29 Oct 2018 [Link] - Inst_Type T_J Popular Segements.

sm

plot data , char , size , clr for k 1 .. rows data appVersion 3 "0.98.6179"
r3 char Created "jmG, 2018_10_17"
k
r4 size
k
r5 clr
k
augment data , r3 , r4 , r5

NBS fixed points Monograph 125

-------------------------------------
Helium NBP -268.935 6.2563 268.935
Hydrogen TP -259.340 6.2292 259.34
Hydrogen NBP -252.870 6.1977 252.87
Neon TP -248.595 6.1536 246.048
Neon NBP -246.048 5.873 218.789
Oxygen TP -218.789 5.7533 210.002 8.0957 210.002
Nitrogen TP -210.002 5.5356 195.802 7.7963 195.802
Nitrogen NBP -195.802 5.3147 182.962 7.4807 182.962
Oxygen NBP -182.962 2.7407 78.476 3.7187 78.476
Carbon Dioxide SP -78.476 1.4349 38.862 1.9063 38.862
Mercury FP -38.862 T
0 0 0 0
Ice Point 0.00 1.0679 26.87 1.3739 26.87
Ether TP 26.87 4.2773 100 5.2677 100
Water BP 100.00 5.3414 122.37 6.4886 122.37
Benzoic TP 122.37 7.0364 156.634 8.3743 156.634
Indium FP 156.634 11.0133 231.9681 12.5517 231.9681
Tin FP 231.9681 13.2188 271.442 J 14.7427 271.442
Bismuth FP 271.442 16.0953 321.108 17.4928 321.108
Cadmium FP 321.108 16.4733 327.502 17.8462 327.502
Lead FP 327.502 18.2179 356.66 19.456 356.66
Mercury BP 356.66 22.9259 419.58
Zinc FP 419.580 24.3123 444.674
Sulfur BP 444.674 30.1095 548.23
Cu-Al FP 548.23 34.9108 630.74
Antimony FP 630.74 NBP "NormalBoilingPoint"
36.6933 660.37
Aluminum FP 660.37 TP "TriplePoint"
55.669 961.93
Silver FP 961.93 SP "SublimationPoint"
61.716 1064.43
Gold FP 1064.43 BP "BoilingPoint"
62.880 1084.5
Copper FP 1084.5 FP "FreezingPoint"

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Part 1: Popular Segments [low cryogenic omitted]

XY T Popular Segments:
5 .. 19 1 .. 2
Both fitting functions were done Mathcad 11 [2003].
X col XY , 1
Y col XY , 2
They were done from MCD GenfitMatrix Padé rational ,
T plot T , "." , 12 , "black" then converted to J-Frac continued fractions.

1 if 5.873 x
c x
"" otherwise

42563.52
T356 x 1579.4
1757.435
x 0.2335992
11790.76
x 104.3645
2.041063
x 69.55679
x 7.885124

384 y Mutual conformity @ NBS fixed points

δ for i 1 .. rows XY
320
∆ eval round Y T356 X 2
i i i ,
256
augment X , Y , ∆
192
5.873 218.789 0.27
128 5.7533 210.002 0.02
5.5356 195.802 0.04
64 5.3147 182.962 0.03
2.7407 78.476 0.01
0 x 1.4349 38.862 0.04
-64
0 0 0.04
δ 1.0679 26.87 0
-128 4.2773 100 0.02
5.3414 122.37 0
-192 7.0364 156.634 0.02
11.0133 231.9681 0.01
-256
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 13.2188 271.442 0
T 16.0953 321.108 0
T356 x c x 16.4733 327.502 0
5.873 218.789 "+" 30 "blue"

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XY J
2 .. 23 1 .. 2

X col XY , 1
Y col XY , 2
J plot J , "." , 12 , "black"

