in
the USA.
4) The Allied powers had raised Vast amounts of loans in the USA to pay for the arms and other
goods bought by them.
5) Hence, USA feared that if Germany won the war, she would become a serious rival to the USA.
6) On 6th April 1917, USA declared war on Germany.

EXIT OF RUSSIA
1) In 1917, Russia withdrew from the war after the October Revolution.
2) The Russian empire had suffered serious reverses in the war. Many Russian soldiers were
killed.
3) The day after the Bolshevik Government came to power under the leadership of Lenin, it issued
the Decree on peace with proposals to end the war without any annexations and indemnities.

RESULTS OF THE WAR

1) The Treaty of Versailles [June 28, 1919]
It was signed between the Allies and Germany on June 28, 1919.

Terms of the Treaty -

(i) Treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression. Germany was required to pay for the loss
and damages suffered by the Allies during the war. It had to cede her merchant ships to
the Allies as compensation.
(ii) Area of the Rhine Valley was to be demilitarized and the German territory west of Rhine
was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
(iii) Alsace Larraine were returned to France, Eupen-et-Malmedy were returned to Belgium,
Schleswig to Denmark. Danzig became a Free Port in the Polish territory.

51 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(iv) German ceded parts of her pre-war territory to Denmark, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia
and France.
(v) Coal mines in the German area- Saar were ceded to France for 15 years and the area was to
be governed by the League of Nations.
(vi) German army was reduced to 1,00,000 soldiers, 15000 Navy men, 24 ships. The Air Force
and Submarines were banned.
(vii) The Treaty affirmed the complete independence of Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia and
Yugoslavia.
(viii) The covenant of the League of Nations was added to the Treaty of Versailles.

2) Territorial Rearrangements -
(i) Economically and militarily, the United States emerged as a World Power.
(ii) Peace treaties signed after the war transformed the political map of the World, particularly
of Europe.
(iii) Three ruling dynasties were destroyed - the Romanov in Russia, the Hohenzollern in
Germany and the Hapsburg in Austria- Hungary.
(iv) After the war, rule of ottomans ended in Turkey.
(v) Austria and Hungary became independent states.
(vi) Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia emerged as independent states.
(vii) The war gave a serious blow to monarchy and developed democracy in Europe.
(viii) Alsace- Lorraine was restored to France and Schleswig-Hostein was restored to Denmark.

3) Formation of the League of Nations -

League of Nations was created as a world organization of all independent states in 1920.

Aims and objectives of the League of Nations -

The chief aim was preservation of peace and to guarantee the independence of all states.
(i) All the states of the world were prohibited from entering into any secret treaties and
alliances.
(ii) The member- states were not supposed to maintain huge armies, warships and destructive
armaments.
(iii) All states were to refer their mutual disputes, if any, to the League of Nations for a peaceful
settlement.
(iv) The member states were to take necessary action as directed by the League against any
state which tried to disturb world peace and order.
(v) Apart from political functions, League of Nations was supposed to promote cultural, social
and economic co-operation among the member states.

Two major countries -

Germany and the Soviet Union were not allowed to become the members of the League for
many years, while India, which was not independent, was made a member.
(i) The United States which played an important part in the setting up of the League did not
join the League.
(ii) Rise of Dictatorships in Italy and Germany led to the weakening of the League of Nations.
(iii) Leagues came to an end as Hitler committed aggression on Poland which began the World
War II [1939-1945].

52 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

53 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 11

RISE OF DICTATORSHIPS

FASCISM
‘Fascism' means autocracy or dictatorship where the power of the state is vested in one man only
and it is obligatory for all the others to obey his orders.
It was put forwarded by Benito Mussolini.

Causes for the rise of Fascism -

Fascism emerged as a movement in the post-World War I to meet the challenges of the
international communist movement and to tackle the various problems that confronted Italy.

The following factors contributed to the rise of Fascism in Italy:

1) Humiliating Treaty of Versailles -

Italy joined the Allies in the First World War to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. But by
the Treaty of Versailles, she could get only Southern Tyrol and Trentino, and the Coastal
Regions of Dalmatia. She could get no part of the German and Turkish Colonial empire.

2) Economic Crisis -
Italy suffered heavy losses in terms of life and property in the First World War. After the war,
many soldiers became unemployed. Trade and commerce were ruined. There was a shortage
of food grains.

3) Political instability -
(i) Democracy was introduced in Italy in 1919.
(ii) Elections failed to give a clear majority to a single party. Hence, due to complete
instability in the country, six coalition governments were formed between 1919 and 1922.
(iii) Various political parties had different policies and Programmes and there was no
continuity in their policies.
(iv) They were unable to deal effectively with the problems of unemployment, strikes and
riots which took place during 1921-22.
(v) This situation was fully exploited by Fascists under the leadership of Mussolini.

4) Class Conflicts -
(i) A class conflict emerged between the control of Government and economic system.
(ii) The issue was whether these two systems should continue with people in power
[aristocrats] or should be in the hands of the less privileged people.
(iii) The common man was promised greater attention in terms of economic means. These
promises were ignored.

5) Failure of the League of Nations -

(i) After the First World War, League of Nations was established to maintain peace in the
world and to prevent wars.

54 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(ii) It proved weak and could not achieve its aims.

(iii) It failed to check the rise of dictatorship.

6) Leadership Provided by Mussolini -

(i) Mussolini played an important role in the history of Italy.
(ii) His speeches praised the past glories of Italy and won the faith of his countrymen.
(iii) He was called 'Duce' which means, the Leader.

NAZISM

1) A form of dictatorship put forward by Adolf Hitler, an Austrian by birth.

In 1919, he joined a small political party called 'The German Workers Party'.
2) He became the leader of the party and changed its name to 'National Socialist Party' or 'The
Nazi Party'
3) The Party had two groups:
(i) One wore brown shirts. Its function was to save its party members and break up the
meetings of the opposition parties.
(ii) One wore black shirts. Its function was to save their party leaders.
4) Hitler wrote a book while he was in prison - 'Mein Kampf’. [My struggle].

CAUSES FOR THE RISE OF NAZISM

1) Humiliating Treaty of Versailles -
Defeat in the First World War and the conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles made
the Germans feel humiliated. Germany had to pay heavy war damages. Later they were
encouraged by Hitler to oppose the Treaty and rebuild the German Empire.

2) Economic Crisis -
Due to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to suffer in agricultural
production, colonies, foreign investment, trade contracts etc. The number of unemployed
people increased condition of the farmers became miserable. Hitler promised the farmers
that he would condone their debts. The Nazis exploited the situation and assured the people
that if they would abide by Nazi ideology their economic misery would come to an end and
Germany would regain her lost glory.

3) Political Instability -
Communist influence in Germany increased. Hitler warned Germany that they would soon
become slaves to the Russians and Communism. He tried to persuade the people in
Germany that Nazism alone could check the growing influence of communism.

4) Resurgence of Militant Nationalism -

(i) Germans could not reconcile with the democratic parliamentary system prevailing in their
country.
(ii) They preferred prestige and glory to liberty and freedom.
(iii) Hitler promised them all the glory and they welcomed him.

55 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

5) Absence of Strong Opposition -

The rise of the Nazi party in Germany was facilitated by the absence of any strong opposition
party. As a result, the Nazi party did not encounter any effective resistance and its popularity
achieved great heights.

6) Charismatic Personality of Hitler -

(i) Hitler had a charismatic personality. He had all the qualities required for a popular leader.
(ii) He was a gifted orator who captivated the Germans by his emotional speeches.
(iii) He assured Germans that if they abide by the Nazi ideology, their economic misery would
come to an end.

7) Establishment of Volunteer Corps -

Hitler took control of those who were unemployed under the Treaty of Versailles, and
organized them into volunteer corps, that served as the party army.

AIMS OF NAZISM
1) To exalt nationalism
2) To use force and brutality
3) To extol war
4) To advocate the rule by a great leader from a single party.
5) To despise internationalism, peace and democracy.

SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE CAUSES OF FASCISM AND NAZISM

1) Discontent after the Treaty of Versailles.
2) Economic Crisis - unemployment and decline in production in agriculture and trade.
3) Hatred for democratic principles and preference for totalitarian system and one-party rule.
4) Fear of the spread of communism.
5) Failure of the League of Nations.

SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE IDEOLOGIES OF FASCISM AND NAZISM

1) To have faith in the totalitarian rule.
2) To hold that the state is supreme, and it could suppress the fundamental rights and freedoms
of individuals.
3) To uphold one-party and one leader.
4) To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism.
5) To regard war as an instrument for furthering national interests.
6) To uphold intensely nationalistic, anti- communist, anti- democratic rule.

56 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 12

THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Scope of syllabus

Causes

• Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles, Rise of Fascism and Nazism, Policy of Appeasement,
Japanese invasion of China, Failure of League, Hitler's invasion of Poland. Attack on Pearl Harbour,
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Consequences

• Defeat of Axis Powers, Formation of the UN, Cold War.

CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II

1) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles -
The Treaty demanded annexation of German territories and creation of many states, which
sowed the seeds of bitterness and conflict.
(i) Germany was forced to sign the treaty. All German colonies were forcibly taken away
from her and was divided into two parts for the benefit of Poland.
(ii) She was burdened with huge war indemnity, which she could not pay.
(iii) Her military power was reduced.
(iv) This humiliating treaty gave rise to the spirit of revenge and Germany started looking for
an opportunity to do away with the harsh treaty.
(v) This was not possible without an aggressive policy and armaments. Hence, war was
inevitable.

2. Rise of Fascism and Nazism -

(i) Rise of extreme nationalism in Italy and Germany in the form of Fascism and Nazism
respectively contributed to the Second World War.
(ii) Italy wanted to revive the glory of the old Roman Empire. She joined Anti-Comintern
Pactin 1937 and formed a 10 yrs. alliance with Germany in 1939 to strengthen her position.
(iii) Mussolini established dictatorship in Italy. He opposed Treaty of Versailles.
(iv) Italy attached Abyssinia.
(v) The League of Nations failed to take any actions against Italy.
(vi) In Germany, Hitler wanted to re-establish the prestige of Germany in the international
field.
(vii) In 1938, he annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia.
(viii) Hence, Mussolini and Hitler drove the countries of the World towards another World War.

3) Policy of Appeasement -
(i) Appeasement means a policy of conciliating an aggressive power at the expense of some
other country.
It meant accepting the hostile demands of an aggressive nation to gain peace.

57 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(ii) Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement toward Germany and Italy as they
felt that the dictators had a real cause of grievance due to the humiliating terms of the
Treaty of Versailles and if their grievances were removed, they would not disturb the
world peace.
(iii) They wanted to check the rising tide of communism and Russian Bolshevism.
(iv) Britain and France feared that Germany would divert towards Russian Bolshevism.
(v) Hence, they allowed Germany to rearm and re- militarise the Rhineland and capture
Austria and Czechoslovakia.
(vi) Hence, without policy of appeasement, Fascism and Nazism, could not have survived so
long and would not have been able to unleash the Second World War.

4) Japanese Invasion of China -

(i) After the First World War, Japan was determined to dominate the Far East.
(ii) In 1931, Japan intervened in Manchuria and in spite of the League's opposition, occupied
it and set up a Government there.
(iii) Japan also started an undeclared war against china in 1931.
(iv) China appealed to the League of Nations, but the leading members of the League- Britain
and France, did not pay heed to the appeal.
(v) Japan joined Berlin- Roman Axis and formed Berlin- Rome-Tokyo Axis to further its policy
of expansion and conquest.
(vi) Japan left the League in 1933 and started occupying the British and American properties
in China.
(vii) Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement, thinking that the Japanese could
be used to weaken China. Thus, a war was inevitable under these circumstances.

5) Failure of League of Nations -

(i) The League of Nations which was created after the World War I suffered an early blow,
when the USA did not join the League.
(ii) Even those who joined the League were not interested in the principle of collective security.
(iii) The League did nothing when Poland seized a part of Lithuania in 1920.
(iv) In 1923, there was a threat of war between Italy and Greece.
(v) Italy refused to submit to the League's intervention and the dispute was settled by direct
mediation by Great Britain and France.
(vi) The authority of the League was flouted by Japan when it seized Manchuria and by Italy
when it conquered Ethiopia.
(vii) The League failed to maintain international peace and the European Countries lost faith in
its usefulness.
6) Hitler's Invasion of Poland [Immediate cause] -
Hitler invaded Poland in September 1939 for the following reasons:
(i) By the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was divided into two parts to give a land-route to
Poland up to the sea and the Port of Danzing was also given to Poland. Germany wanted
to regain her lost territories.
(ii) City of Danzing was inhabited by the Germans and by occupying Danzing corridor
Germany could connect with East Prussia.
(iii) Germany signed a Non-Aggression pact with Russia in Aug. 1939, Poland was accused of
committing atrocities against Germans living there.
(iv) On September 1, 1939, German armies marched into Poland.

58 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(v) France and Britain gave on ultimatum to Germany. Germany attached France.
(vi) On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Thus, the invasion of
Poland marked the beginning of the World War II.

ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOUR

1) America followed a Policy of strict neutrality.

2) American Congress decided to lend or lease armaments to Britain and China, as their defense
was vital to the defence of the United States.
3) Japan feared the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii.
4) On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan under the premiership of General Tojo, ordered a surprise aerial attack
on the Pearl Harbour.
5) The battleships were sunk, and the important airfields were destroyed. Many people were
killed.
6) Japanese made two crucial mistakes at pearl Harbour - they did not destroy the ship repair
facilities at the base nor did they seek out and destroy the US carriers [Lexington and the
Enterprise]. Hence, many damaged ships were soon back in action.
7) On Dec. 8, 1941, USA joined the war halting the Japanese advance.

BOMBINGS OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

1) The Americans started their offensive against Japan to liberate the islands in the South-West
Pacific.
2) The American navy and air force destroyed the Japanese fleet, but Japan was strongly
established in China, Manchuria and other places.
3) Long before the invasion on Japan was planned, scientist in US were working on the most
powerful weapon ever conceived - the atomic bomb.
4) In July 1945, the first atomic bomb detonated in the desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico.
5) Days, before the first bomb was dropped on Japan, American planes dropped leaflets warning
about the deadly weapon and urging the Japanese to end the war.
6) On Aug. 6, 1945, first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, which destroyed half of the city
killing thousands of people.
7) Despite the terrible destruction, Japanese refused to surrender.
8) On Aug. 9, 1945, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.
9) On Sep. 2, 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally. After 6 years, World War II ended.

CONSEQUENCES

1) Defeat of Axis Powers -

(i) The Axis Powers made remarkable success initially and captured territories in Europe,
Africa and Asia.
(ii) By the end of 1942, they were defeated by Allied Powers (Britain, France, Soviet Union &
USA recaptured African Territories lost by France.
(iii) Allied Powers forced Italy to Surrender and sign an armistice.
(iv) In March 1942, allied forces moved across the Rhine and dealt a death - blow to the German
forces.
(v) Hitler was disappointed with the defeat of Germany and he committed suicide
(vi) After Germany, allied powers turned their attention towards Japan.

59 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(vii) In south East Asia, Japan had occupied many countries - Hong Kong, Philippines, Malaya,
Singapore, Myanmar etc.
(viii) British forces liberated Myanmar, Malaya, Philippines and Singapore.
(ix) In the Potsdam conference on July 26, 1945, the Allied powers asked Japan to surrender,
but Japan refused.
(x) America dropped the first atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on Aug 6, 1945 and
Aug 9, 1945 resp.
(xi) Japan Surrendered on the terms of Potsdam declaration on Aug 10 and the war ended.
(xii) After the war, Axis Powers had to force the Following consequences:

a) At the end of world war II, Germany Was divided into Zones, each zone under the army
of each of the Allied Powers.
• The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), Known as west Germany was administered
by UK, France and the U.S. with Bonn as the capital. It came under the capitalist
ideology of the Anglo-American and their Allies and became part of the capitalist
bloc.
• The German Democratic Republic (GDR), known as East Germany was administrated
by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as the capital. It came under the influence of the
political ideology of communist Russia and became part of the communist (or
Eastern) bloc.
b) Japan & Italy became weak: They were not divided into zones to be governed by
conquering forces. The American army occupied Japan until 1952, after which Japanese
would have sole control over their own affairs. Emperor Hirohito was left on the throne as
a constitutional monarch and the Japanese Parliament refrained some of its law-making
powers. All lands acquired by Japan were taken away.

2) Formation of the UN -
The horrors of the two world wars and the failure of the League of nations led to a meeting of
the Big Three Roosevelt (President of the USA), Churchill (Prime Minister of Britain), and Satin
(Premier of the USSR) at Yalta in Feb 1945. They resolved to convince a conference of the
representatives of all nations at San Francisco to draw up the charter of the united nations.

The UN was established on Oct 24, 1945 with its headquarters at the New York, to save the
coming generation from the scourge of another war.

3) Cold war -
After the second World War, the USA and USSR emerged as two great powers representing
contrasting ideology. Though both the countries did not engage in actual fight against each
other, there was a state of extreme political tension between the two. This state of tension
between countries in which each side adopted policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken
the other without armed conflict, is known as the 'Cold War'.

USA and USSR divided the world into two rival blocs

(i) The Democratic and capitalist Bloc -

The bloc led by the USA, called the western bloc or the American bloc believed in
liberal democracy based on capitalism. This bloc comprised- Britain, France, Belgium,
Italy, Canada, Australia, the Netherlands, Greece, Pakistan, Turkey, etc. They

60 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

considered the political and social system of USSR as dangerous as it had no place for
Parliamentary democracy and individual liberty. They Projected the USSR as the enemy
of World peace and communism, a grave threat to freedom and liberty throughout the
world.

(ii) The Communist Bloc -

The bloc led by the USSR, called the Eastern bloc or the Soviet bloc believed in
communism based on Marxist theory. The soviet bloc considered the western style
democracy as a Gorse, meant only for the rich and upper middle class. Hence they
wanted to spread communism in the world and bring about a change in the social
system of all the countries of the world.