1 if 7.4807 x
c x
"" otherwise

98.28046
J1064 x 0.04538168 x 12.91152
96.40391
x 35.55858
369377.4
x 563.9309
6.649292
x 649.2875
x 12.6438

J1064 x J1064 x x

y Mutual conformity @ NBS fixed points

1152
δ for i 1 .. rows XY
1024 ∆ eval round Y J1064 X 3
i i i ,
896 augment X , Y , ∆
768
7.7963 195.802 0.263
640
7.4807 182.962 0.036
512 3.7187 78.476 0
1.9063 38.862 0
384 0 0 0
256
1.3739 26.87 0
5.2677 100 0.001
128 6.4886 122.37 0.002
8.3743 156.634 0.002
0 x 12.5517 231.9681 0.003
-128 14.7427 271.442 0.003
δ
-16 0 16 32 48 64 17.4928 321.108 0.001
-256 17.8462 327.502 0.001
J
19.456 356.66 0.004
J1064 x c x
22.9259 419.58 0.013
7.4807 182.962 "+" 30 "blue"
24.3123 444.674 0.012
30.1095 548.23 0.022
Note: Both fixed points [Gold, Copper] are undetermined 34.9108 630.74 0.004
36.6933 660.37 0.024
NBS Monograph 125 wrt to 'J' . They are just reference. 55.669 961.93 0.032
'J' fit was done Mathcad 11 [2003]. => GenfitMatrix. 61.716 1064.43 0.146
This rational fraction passes very closely to the fixed points. 62.88 1084.5 0.116

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Part 2: Hyperfit type 'T' thermocouple

Utilities

6.25629 268.935 X col T , 1 The 'T' hyperfit is reduction technique.

6.22919 259.34 Y col T , 2 The point [0,0] is removed from the fixed.
6.19773 252.87 Immaterial for the suite of x*Tr(x,β)
n rows T [plot, conformity, on-line calculations]
6.17138 248.595
6.15358 246.048
Y jmG Mathcad DAEP [2003]
5.87302 218.789 Treduced augment X ,
5.75328 210.002 X 25.8149913045858
5.53559 195.802 12.7668104944864
48 y
5.31472 182.962 1.25727409574702
2.7407 78.476 3.04185012250532
T
1.43494 38.862 32 0.611123673599964
1.0679 26.87 0.040154623061311
4.2773 100 β 0.0006438455716873
16
5.3414 122.37 0.46562548019054
7.0364 156.634 0.030977484107051
0 x 0.119835340769071
11.0133 231.9681 -8 0 8 16
13.2188 271.442 plot Treduced , "o" , 4 , "black" 0.027040212533505
16.0953 321.108 0.002100716189884
16.4733 327.502 roundOFF 0.0000488329299122
β round β , 13
18.2179 356.66

2 3 4 5 6 fit to the reduced data set.

β β
x β xx β β x β x β x Normalized Padé rational 6/6.
13 2 4 5 6 7
Tr x , β RoundOFF wisely ... rational
2 3 4 5 6
1 β x β x β x β x β x β x are sensitive to true decimals
8 9 10 11 12 13

f x, β x Tr x , β reverse the fit to the original data set

Mutual conformity @ NBS fixed points

1 if 6.25629 x δ for i 1 .. rows T

c x
"" otherwise ∆ eval round Y f X β ,3
i i i,
f 0, β 0 augment X , Y , ∆

Rational fraction to Type 'T' T/C, NBS Monograph 125 f X β 268.936 sanity cryogenic
1,
384
y ∆elta augment X , col δ , 3
stem Error ∆elta
256 bar BarSize ∆elta , 0.075
datum plotG X , 0 Y , "." , 12 , "black"
128 y
0.0078125

0 x 0.00390625

0 x
-128
-0.00390625

-256
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 -0.0078125
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16

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β 15 D

6.2563 268.935 0.001 0

6.2292 259.34 0.001 0.001
6.1977 252.87 0.003 0.003
6.1714 248.595 0.001 0.001
6.1536 246.048 0.003 0.003 More statistical insight
5.873 218.789 0.001 0.001
5.7533 210.002 0.005 0.005
SSD = "Sum Square Differences"
5.5356 195.802 0.001 0.001
5.3147 182.962 0.004 0.004 n 2
0.004 SSD Y f X β 0.000208
δ
2.7407 78.476 0.004 i i,
1.4349 38.862 0.002 0.002 i= 1
1.0679 26.87 0 0
4.2773 100 0.003 0.003 χ Mean X χ 1.754059
5.3414 122.37 0 0 µ Mean Y µ 14.306345
7.0364 156.634 0.004 0.004 n 20
n rows T
11.0133 231.9681 0.004 0.004
13.2188 271.442 0.004 0.004
16.0953 321.108 0.003 0.003
16.4733 327.502 0.002 0.002
18.2179 356.66 0.007 0.007