61 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

IMPORTANT EVENTS, YEARS & DATES

62 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 13

THE UNITED NATIONS

Scope of syllabus:

• Objectives of the UN
• Composition and functions of the General Assembly, security council and the International court of
Justice

INTRODUCTION

• UNO came into existence on 24th Oct. 1945 [San Francisco].

• Headquarters - New York, USA except the international court of justice[ICJ], which is
located at The Hague in Netherlands.
• 50 countries signed UN charter, on June 26, 1945.
Flag - The UN flag is light blue in colour. Un Emblem is portrayed in white at its centre. A polar map
of the world embraced by twin olive branches.
The Flag was adopted on Oct. 20, 1947.
Official Languages - French, Arabic, Chinese, English, Russian, Spanish. Documents are written in
working languages English and French.
Membership - Membership of the UN is open to all peace-loving nations who believe in the
principles of UN and accept the obligations of the UN charter
Organs of the UN -
1) The General Assembly
2) The Security Council
3) The International Court of Justice
4) The Economic and social Council
5) The Trusteeship Council
6) The Secretariat

Objective of the UN -
1) To maintain international peace and security.
2) To develop friendly relations among nations.
3) To achieve international co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural and
humanitarian problems.
4) To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
5) Disarm, decolonize and develop are the three new objectives set by the UN.

Principles of the UN -
1. To respect the Sovereign equality of all its members.
2. All members should settle their international disputes by peaceful means.
3. They should give the UN, every assistance in any action it takes.
4. Should ensure that the non-member states act in accordance with the Principles of the UN.

63 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

5. The UN should not intervene in the internal affairs of any state.

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Composition -
1) All members of UN are members of General Assembly.
2) Each state has five representatives in General Assembly, but each state has one vote.
3) Regular session begins each year on the 3rd Tuesday in September and ends 3rd week of
December.
4) At the start of each regular session, General Assembly elects new President, 21 Vice-Presidents
and the Chairmen of the Assembly's six main committees.
5) To ensure equitable geographical representation, the Presidency of the Assembly rotates each
year among five groups of states: Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Western Europe
and other states.

Powers and Functions -

1) To appoint the Secretary- General on the recommendation of the security council.
2) To elect the non-permanent members of the security council, the Economic and Social council
and the Trusteeship council, and to elect the judges of the ICJ.
3) To consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and to apportion the contributions
among members.
4) To make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
5) To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political, social and
economic co-operation.
6) To consider and make recommendations on the principles of co-operation, in the maintenance
of international peace and security.

THE SECURITY COUNCIL [EXECUTIVE BODY OF UN]

Composition -
1) The council consists of 15 members.
2) It has five permanent members- China, France, Russia, Britain and the USA.
3) The regional representation of the ten non-permanent members is
(i) Afro-Asian Countries - 5
(ii) Latin American Countries- 2
(iii) West European and other countries - 2
(iv) East European Countries - 1
4) The ten non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly by a two-third majority
for two years.
5) Retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.
6) Presidency of the council rotates monthly, according to the English alphabetical listing of its
member states.

Veto Power -

64 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

The negative vote of a permanent member is called a Veto. The council is powerless to act if any of
the five permanent members uses the Veto Power.

Functions and Powers -

1) To maintain international peace and security in accordance with the Principles of the UN.
2) To investigate any dispute which might lead to international friction and to take military action
against an aggressor.
3) To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments.
4) To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend
what action should be taken.
5) To take military action against an aggressor.
6) To recommend the admission of new members.
7) To exercise the trusteeship functions of the UN in 'strategic areas'.
8) To recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and
together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the ICJ.

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

Composition -
1) The court is composed of 15 judges elected to nine- year terms of office by the UN General
Assembly and Security Council sitting independently of each other.
2) Not include more than one Judge from any nationality.
3) Elections are held every three years for one-third of the seats and retiring judges may be re-
elected.
4) The court elects its President and Vice-President for a three-years term. They may be re-
elected when their term expires.
5) Court has the power to appoint its Registrar.

Powers and Functions -

1) Only member states of the UN are entitled to appear before the ICJ.
2) Settle disputes between members states in accordance with the International Law.
3) Advice General Assembly or Security Council on any legal questions.
4) Advice other organs of UN or request on legal matter.
5) Its jurisdiction extends to disputes on interpretation of international law, reparation i.e.
compensation for the breach of an international obligation.
• ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the UN.

MAJOR AGENCIES OF THE UN

1) UNICEF - The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, was created by the UN
General Assembly during its first session in 1946. Later, its name was changed to United
Nations Children's Fund.
2) WHO - The World Health Organization was established on April 7, 1948.
April 7 -World Health Day

65 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

3) UNESCO - United Nationals Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It was established
on 4th Nov. 1946.

UNICEF [Headquarters in New York]

Objective –
To look after children's welfare especially in developing countries by providing people with low
cost community-based services in material and child-health, nutrition and immunization etc.

Functions -
1) Protection of children in respect of their survival, health and wellbeing.
2) Provides funds for training personnel, including health and sanitation workers, teachers and
nutritionists. Universal child Immunization against preventable diseases was one of the leading
goals of UNICEF.
3) Provides technical supplies, equipment and other aids, ranging from paper for textbooks, to
equipment and medicines to health clinics, to pipes and pumps for bringing clean water of
villages.
4) Provide help to children and mothers in emergencies arising from natural calamities, epidemics
etc.
5) Makes effort to prevent diseases like T.B., Malaria, Eye Diseases etc.
6) As the sole agency for children, it speaks on behalf of children and upholds the convention on
the rights of the Child and works for its implementation.

World Health Organization [WHO] [Headquarters- Geneva in Switzerland]

Objective -
Attainment of the highest possible level of health by all people.

Functions -
1) Helps countries to improve their health system by building up infrastructure especially
manpower, institutions and services for the individual and community.
2) Gives important drugs needs for medical care. WHO launched a programme to immunize
children against six major diseases- Measles, Diphtheria, Tetanus, T.B., Polio and Whooping
Cough.
3) Promotes research to cure and prevent diseases [Cancer and Heart Diseases], aims at fighting
and preventing diseases from spreading.
4) Malaria eradication is the World's biggest health programme.
5) Provides safe drinking water and adequate waste disposal.
6) Organizes conferences, seminars and training for health care personnel from different
countries.
7) Defines standards for the strength and purity of medicines including biological products.
8) Publishes health journals like the "Bulletin of the World Health Organization" to create health
consciousness among people.

UNESCO [Headquarters in Paris]

66 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Objective -
To contribute to peace and security in the world by promoting collaboration among nations
through education, science, culture and communication.

Functions -
1) Emphasis on education of women and girls.
2) Removal of illiteracy by encouraging adult education, distance- education and the open school
system.
3) Financial assistance for educating disabled children.
4) Provision of grants and fellowships to teachers and scholars, organization of library systems,
and promotion of international understanding through education.
5) Organization of book fairs and festivals at international and national levels.
6) Encouragement of science education by providing regional training centers.

Scientific Activities -
1) Organizes seminars and conferences of scientists of various countries and circulate information
through Journals, press and exhibitions.
2) Promotes basic research in fields like geology, mathematics, physics and oceanography.
3) Helps in correcting the imbalance in scientific and technological manpower that exists.

Communication -
1) Assists developing countries to develop communication.
2) Improves the quality of the press, the films and video services.
3) To set up regional networks, trained technicians and dealing with both hardware and software
aspects of informatics.
4) Upholds the freedom of the press and independence of the media.

Preservation of Cultural Heritage -

1) Provides technical advice and assistance, equipment and funds for the preservation of
monuments and other works of art. It has prepared a 'World Heritage List' to indemnify the
monuments and sites which are to be protected.
2) Aims to protect the world inheritance of books, works of art and rare manuscripts.
3) Pays attention towards the cultural development through the medium of films.
4) Sends cultural missions to different countries for the development of contacts for promotion of
peach and prosperity.

67 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 14

NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT
Scope of syllabus:
• Meaning of NAM
• Objectives of NAM
• Factors responsible for NAM
• Panchsheel
• NAM Summit
• Role played by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

MEANING OF NON-ALIGNMENT
Non-alignment is the international policy of a sovereign state according to which it does not align
itself with any of the power blocs and at the same time actively participates in the world affairs to
promote international peace, harmony and co-operation.

Features of NAM –
1) It is not aligned to any of the power blocs.
2) It is opposed to any kind of military alliances like NATO [North Atlantic Treaties Organization],
SEATO [South East Asian Treaties Organization] Warsaw Pact.
3) It retains its freedom to take independent foreign policy decisions.
4) It is free to be friendly with both the power blocs.

Factors responsible for NAM -

1) The newly independent countries of Asia & Africa realized that aligning with any of the Power
Blocs was not in their larger interest and it might endanger world peace.
2) They wanted to solve their problems without outside interference.
3) They wanted to enjoy their newly acquired freedom.
4) They wanted to promote goodwill and co-operation among the nations of Asia & Africa.
5) In order to boost their economic development, they considered it worthwhile not to align with
any of the Power Blocs so as to get economic assistance from both of them.

Objectives of NAM -
1) To keep away from super power rivalry, to protect and preserve their newly acquired
independence.
2) To eliminate all those causes which may lead to war.
3) To protect the freedom of the new independent nations of Asia & Africa.
4) To oppose Colonialism, imperialism, and racial discrimination.
5) To encourage friendly relations among countries.
6) To oppose the use of force and to work for the abolition of nuclear weapons.

Three founding members [architects] of NAM -

• Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru - First Prime Minister of India
• Joseph Tito - President of Yugoslavia
• Gamal Abdel Nasser - President of Egypt.

68 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Role played by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru -

1) He was against alignment with any of the two power blocs.
2) He advocated the principles of democratic socialism.
3) His policy of non-alignment however was not meant to promote a Third Bloc but to ensure
freedom of decision making of recently decolonized states.
4) He was against the mad race for armaments and called for disarmament.

PRINCIPLES OF PANCHSHEEL
In 1954, India and China signed an agreement containing five principles of peaceful co-existence.
These principles are collectively called PANCHSHEEL and they became the guidelines for NAM.

They are -
1) Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
2) Mutual non-aggression
3) Equality for mutual benefit.
4) Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
5) Peaceful co-existence.

First NAM summit -

1) First NAM Summit was held in September 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia.
2) It was attended by-
(i) 25- Afro-Asian Countries
(ii) One- European Country [Cyprus]
(iii) Three- Latin American Countries participated as observers.

Contribution of Pt. Nehru to curb the mad race for armaments -

1) Nehru was against the mad race for armaments and he called for disarmaments, and abolition
of stock piles of Nuclear weapons.
2) It was in pursuance of his policy of disarmament that India signed a treaty in 1963 for banning
atomic tests.

69 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CIVICS

70 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 1

THE UNION PARLIAMENT

FEDERAL SETUP
In a federal system of government all the administrative powers are divided between the central
and the state governments by the Constitution and both are supreme within their respective
spheres.

Importance of Federal Setup -

1) India is a large country; hence this division is essential to maintain unity and integrity.
2) It is suitable for our country due to the diversity.
3) Division of legislative and administrative powers between the Union and State Governments
with Supreme Court at the apex to look after the distribution of powers.
4) With a bi-cameral legislature [Two Houses], the States get an opportunity to be a part of the
functioning of the Government (Rajya Sabha members are mainly representatives of States).

Non-Federal/Unitary Features -
1) A strong centre
2) Single Constitution for Union and States
3) Flexibility of Constitution
4) Single Citizenship
5) Inequality of Representation in the Rajya Sabha
6) Existence of Union Territories

THE UNION PARLIAMENT

The Union Legislative comprises the President and the two Houses of Parliament –
The House of the people (Lok Sabha) and the Council of the States (Rajya Sabha).

Meaning of Parliament
The Parliament is the body of people’s representatives who have supreme power of governance in
a democratic country.

LOK SABHA
House of the people

Manner of Election -
Members are directly elected through the Universal Adult Franchise through Secret Ballot.

Term –
Five Years
Less than five years when the House is divided by the President on the advice of the PM.
It is more than five years in case of emergency.

71 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Composition -
Maximum Strength → 552
1) 530 members representatives from States
2) 20 members representatives from Union Territories
3) 2 members (Anglo-Indians), nominated by the President

Qualification -
1) He/she should be an Indian citizen
2) Should be at least 25 years of age
3) Should have his name in the electoral rolls in some part of the country
4) Should not be an insolvent
5) Should not hold any office of profit under the government
6) Should not be a proclaimed criminal
7) Should not be of unsound mind

Disqualification of membership (for both Houses) -

1) If a member holds any office of profit under the Court of India or the Government of any State
(other than an office exempted by Parliament by law)
2) If he/she is of unsound mind and is proved so by a Competent Court.
3) If he/she is an undischarged insolvent.
4) If he/she is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired citizenship of a foreign State
5) If he/she is disqualified by or under any law made by the Parliament.

Vacation of Seats -
The seat of a member of either House of Parliament becomes vacant in the following situations:
1. Resignation of a member in writing to the speaker (Lok Sabha) or chairman (Rajya Sabha) of the
House.
2. Absence of a member without permission of the House from all meetings for a period of 60
days (including the time when the House is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 days).
3. If a member becomes subject to any of the disqualifications laid down in the Constitution or an
Act of Parliament.
4. If a person is already a member of the State Legislature and is elected to the Parliament, he has
to vacate his seat in State Legislature or vice versa.
5. If a person is disqualified from being a member on grounds of Defection under “Anti-Defection
Law”.
According to the Anti-Defection Law, when a member of a House gives up the membership of
his party or votes against the direction given by the party to which he belongs, he shall be
disqualified from being a member of the House, provided there is not a split in the party with at
least one third of its members.

PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURES
1) Sessions -
(i) The President summons each House of Parliament.
(ii) As per the constitution, the interval between two sessions should not be more than 6
months.

72 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(iii) Normally, there are 3 sessions in a year. The budget session (Feb-May); Monsoon session
(July-Aug); Winter session (Nov-Dec).

2) Quorum -
(i) It means the minimum number of members required to be present for transacting the
business of the House.
(ii) The quorum of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha is one-tenth of the total membership of
each house.

3) Question Hour -
(i) The first hour on every working day of the House is reserved for questions unless otherwise
decided by the speaker. This hour (which starts at 11 am) is the Question Hour.
(ii) All members of the House have a right to ask questions to the Government on matters of
public interest which is called interpellation.
(iii) The questions have to be submitted to the speaker, addressed to the speaker and should
be submitted with a 10 days’ notice in advance.

There are 3 types of questions

a) Starred Questions -
(i) Questions for which a member wishes to have oral answers on the floor of the
House
(ii) Such questions are indicated by an asterisk mark
(iii) Supplementary questions may be asked after replies to such questions are given by
the Ministers

b) Unstarred Questions -
(i) Questions for which members will get only written answers
(ii) Supplementary questions cannot be asked

c) Short Notice Questions -

(i) Questions of urgent importance which can be asked with a notice shorter than 10
days
(ii) The Minister concerned has to be asked whether he can reply to such a short notice
questions as it is for him to decide whether to accept or not accept the question

4) Zero Hour -
(i) The period begins at 12 o’clock and continues till the lunch break which begins at
1 o’clock.
(ii) Members raise all types of questions, without any permission or prior notice

5) Motions -
A motion is a formal proposal made by a member stating that the House should take up some
particular matter which is of public importance. Through these motions, the members try to
draw attention of the Government on particular matter.
(i) Adjournment Motion:

73 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

a) It means a proposal to lay aside all other business and to take up a definite matter of
urgent importance
b) It interrupts the normal business of the House
c) It is normally allowed in situations like railway accidents, resulting in death of several
people, some natural calamity or a communal tension
(ii) No-Confidence Motion:
a) It is a proposal expressing lack of confidence in the Ministry.
b) It is passed with the support of 50 members and taken up for discussion, within 10 days
from the day on which the leave is granted.
c) If the motion is passed, the Government has to resign.
(iii) Confidence Motion is the reverse of the No-Confidence Motion

6) Adjournment and Propagation of the House -

(i) Adjournment of the House means suspension of the sitting of the House by the speaker.
(ii) Propagation means termination of the session of Parliament.
(iii) The power of adjournment of the House rests with the speaker of the chairman as the case
may be. Power of propagation of a session belongs to the President.

7) The House is adjourned -

(i) After the business for the day is over
(ii) When the death of a sitting/ex-member of the House occurs
(iii) For want of quorum
(iv) As and when the speaker finds it necessary

SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA

The speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He/she conducts the business of the House.

Election -
1) The speaker is elected from its own members soon after the newly elected House meets for
the first time.
2) Speaker does not vacate the office, when the House is dissolved. He/she remains in office till a
new speaker is elected by the new Lok Sabha in its first meeting.
3) Elected for a term of 5 years
4) The speaker may resign on health or on other grounds by submitting a letter of resignation to
the Deputy Speaker. He/she can also be removed by the Lok Sabha if the majority of the
members pass a resolution.

Deputy Speaker
Performs the duties of the speaker when the speaker is absent or while the speaker office of the
speaker is vacant.
Deputy speaker is elected or removed from office in the same way as the speaker.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SPEAKER

1) Business of the House -

74 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(i) Speaker presides over the meetings of the House. All speeches and remarks are
addressed to the speaker. He allots time for discussion.
(ii) Speaker interprets the rules of procedure of the House. His/her decision in all
parliamentary matters is final.
(iii) All Bills passed by the House are signed by him/her before they are sent to the Rajya
Sabha or to the President for his assent.
(iv) Puts the issues to vote and announces the results but does not vote unless there is a
situation of tie.
(v) Decides whether a Bill is a money Bill or not.

2) Administrative functions -
(i) Speaker receives all petitions and documents in the House.
(ii) Communicates the decisions of the House to the concerned authorities.
(iii) Regulates the admission of visitors and press correspondents to the galleries of the
House.