Pearson’s correlation coefficient

n
X χ Y µ
i i
i= 1
correlation between [X,Y data]
n n
2 2
X χ Y µ
i i
i= 1 i= 1
corr 0.9999999
n
X χ eval f X β µ
i i,
i= 1
correlation between [X,fitted model]
n n 2
2
X χ eval f X β µ
i i,
i= 1 i= 1

n
X χ Y µ
i i
i= 1
n n
2 2
X χ Y µ
i i
i= 1 i= 1 0.986337977
n 0.98633812
X χ eval f X β µ
i i,
i= 1
n n 2
2
X χ eval f X β µ
i i,
i= 1 i= 1

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Part 3: Ultimate 'J' fit

'c' normalised coefficients

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c c x x c
c x c x c x c x c x c x
1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
J1084 x x
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 c x c x c x c x c x c x c x c x
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

X col J , 1
Mutual conformity @ NBS fixed points
Y col J , 2
J plot J , "." , 12 , "black"
∆J1084 augment X , Y , round Y J1084 X , 3

8.0957 210.002 0
1 if 8.0957 x x 62.88
c x 7.7963 195.802 0
"" otherwise
7.4807 182.962 0
3.7187 78.476 0
y
1.9063 38.862 0
1024 0 0 0
896
1.3739 26.87 0
5.2677 100 0
768 6.4886 122.37 0
8.3743 156.634 0
640
12.5517 231.9681 0
512 ∆J1084 14.7427 271.442 0.001
17.4928 321.108 0
384 17.8462 327.502 0
256
19.456 356.66 0
22.9259 419.58 0
128 24.3123 444.674 0
30.1095 548.23 0
0 x 34.9108 630.74 0
-128 36.6933 660.37 0
0 16 32 48 64 55.669 961.93 0
J 61.716 1064.43 0
J1084 x c x 62.88 1084.5 0

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Calibrate the mV/I converter

XmV 100 XmV " °C " mV 1

solve J1084 mV XmV , mV , 5 , 4 4.6322 mV Low range: -100°C => -4.6322 mV

J1084 4.6309 99.97

XmV 200 XmV " °C " mV 1

solve J1084 mV XmV , mV , 0 , 20 10.7765 mV High range: 200°C => 10.7765 mV

J1084 10.7768 200

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'J'cryogenic [-210.002...26.87]
Part 4: =>
'T'cryogenic [-268.935...26.87
286005.3
Jcryo x 2319.64
5.737392 J J
x 123.8632 1 .. 7 1 .. 2
x 10.21686
8.0957 210.002
X col J , 1
7.7963 195.802
Jcryo plot J , "." , 12 , "black" 7.4807 182.962 Y col J , 2
J 3.7187 78.476
1 if 8.0957 x
c x 1.9063 38.862
"" otherwise
0 0
1.3739 26.87

y
64 Mutual conformity @ NBS fixed points

0 x
∆Jcryo augment X , Y , round Y Jcryo X , 2
-64
8.0957 210.002 0.02
-128 7.7963 195.802 0.07
7.4807 182.962 0.05
-192
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 ∆Jcryo 3.7187 78.476 0.02
Jcryo 1.9063 38.862 0.02
Jcryo x c x 0 0 0.08
1.3739 26.87 0

=============================================================

T T
1 .. 12 1 .. 2
791.578
Tcryo x 18.41415 x 76.66062 X col T , 1
0.1977402
x 10.35533 Y col T , 2
0.005441432
x 6.656865
x 6.30942

Tcryo plot T , "." , 12 , "black" Mutual conformity @ NBS fixed points

1 if 6.2563 x ∆Tcryo augment X , Y , round Y Tcryo X , 2

c x
"" otherwise
6.2563 268.935 0
y
6.2292 259.34 0.02
0 x 6.1977 252.87 0.06
-64 6.1714 248.595 0
6.1536 246.048 0.04
-128
5.873 218.789 0.01
∆Tcryo
-192 5.7533 210.002 0.03
-256
5.5356 195.802 0.01
-6 -4 -2 0 2 5.3147 182.962 0.03
Tcryo 2.7407 78.476 0.02
Tcryo x c x 1.4349 38.862 0.02
1.0679 26.87 0

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 29 Oct 2018 [Link] - Inst_Type T_J Popular [Link]

About this document . . .

1. You will read all sorts of empirical jargon from literature [outdated, repeated, not CAS].
This document is a project guide . Many more types T/C exist, not explored.
All in all, T, J cover most industrial processes. If you need down to absolute '0', you may
consider cryogenic sensors in that particular short low range, eventually RTD Pt100.
2. This document exemplifies fitting the NBS fixed points. For an accurate measurement
from T/C suppliers, you would need to simulate fixed points from thermal bath and run the
Mathcad GenfitMatrix of which the core algorithm is the built-in genfit(X,Y,guesses,F)
where X,Y are the data set, and F the model function. Unfortunately and up todate, such
an algorithm is not available yet in Smath. If not from public, will have to be user coded.