3) Disciplinary Functions -
(i) Maintains order in the House. If member become unruly, he may order them to
withdraw, may suspend a member, if he/she disregards the authority of the chair.
In case of grave disorder, he can adjourn the House.
(ii) If a member uses indecent or unparliamentary words, speaker may order such words to
be excluded from the proceedings of the House.
(iii) Decides whether a member is disqualified under Anti-Defection Law.

4) Parliamentary Committees -
(i) Speaker is the ex-officio Chairman of some of the Committees of the House, such as the
Business Advisory Committee and the Rules Committee.
(ii) Appoints Chairmen of all the Committees of the House
(iii) Directs all chairmen in their working and procedures to be followed.

5) Miscellaneous Functions -
(i) The speaker presides over the joint sessions of both the Houses of Parliament
(ii) In consultation with the chairman of the Rajya Sabha, he nominates personnel for
Parliamentary Delegations to various countries.
(iii) He presides over the Conference of Presiding officers of legislative bodies in India.

RAJYA SABHA
The Upper House or the Council of States

Composition -
Maximum strength → 250 members, 238 members are representatives from various States. 12
members nominated by the President from among persons who have excelled in arts, music,
sports, etc.

Election –

75 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

The representatives of each State in the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the
Legislative Assembly of each State in accordance with the system of proportional representation
by means of a single transferable vote.

Term -
Rajya Sabha is a permanent House. It cannot be dissolved like the Lok Sabha. Each member is
elected for a period of 6 years. One-third of the total members of the House retire after every two
years.

Qualifications -
Minimum age for contesting election for the Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
Other Qualifications for membership of the Rajya Sabha are the same as those of the Lok Sabha.

Disqualification -
1) If a member holds any office of profit under the Court of India or the Government of any State
(other than an office exempted by Parliament by law)
2) If he/she is of unsound mind and is proved so by a Competent Court.
3) If he/she is an undischarged insolvent.
4) If he/she is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired citizenship of a foreign State
5) If he/she is disqualified by or under any law made by the Parliament.

Presiding officers:
1) The Vice-President of India is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha. He presides over its
meetings.
2) Rajya Sabha elects a Deputy Chairman from among its members. In the absence of Chairman,
he performs all functions and deputies of the Chairman.

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE PARLIAMENT (RAJYA SABHA AND LOK SABHA)
1) Legislative Powers -
All Bills, except the Money Bills, can originate in any House of the Parliament. No bill can
become a law unless agreed to by both the Houses. In case of disagreement, the President
may summon both the Houses of Parliament in a joint meeting.
The Parliament can make laws on:
(i) Matters in the Union List:
Parliament can make laws on all the 97 subjects in the Union List, including important
subjects like Defence, Communications, Foreign Policy, etc.
(ii) Matters in the Concurrent List:
Along with the State Legislative Assemblies, the Parliament can make laws on the 47
subjects in the Concurrent List. In case of conflict between the Union Parliament and the
State Legislative on any law in this list, the Union Law will prevail.
(iii) Residuary Powers:
It means that the Parliament can make laws with respect to all those matters which are not
mentioned in any of the 3 Lists - Union List, State List, Concurrent List.
(iv) Matters in the State List:

76 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Parliament can legislate on subjects in the State List:

(a) During the Proclamation of an Emergency
(b) When the Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority that a subject in the
State List has assumed national importance.
(c) When two or more States are of the opinion that the Parliament should legislate on a
subject given in the State List, Parliament may make an Act on that subject but that
would be applicable only to the consenting States.
(v) Ordinances:
President is empowered to promulgate an ordinance at a time when the Parliament is not in
session. It has the same effect as an Act. All ordinances must be put up before both the
Houses for their approval. Ordinances cease to operate after 6 weeks from the re-assembly
of Parliament, unless they are approved by the Houses.
(vi) Powers during Emergency:
When there is a total breakdown of the Constitutional machinery in a State, the Parliament
becomes the Legislature in the State concerned and assumes all powers, including the
financial powers of passing the State budget.

2) Financial Powers -
A money Bill can originate in the Lok Sabha only. After a Money Bill is passed by the Lok
Sabha, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations; which it must make within 14 days.
In financial matters, the Rajya Sabha has only an advisory role.
(i) The Budget:
The Parliament passes the Union Budget containing the estimates of receipts and
expenditure of the Government for a financial year. The Budget is presented in two parts,
the Railway Budget and the General Budget.
(ii) Supplementary Grants:
If the amount authorised for the current financial year is not sufficient, the Government may
make a fresh demand known as the ‘Supplementary Grant’.
(iii) Vote on Account:
If the Union Budget is not passed before the beginning of the new financial year, i.e., April 1,
there would be no money for the Executive to spend. Thus, a device known as ‘Vote on
Account’ authorises the Executive to draw funds from the Consolidated Fund until the
budget is passed by the Parliament.
(iv) Salaries:
The salaries and allowances of MPs and Ministers are determined by Parliament.
(v) Permission for Taxes:
No tax can be imposed or money spent by the Government without the approval of the
Parliament.

3) Judicial Powers -
(i) Impeachment of the President:
Parliament can remove the President from office through impeachment. In case of violation
of the Constitution or grave misconduct, either House may frame charges against the
President. If a resolution is passed by a two-third majority of total membership of the House

77 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

and by the majority of members present and voting, the other House investigates the
charges. If the other House too finds the President guilty he may be removed from office.
(ii) Removal of Judges, etc.:
Parliament can remove the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the Chief
Election Commissioner etc., if they are found guilty of violating provisions of the
Constitution.

4) Electoral Functions -
(i) The Parliament along with the State Legislatures elects the President of India.
(ii) The Vice-President of India is elected by both the Houses of the Parliament.
(iii) The Lok Sabha elects its own speaker and Deputy speaker from amongst its own members
while the Rajya Sabha elects its Deputy Chairman.

5) Constitutional Function -
Both Houses of Parliament can amend the Constitution. The amendment must be passed by
each House by a majority of total membership and by a two-third majority of members present
and voting.

6) Executive Functions -
The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible by the Lok Sabha. Ministers remain in office
as long as they enjoy the confidence of a majority of members in the Lok Sabha.

Parliament exercises control over the Executive in the following manner:

(i) Interpellation:
Question Hour is an important device to seek information from the Government about its
policies and performance. The first hour of a sitting in both Houses is allotted for asking and
answering of questions. The questions are asked to obtain information on a matter of public
importance or to highlight a grievance.
(ii) Vote of No-Confidence:
If a Government acts against the Constitutional provisions, it can be voted out of office by
passing a vote of No-Confidence against the PM, or the Ministry as a whole or any of its
members. In such a case, the whole Ministry resigns.
(iii) Adjournment Motion:
It is a proposal to lay aside all other business and take up a ‘definite matter of urgent
importance’. Such motions are allowed on subjects such as: a railway accident resulting in
the death of several persons; natural calamity like a devastating flood or a tornado,
communal tension, etc.
(iv) Monetary Control:
During the budget session a Cut motion may be moved. Parliamentary Committee on Public
Accounts ensures that public money is spend in accordance with Parliament’s decision.

OTHER POWERS (EXCLUSIVE POWERS)

1) Parliament may alter the name or boundary of the State if needed, it can also form a new State
by merging the territories of existing States or by separating a part of a territory from a State.
2) It makes laws regarding the composition, jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court.
3) The Parliament may establish a common High Court, for two or more States.
78 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Exclusive Powers of the Rajya Sabha -

1) Though the Parliament cannot make laws on a State-subject, the Constitution states that, the
Rajya Sabha may, by a resolution adopted by two-thirds majority, empower the Parliament to
make laws with respect to a matter in the State List. The Lok Sabha has no authority to assert
itself in such matters.
2) If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency, the Rajya
Sabha becomes the sole de facto and de jure Parliament, i.e., it takes over the functions of the
Parliament. It cannot be dissolved which is a limitation on the Lok Sabha.

Exclusive Powers of the Lok Sabha -

1) No-Confidence motions can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a
majority vote, the PM and the Council of Ministers resign collectively. Rajya Sabha has no
power over such a motion, and hence no real power over the executive.
2) Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. After it is passed by the Lok Sabha, it is
sent to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations, which it must make within 14 days.
3) In case of a deadlock between the two Houses over a non-financial ordinary bill, the will of the
Lok Sabha prevails as its strength is more than double that of the Rajya Sabha.

79 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 2

THE PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT

THE PRESIDENT
Introduction - The President of India is the head of the Union Executive. A council of Ministers
headed by the Prime Minister aids and advises the President in the exercise of his functions. The
President of India is also the Supreme Commanders of the Defence forces.

Qualification -
1) Citizen of India
2) Completed 35 years of age
3) Qualified for the election as a member of L.S.
4) Must not held any office of profit under the Government of India or under any State
Government. or any Local or other Authority under the control of said Government.

Election -
1) Indirectly elected through Electoral College consisting of elected members of both the Houses
of Parliament and elected member of the Legislative Assemblies of the States including
National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of Puducherry.
2) Nominated members of either House of Parliament and State Assemblies are not a part of
Electoral College.
3) Election of President is in accordance with the system of Proportional representation by single
transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot.

Term -
1) Holds office for a term of 5 years
2) There is no upper limit on the number of times a person can become president.

Oath of office -
President takes an oath in the presence of Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, senior most
judge of the Supreme Court.

Vacating the office -

1) Submit his resignation to the Vice President who will then communicate it to the speaker of the
Lok Sabha.
2) President may, for the violation of the constitution, be removed from the office by
impeachment.

Process for Impeachment (removal) of President -

A President can be impeached only on the grounds of violation of the Constitution. The
impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the Parliament:
1) (i) Resolution is moved after at least 14 days’ notice is writing, signed by not less
than 1/4th of the total members of the House.

80 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(ii) The resolution is passed by a majority of not less than 2/3rd of the total members of the
House.
2) If a charge has been preferred by either House of Parliament, the other House will investigate
the charge and the President has the right to appear and to be represented at such an
investigation.
3) If in the House, that has investigated the charge, a resolution is passed by a majority of not
less than 2/3rd of the total membership of the House declaring that the charge preferred is
sustained, then the date on which the Resolution is passed is the date on which the President
is removed.

Did you know? None of the Presidents of India has been impeached to date.

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS -

1) Financial -
(i) A money bill can be introduced in the Parliament only with the President's
recommendation.
(ii) President lays the Annual Financial Statement i.e. the Union budget before the
Parliament.
(iii) Can make advances from the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenses.
(iv) Appoints a Finance Commission after every 5 years to recommend the distribution of
taxes between the Centre and the states.

2) Emergency -
President may proclaim a state of emergency in the whole or a part of India if he realizes that
a grave situation has arisen in which the security of India might get threatened by war or
external aggression or rebellion. President can declare three types of emergencies.
(i) National Emergency or External Emergency:
He can declare National Emergency on the grounds of war, external aggression or armed
rebellion in the country. Duration [Every proclamation of Emergency must be approved by
both Houses of Parliament within 1 month by a majority of the total membership of the
House and a majority of not less than 2/3rd of the members present and voting] It cannot
remain in operation for more than 6 months.
(ii) Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery:
If the President, can receive a report from the Governor] is satisfied that the governance
of State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, he
may declare an emergency. This is called Presidents rule as the president assumes all the
functions of the Government. of the State. Duration- such an emergency lasts for 2
months.
(iii) Financial Emergency:
If the president is satisfied that a financial stability or credit of the nation is threatened; he
can declare a Financial Emergency. Duration- Such a proclamation has to be laid before
both Houses of Parliament and is valid for 2 months.

81 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

3) Executive -
All executive orders are issued in the name of the President.
(i) Appointment of State officials:
He appoints:
a) PM and the Council of Ministers on the PM's advice.
b) Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
c) Governors of the States.
d) Lt. Governors and the Chief commissioners of the U.T.S
e) Attorney General of India.
f) Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
g) Chairman and the Union Public Service Commissioners [UPSC]
h) Chairman and members of the Planning Commission.
i) Chairman and members of the Economic Commission.
(ii) Control over State Government's during Presidents Rule.
(iii) Control over UT's and Border - The administration of the UT's and the Border Areas is the
responsibility of the President.

4) Legislative Powers -
(i) Addresses Sessions of Parliament:
The President addresses both Houses of Parliament for the first session after each
General Election to the Lok Sabha and the Commencement of the first session of each
year.
(ii) Dissolve the Lok Sabha:
Can dissolve Lok Sabha and order fresh elections. [Rajya Sabha i.e. a permanent body,
hence not subject to dissolution]
(iii) Nomination of Members:
Nominates 12 members to Rajya Sabha amongst person having special knowledge or
experience in- literature, science, art and social services. Many nominate 2 members of
the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha if he feels that the community is not
adequately represented in the House.
(iv) Assent to Bills:
No Bill can become a law without the Assent and signature of the President, H may give
his assent or withhold the Bill or send it back to the House concerned with
recommendations.
(v) Summon or Prorogue the Houses:
He has the power to summon and prorogue the Houses. The power to summon
parliament is subject to the conditions that there should not be a gap or more than 6
months between 2 sessions of each House.
(vi) Assent to some State Bills:
The Governor may reserve some bills passed by the State Legislature for the
consideration of the President Bills affecting matters such as the Powers of High Court
are reserved for the consideration of the President. He can refuse his assent or can send
it back for reconsideration.
(vii) Issuing Ordinances:

82 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

He can promulgate on ordinance which has the same status as an act of Parliament. He
may withdraw the ordinance anytime. The
Power to promulgate ordinances is subject to following conditions.
a) The President must be satisfied that circumstances are necessary for him to take
immediate action.
b) An ordinance can be promulgated when both Houses are not in session. However, if
one House is in session, there is no bar in issuing ordinances.
c) If the parliament does not approve the ordinance, it lapses. If the ordinance is not
disapproved within 6 weeks, from the date the parliament reassembles it will cease to
operate.
d) Ordinance lapses if it is replaced by an Act of Parliament.

5) Discretionary Powers -
(i) Appoints PM in a situation when no party commands the clear support of the majority of
the Lok Sabha Members.
(ii) Appoints PM in case of sudden death of the incumbent.
(iii) When the ruling party loses majority support in the Lok Sabha or when the vote of no
confidence is passed against it, recommends the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha,
then it is at the direction of the president to either dissolve the House or ask another party
to prove its majority.
(iv) The President can dismiss the Ministers in case the Council of Ministers losses the
confidence of the House but refuses to resign.

6) Judicial Powers -
(i) No criminal proceedings can be initiated against the Presidents order during his term in
office.
(ii) He appoints the Chief Justice of the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice of
the Chief Justice.
(iii) He has the power to grant pardons, reprieve or remission of punishment or commute
death sentence.
(iv) He is not answerable before any court of law for the insistence of power and duties of his
office.

Why is President elected indirectly?

1) The real executive power is exercised by the council of Ministers headed by P.M. the President
is merely the titular head of the Government and does not exercise any real power. Hence
instead of direct election and not giving him real authority, he is elected by an electoral college.
2) Mass election is not possible due to vast population.

THE VICE-PRESIDENT
Qualification Same as that of President Should be qualified for election as a member of Rajya Sabha
Election -
Electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of parliament elects the V.P.

83 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

1) Election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by a single

transferable vote and the voting is done by secret ballot.
2) Nomination papers should be proposed by at least 20 electors [M.P.s.] and other 20 electors
should second the same.

Oath of Office –
Takes an oath before the president [ some other persons appointed on his behalf by him]
Term of office -
1) V.P. shall hold an office for 5 years from the date on which he enters the office.
2) May resign from his office by writing a letter of resignation addressed to the president, which
would be communication by the president to the speaker of the Lok Sabha-
3) He may be removed from his office for violation of the constitution.
4) Continues to hold his office till his successor inters his office.

Terms and Function -

1) Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha:
(i) Regulates proceedings of the House and decides the order of speeches.
(ii) May suspend or adjourn the business of the House in case of grave disorder.

2) Takes over as President in the following cases:

(i) Death of the President
(ii) Resignation of the President
(iii) Removal of the President
(iv) When the president is unable to discharge his duties due to his absence, illness or any
other case.

• Union Government, State Government -2 types of authority in a federal setup in India.

1) UAF - All citizens of the age [18] have the right to vote and elect their representatives.
2) The Governor is the executive Head of the State.

84 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 3

PRIME MINISTER AND COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

INTRODUCTION
The Constitution of India provides for a Council of Ministers, with the PM at the head, to aid and
advise the President. President is only a nominal Head of the State.

Appointment of PM -
1) The Prime Minister is appointed by the President
2) The President invites the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha to form the Government
3) When no single political party secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha, then the
President has to appoint a person who can prove that he has the support of the smaller political
parties.

Council of Ministers -
1) Cabinet Ministers:
(i) The cabinet is a core group that works closely with the PM.
(ii) They hold important portfolios like Home, Defence, Finance, etc.
(iii) They have a right to attend meetings of the Cabinet.
(iv) They determine the policy and programme of the Government.

2) Ministers of State:
(i) They are the second category of Ministers.
(ii) They may or may not hold an independent charge of any portfolio.
(iii) The PM may or may not consult them.
(iv) They do not participate in the cabinet meetings.

3) Deputy Ministers:
(i) They are the third category of Ministers.
(ii) They assist the Cabinet Ministers and the Council of Ministers.
(iii) They do not take part in Cabinet meetings.

THE CABINET
Formation -
1) The Cabinet is composed of a small but important body of senior leaders of the party, who are
included in the Council of Ministers.
2) They hold important portfolio and decide major policies of the Government.
3) They are the trusted men of PM.

Appointment -
PM selects his senior and trustworthy colleagues and advises the President to appoint them as
Cabinet Ministers.

Term of Office -

85 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

1) PM and council of Ministers are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha and can remain in office
so long as they enjoy the majority support in the Lok Sabha.
2) If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of No-Confidence against the council of ministers, they have to
resign.
3) The President administers the oath of office to the Minister.
4) Every Minister must be a member of either House of the Parliament or must become one within
six months of his appointment.
5) Salaries and allowances of Ministers are such as Parliament from time to time by law
determines.