Part 5: => Prefered 'J' [-210.002 ... 500 °C]

Genfit Utilities

8.0957 210.002 2 3 4 Padé rational fraction

β β x β x β x β x
7.7963 195.802 1 2 3 4 5 ..... NORMALIZED .....
f x, β
7.4807 182.962 2 3 leading 1 in denom
1 β x β x β x
3.7187 78.476 6 7 8
t0 time 1
1.9063 38.862
φ x, β φ x, β, f, 8 conjugate gradient
0 0 0.5
1.3739 26.87 X col XY , 1 20
appVersion 3 "0.98.6179"
5.2677 100 Y col XY , 2 1.5
Timing "17 sec"
XY 6.4886 122.37 n rows XY 0.05
8.3743 156.634 0.01
12.5517 231.9681 0
β 0.5
14.7427 271.442 0
20
17.4928 321.108 β β 0
1.5
17.8462 327.502
0.05
19.456 356.66 β 0.022892692
1 0.01
22.9259 419.58 19.863847509
0
24.3123 444.674 2.921904294
0
0.154170228
0 β
0.005263643
iter 13 0.159363729
i 1 0.00876669
while i iter 0.000280425
β Minimize XY , f , φ , β
i 1 i
i i 1 time 1 t0 19 s
β β
iter

SSD = "Sum Square Differences"

n 2
SSD Y f X β 0.02
i i,
i= 1

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Normalized rational Padé converted to continued J_Fraction [Maple].

910.027136
J x 18.770251 x 37.025038
317.453992
x 3.85542
24.686096
x 17.936706
x 9.470053

FIT U 8.1 , 8 .. 30 Mutual conformity @ NBS fixed points

for i 1 .. rows U δ for i 1 .. rows XY
vy eval J U
i i ∆ eval round Y J X 2
i i i ,
augment U , vy
augment X , Y , ∆
∆elta augment X , col δ , 3 2000
bar BarSize ∆elta , 0.075
8.0957 210.002 0.02
data plot XY , "." , 12 , "black"
7.7963 195.802 0.06
7.4807 182.962 0.05
Type 'J' Thermocouple fit to NBS Monograph 125
3.7187 78.476 0.02
y 1.9063 38.862 0.01
0 0 0.02
384 1.3739 26.87 0.02
5.2677 100 0.02
256 δ 6.4886 122.37 0.03
8.3743 156.634 0.02
128 12.5517 231.9681 0.04
14.7427 271.442 0.05
0 17.4928 321.108 0
x
17.8462 327.502 0.01
19.456 356.66 0.05
-128
22.9259 419.58 0.05
-8 0 8 16 24 32 24.3123 444.674 0.06

Convert Continued fraction

The procedure => 'J' [-210.002 ... 500 °C]

. . . suggests that if you have bath tested the fixed points,
it might be possible to evaluate the β's ... thus, personalized
the concerned 'J' T/C for high accuracy.

At the triple point [0.01 °C], all three phases can coexist.
Water critical point : However, the liquid-vapor boundary
terminates in an endpoint at some critical temperature Tc and
critical pressure pc. This is the critical point.
In water, the critical point occurs at around
647 K (374 °C ) and 22.064 MPa (3200 psia or 218 atm)

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Sub-Cryogenic sensor CY7

plot(data,char,size,clr)... CY7

Suggested renovation CY7 ============================

3.890508 break 1.1246
cry_1 x 20.36985 x 31.19133
0.001116245
x 0.935192 support plot CY7 , "o" , 5 , "black"
x 1.099057

57 1 if 1.1246 x x 1.75
cry_2 x 380 x 546.8 c1 x
0.2 "" otherwise
x 1.5
0.04
x 2 1 if 0 x x 1.1246
5 c2 x
x 1
x 1 "" otherwise
y cry_1 1.1246 25.0
448 cry_2 1.1246 25.0
384

320
Comment . . .
256 The phenomenon behaves like discontinuous.
192 As published, high order Chebychev Omega aren't
128
much inspiring ... [handling, computation load].
Rational fraction is a good candidate for interpolating
64
each segment. In this proposal, we consider the break
0 x point as an Act of God . More information might help
-0.5
-64 0 0.5 1 1.5 to conclude/renovate this type of low cryogenic sensor.