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE CABINET

1) Administration Powers -
(i) Policy Making:
The Cabinet formulates external and domestic policies of the Government. It takes
decisions on matters like defence, economic policy, security needs, etc.
(ii) Implementation of Policies:
Once a policy decision is taken by the Cabinet, it is conveyed to the Minister of State and
the Deputy Minister of the concerned Ministry.
They work out the details and pass it on to the civil servants under that ministry to
implement the decision.
(iii) The Cabinet coordinates the working of various departments for the smooth
implementation of Government policies.
(iv) Appointments:
All major appointments are made by the President but it is decided by the Cabinet. Ex:
Judges of the High Court, Supreme Court, Governors of State, etc.

2) Legislative Powers -
(i) Introduction of Bills:
Cabinet initiates 95% of the Bills. Such Bills are called official Bills, which are given more
importance over Private Bills.
(ii) Issuing Ordinances:
Cabinet advises the President to issue ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.
(iii) Summons and Prorogues the House:
Although the Houses are summoned by the President, initiative in this matter is taken by
the Cabinet.
(iv) Amend the Constitution:
Cabinet is instrumental in planning and moving the Amendment to the Constitution.
(v) Source of Information:
The Cabinet Ministers answer the questions put to them in the Lok Sabha and thus provide
information to the public.

3) Financial Powers -
(i) Budget:

86 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

The Finance Minister prepares the Annual Budget consisting of the estimates of the income
and the expenditure of the year. The Budget is passed by the Parliament, usually no
changes are made in the Budget against the wishes of the Cabinet. If any amendment to
the Budget proposals is made by the Lok Sabha against the wishes if the Cabinet, it
amounts to a vote of No-Confidence in the Ministry.
(ii) Introduction of Money Bill:
Cabinet is instrumental in initiating a Money Bill.
(iii) Finances of the Government:
Cabinet is responsible for the expenditure of the Government for presenting the demand
for grants.
4) Emergency Powers -
President cannot declare a Proclamation of any emergency without receiving in writing the
decision of the cabinet.

POWERS AND POSITION OF THE PRIME MINISTER

Prime Minister is the real head of the nation. President is the nominal head of the State.

1) Prime Minister and the President -

(i) PM is the advisor of the President. The President is the nominal head and the PM is the real
executive of the Indian union.
(ii) The President summons and prorogues the Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha on the
advice of the PM.
(iii) The PM chooses the ministers and the President appoints them. The ministers may also be
dismissed on the advice of the PM.
(iv) The PM advices the President on the appointment of important posts.
E.g. Judges of Supreme Court, Governors, etc.
(v) The PM is a link between the President and the Council of Ministers. A minister cannot
discuss any matter of national policy with the President on his own.
(vi) If the President asks for any information, the PM is expected to furnish the details.

2) PM and Council of Ministers -

(i) The PM is the leader of the Council of Ministers
(ii) The Council of Ministers are selected by the PM and the President has to accept it and
appoint the Ministers.
(iii) The PM has the powers to allocate the portfolios and reshuffle his council of Ministers.
(iv) If the PM is not satisfied with the performance of any minister, he may ask them to resign.
(v) The PM coordinates the working of various departments. E.g.: Defence, Foreign Affairs, etc.
(vi) The PM’s resignation implies the resignation of the entire Cabinet.

3) PM and Parliament -
(i) PM is the leader of the Lok Sabha.
(ii) He is the spokesperson of the Government. All-important announcements on national
policies is made by the PM.
(iii) He is the defender of all Government policies.

87 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

(iv) He interferes in controversial issues like the Centre-State relations, inflation, Foreign Affairs,
etc.

4) PM as leader of the Nation -

(i) The PM represents the nation when he speaks, the whole nation speaks through him.
(ii) He decides the relationship of India with other countries.
(iii) He protects the interests of the country in international forums.
(iv) During General Elections, it is the proposed name of the PM for whom the people vote for
or against.
(v) He is the ex-officio Chairman of the Niti Aayog and the Atomic Energy Commission.
(vi) During a national crisis like war, even the opposition parties support the PM.

RESPONSIBILITIES

1) Check on the Authority of the PM -

(i) The PM must ensure the support of his ministers and the party.
(ii) Opposition always look for a chance to criticize the PM.
(iii) The press and public opinion act as effective checks on PM’s authority.
(iv) In case of coalitions, when the PM does not enjoy an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha, his
position becomes more vulnerable.

2) Collective Responsibility -
(i) Council of ministers are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
(ii) The decisions taken in the Cabinet meetings are equally applicable to all the Ministers.
(iii) Ministers function as a team and they jointly share the responsibility for the Government
policies.
(iv) Vote of No-Confidence against one minister is a vote against the whole ministry.
(v) If the PM resigns, others also resign.

3) Individual Responsibility -
(i) Every minister is individually responsible to the President.
(ii) Each minister is answerable to Parliament for the department under his control.
(iii) Each Minister is responsible for matters such as personal lapse, departure from official
policy, breach of oath of secrecy, etc.
(iv) If the PM is not satisfied with the work of any of his Ministers, he can ask them to resign.

*******

88 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 4

THE SUPREME COURT

INTRODUCTION
Meaning of single integrated system -
1) The supreme court is the head of the entire system and it not only supervises but also exercise
control over the functioning of other court.
2) There are no sperate sets of law and a single civil and criminal system operates throughout the
country.
3) All cases from the lower court can be taken to the High court and ultimately to the supreme
court, by way of appeal.

Need for single Independent Judiciary -

1) In a democracy, administration of justice is important in view of the rights of individuals, which
need protection against executive or legislative interference. This protection is given by making
the judiciary independent of the other two organs of the government.
2) An independent and supreme judiciary is essential for a federal governance. In a federal setup,
there is a constitutional division of power between the executive legislature and judiciary.
3) An Independent and impartial judiciary is important for ensuring human right and protecting
democracy.

THE SUPREME COURT

Composition -
Supreme court of India consist of a chief justice of India and not more than 30 other judges, until
parliament by law prescribes a larger number of judges.

Qualification -
Citizen of India has been for at least five years a judge of a high court or of two or more such court
in succession. Has been for at least ten years an advocate of a high court or of two or more such
court in succession. Is, in the opinion of the president, a distinguished jurist.

Appointment -
Every judge of supreme court is appointed by the president of India in consultation with the judge
of supreme court and of high court, besides the council of ministers.
1) In case of appointment of a judge other than the chief justice, chief justice of India shall be
consulted.
89 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

2) In case of the chief justice, usually the senior judge of the supreme court is appointment.

Term of office -
1) A judge of the supreme court shall hold office until he attains the age of 65 years.
2) A judge may resign his office, by submitting his resignation letter to the president.

Impeachment -
A judge of the supreme court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the president
on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity. Such an order is passed after an address by
each house of parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that house and by a
majority of not less than two- thirds of the members of the house present and voting this procedure
is called Impeachment

Seat of supreme court - Supreme court shall sit in Delhi or any other place as decided by the chief
Justice with the approval of the president.

INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY FROM THE CONTROL OF EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE

Independence of the judiciary is ensured by the following devices:
1) Appointment of Judges -
Every judge of the supreme court is appointment by the president after consultation with the
cabinet as well as the judge of supreme court and High court.
2) Removal of Judges -
A judge can be removed by the president only for proved misbehavior and incapacity. Such an
order is passed after an address by each house of parliament supported by a majority of the
total membership of that house and by a majority of not less than two thirds of the members of
the house present &voting. This is called Impeachment.
(i) Security of Tenure: A judge can remain in office till he has attained the age of 65 years.
(ii) Security of Salaries and Service Conditions: Salaries, allowances, etc. of the judges cannot
be changed to their disadvantage during their tenure except in financial emergencies. Their
salaries and allowances are charged on the consolidated fund of India and so are not
subject to vote of Parliament.
(iii) Punishment for Contempt of Court: Supreme Court can punish for the Contempt of Court if
a person or authority makes an attempt to lower its authority.
(iv) Full Control over its Procedure of Work and Establishment: The Supreme Court is free to
decide its own procedures of work and its establishment as well as the conditions of
service of its employees.
(v) No discussion can take place in the Parliament regarding the conduct of any judge or about
the discharge of his duties except when there is a motion for his removal.
(vi) Prohibition of Practice after Retirement: Judges are paid pensions but they are not allowed
to practice after their retirement.

JURISDICTION AND POWERS OF THE SUPREME COURT

Jurisdiction is the power that a court of law exercises to carry out judgements and enforce laws. The
Supreme Court is the protector and the final interpreter of the Constitution.

1) Original Jurisdiction -

90 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

It is the power to hear and determine a dispute in the first instance i.e., those cases which
cannot be moved in any court other than the Supreme Court.
(i) Centre-State or Inter-States Disputes:
The Supreme Court is given exclusive original jurisdiction in any dispute:
a) Between Government of India and one or more States.
b) Between Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more
States on the other.
c) Between two or more States.
(ii) Protection of Fundamental Rights:
If any Fundamental Rights of a citizen is violated, an individual can approach the Supreme
Court and the Court can issues several writs for the enforcement of these rights.
(iii) Transfer of cases from Lower Courts:
Supreme Court may transfer to itself cases from one or more High Courts, if these involve
questions of law, or cases of great importance. The court may transfer cases from one high
court to another in the interest of justice.
(iv) Interpretation of Constitution:
All cases where interpretation of Constitution is need can be directly filed in the Supreme
Court.

2) Appellate Jurisdiction -
It means the powers to grant special leave to appeal against the judgement delivered by any
court in the country. It is a court of appeal which means that it is a court which may change the
decision or reduce the sentence passed by the lower courts. The Supreme Court is the final
Court of Appeal.
The Appellate Jurisdiction extends to:
(i) Constitutional cases: All matters irrespective of the nature, where a certificate is issued by a
High Court that it involves an important point of law and needs interpretation of the
constitution, can be brought before the Supreme Court.
(ii) Civil cases: Appeals in civil matter lie to the Supreme Court, if the High Court certifies:
a) That the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance
b) That the question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court
(iii) Criminal cases: 2 types of appeals in criminal cases lie in the Supreme Court:
a) Cases without the certificate of the High Court
b) Cases with the certificate of the High Court

FUNCTIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT

1) Settlement of Disputes –
Supreme Court hears appeals in respect of its original and appellate jurisdictions.
(Refer to original & appellate jurisdictions)

2) Enforcement of Fundamental Rights –

Any citizen whose rights are violated may move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of the
rights. The Supreme Court has power to issue orders of writs in the nature of habeas corpus,
mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for the enforcement of these rights.

91 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

3) Advisory Jurisdiction -
The Supreme Court can express its opinion in the following matters in an advisory capacity:
(i) Any question of law may be referred to the Supreme Court if the President considers that
the question is of public importance and is necessary to obtain the opinion of the Supreme
Court. Such opinion is not binding on the Court.
(ii) Disputes arising out of Pre-Constitution treaties and agreements which are excluded from
original jurisdiction.

4) Revisory Jurisdiction -
The Supreme Court has the power to review its own judgement or order with a view to remove
any mistake or error that might have except in the judgement or order.

5) Judicial Review -
The Supreme Court is the interpreter of the Constitution.
It has the power to review laws passed by the Union or State legislatures.
The Supreme Court can declare a law ‘ultra vires’ or null and void, if it is against the spirit of the
Constitution or contravenes any provision of the Constitution. This power is the power of
judicial review.

• The minimum number of judges to hear and decide a case involving interpretation of the
Constitution shall be five.
• Need for Judicial Review:
The Constitution has provided for a balance of powers between the Centre and the States.
If the Union Government or the State go beyond their limits, the Supreme Court can settle
the dispute.
a) In a written Constitution, a law may be ambiguously worked. If the question of
interpretation of the Constitution arises, then only the Supreme Court has the power of
original jurisdiction.
b) The legislative may not possess the wisdom, experience and impartiality which are
needed to explain what the law means. This function can be best performed by the
Supreme Court.

6) Court of Record -
The Supreme Court is a Court of Record whose judgements are recorded for evidence and
testimony. The judgements are in the nature of ‘precedents’, i.e., the High Courts and other
courts are bound to give a similar decision in a similar case.

• The Court of Record has two implications:

a) Its judgements and orders are preserved as record, which can be produced in any court
as precedents.
b) If a person commits a contempt of court, the court has the authority to punish him.

❖ The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution.

********

92 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

CHAPTER 5

THE HIGH COURTS AND SUBORDINATE COURTS

Composition -
Each High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other judges as the President of India may
appoint.
The President has the power to appoint:
1) Additional judges for a temporary period not exceeding two years, for the clearance of arrears
of work in a High Court.
2) An acting judge when a permanent Judge (other than the Chief Justice) is temporarily absent or
unable to perform his duties or is appointed to act temporarily as Chief Justice. The acting
judge holds office until the permanent Judge resumes his office.

Qualifications -
1) He should be a citizen of India.
2) Should not be over 62 years.
3) Has held a judicial office in the territory of India for at least 10 years or has been an advocate of
a High Court for at least 10 years.

Appointment -
1) The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of India in consultation with the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the concerned state.
2) Other judges of a High Court are appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief
Justice of India, the Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court.

POWERS AND JURISDICTION OF HIGH COURT

Original Jurisdiction -
High Court has original jurisdiction in the following cases:
1) Matters relating to state revenue and its collection
2) Cases regarding wills, divorce, marriage, company law, etc.
3) Every High Court has the power to interpret the Constitution. This power is brown as the power
of Judicial Review.
4) Along with the Supreme Court, it enjoys original jurisdiction for the enforcement of
Fundamental Rights. It can issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

Appellate Jurisdiction -
High Court has the power to accept appeals against the decisions of District Courts, in civil as well
as criminal matters.

1) Civil cases
Appeals can be brought to the High Court:
(i) In matters concerning land revenue
(ii) In cases where a blatant injustice has been committed by any Tribunal

93 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

2) Criminal cases
In criminal cases appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals:
(i) Against the judgement of a sessions judge or an Additional Sessions Judge, where the
sentence of imprisonment exceeds 7 years.
(ii) Against the judgement of an Assistant Sessions Judge, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate
or other Judicial Magistrates, where the sentence of imprisonment exceeds 4 years.
(iii) A sentence of death must be confirmed by the High Court before it can be carried out.

FUNCTIONS OF THE HIGH COURT

1) Settlement of Disputes: High Courts have original and appellate Jurisdiction in the settlement of
disputes.

2) Enforcement of Fundamental Rights: High Courts can issue writs for the enforcement of
Fundamental Rights. The writs issues are: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo
Warranto, and Certiorari.

3) Advisory Jurisdiction: High Courts can advise any Government department, legislative or the
Governor, if they seek it, on matters of law.

4) Revisory Jurisdiction: High Court can call for the record of a case which has been decided by a
Subordinate Court.
A revisory Jurisdiction is applicable in the following cases:
a) Injustice or an error of law apparent on the face of the record
b) Violation of the principles of natural justice
c) Arbitrary authority leading to wrong judgements

5) Judicial Review: High Courts can declare any provision of the Constitution as null and void if it
infringes the Fundamental Rights or contravenes any provision of the Constitution.

6) Court of Record: The High Court is a “Court of Record” like the Supreme Court.

SUBORDINATE COURTS
Subordinate Courts are the courts, which function at the district level and below.

Every State has 3 types of Courts:

1) Civil Courts 2) Criminal Courts 3) Courts of Revenue

1) Civil Courts - Exercise Jurisdiction in the cases related to land, property and money
transactions, arbitration, marriages, divorce and cases involving a will. These include:
(i) The court of the District Judge
(ii) Court of Civil Judge
(iii) Munsif’s Court
(iv) Court of Small Causes

2) Criminal Courts - exercise Jurisdiction in cases related to murder, robbery, theft, etc.
94 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

These include:
(i) Sessions Judge’s or additional sessions Judge’s court
(ii) Chief Metropolitan Magistrate
(iii) Metropolitan Magistrates
(iv) Second class Judicial Magistrates

3) Courts or Revenue - deal with cases related to land records and the assessment and collection
of land revenue.
These include:
(i) Board of Revenue
(ii) Commissioner’s Court
(iii) Collector’s Court
(iv) Tehsildar’s Court

LOK ADALATS
It means ‘People’s Court’. These were set up by Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 as a legal
forum for speedy disposal of cases.

Advantages of Lok Adalats:

1) Lok Adalats deliver fast and inexpensive justice.
2) They reduce the workload of other courts enabling them to deal with more serious matters.
3) Lok Adalats promote social justice by providing legal aid to weaker sections of society.
4) Lok Adalats settle family feuds, disputes between the neighbours, minor cases of assault and
injury by settling the disputes through compromise. Since the Lok Adalats work in the spirit of
compromise and understanding, both the parties feel satisfied.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COURT OF THE DISTRICT JUDGE AND SESSIONS COURT

95 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

 ICSE History and Civics Revision Notes for Class 10

Court of the District Judge Sessions Court

(1) It is the highest civil court of the district (1) It is the highest criminal court of the district

(2) Presided over by a District Judge (2) Presided over by a sessions judge

(3) The District Judge and the Additional (3) The Sessions judge and the Additional
District Judges are appointed by the Sessions Judges are appointed by the
Governor in consultation with the Chief Governor in consultation with the Chief
Justice of the High Court of the concerned
Justice of the High Court of the
State
concerned State

(4) District Judge decides civil cases related (4) The Sessions Judge decides criminal cases
to land, property, money transactions, like murders, theft, dacoity, etc.
marriage, etc.

*******

96 | E x a m 1 8

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]

LIKE IT? CHECK OUT OVER 50+ STUDY NOTES FOR

ICSE 2020
BOARD EXAMS

Visit [Link] every week for exciting new

study notes, sample papers, tips and more
by Teachers from Best ICSE Schools.

[Link]/Exam18
Follow us on Facebook for new book announcements, special
offers and curated tips & tricks by top students & Exam18 Authors

Licensed to Kushal Agrawal with Phone 9415430493 and Email kushalrupaidiha240@[Link]