1.3042 15 11.94 x β
3 model to smooth
1.2144 20 13.831 f x, β β β exp the break region
β 1 2 β
XY 1.1246 25 1.155 4
1.0705 50 0.089
XY plot XY , "o" , 5 , "black"
0.9956 90
1 if 0.975 x x 1.5
m x
"" otherwise

y
512
80
448

384 64

320
48
256
32
192

128 16

64
0
0 x
-16
-64 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 0.875 1 1.125

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jct solve cry_2 x f x, β 0 , x , 1.0625 , 1.125 1.097816

jct solve cry_1 x f x, β 0 , x , 1.125 , 1.25 1.183984

solve cry_1 x 0 , x , 1.7 , 1.85 1.7618 possible CY7 0 °K extrapolation

cry_2 x if 0 x x 1.097816 1.097816

jct
CY7 x f x, β if 1.097816 x x 1.183984 1.183984
cry_1 x otherwise 1.6981 1.4
1.5978 5
1 if 0 x x 1.7
m x 1.4201 10
"" otherwise CY7 1.7618 0
1.3042 15
1.2144 20
y 1.1246 25
512 1.0705 50
0.9956 90
384 CY7
0.9338 120
0.8687 150
256 0.7555 200
0.6384 250
128 0.5189 300
0.3978 350
0 x 0.2746 400
-0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 0.1498 450

Read more . . .
I'm not aware of industrial process in the sub-cryogenic of Pt 100 [13.8 °K, -259.3467 °C] .
To meet the demand starting ~ 1 °K, @ best accuracy on longer range, a dual installation is
recommanded ... CY7 switching around 20 °K to Pt 100. No more detail about installation.
This technical suggestion is subject to project requirements.

V col CY7 , 1 Forward voltage [V]

K col CY7 , 2 Temperature [°K]

conformity for i 1 .. rows V 1.6981 1.4 0.3

cy7 eval CY7 V 1.5978 5 0.5
i i
1.4201 10 0.2
augment V , K , K round cy7 , 1 1.3042 15 0
1.2144 20 0.1
1.1246 25 6.4
1.0705 50 1.6
0.9956 90 2.5
conformity
0.9338 120 3.7
0.8687 150 3.8
0.7555 200 3.2
0.6384 250 2.3
0.5189 300 1.4
0.3978 350 0.8
0.2746 400 0
0.1498 450 0.8

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L U

X
U L

x L U x
U L

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CY7 CY7 Possible reconciliation CY7

1 .. 7 1 .. 2
That two [2] ChebyShev have to cover such a small range [2K .. 24.5 K]
V col CY7 , 1 Forward [V]
K col CY7 , 2 ... [°K]... is a strict indication of poorly collected data or CY7 not reflecting the
physics of this subcryogenic range. To conclude CY7, up to better
1.6981 1.4 experimental CY7 data => switch CY7 to Pt100 or type 'T'
1.5978 5 @ either 1.2144 or 1.2146 and ignore the upper CY7 [°K]
1.4201 10
CY7 1.3042 15 This subcryo CY7 function flies in the blue @ 'x' ≤ 1.1246
1.2144 20 3.890508
1.1246 25 sub_CY7 x 20.36985 x 31.19133
0.001116245
1.0705 50 x 0.935192
x 1.099057

ITS solve sub_CY7 x 13.8033 0 , x , 1.3 , 1.4 1.330705 determine the switch point

sub plot CY7 , "o" , 5 , "black" sub-range to sub_CY7(x)

switch 1.2144 sub_CY7 1.2144 "+" 100 "blue" proposed switch => Pt100
exclusive region of sub_CY7(x)
exclusive 1.09755 37.5 "o" 60 "green"

1 if 1.1246 x x 1.6981
c x
"" otherwise
sub-cryogenic CY7 ... switch
@ 1.2144 = 20 °K [-253.15 °C]

y 0.29 sub_CY7 ITS 13.8 °Kelvin

0.5 sub_CY7 1.1246 24.97
64 0.23
K sub_CY7 V 0.01
32 0.08 268.935 °C 4.215 K type 'T'
0.03
0.18 248.5939 °C 24.5561 K
0 x
0 1 13.8033 K 259.3467
°C
20 K 253.15

259.3467 "TP Hydrogen"

248.5939 "TP Neon"
218.7916 "TP Oxygen"
189.3442 "TP Argon"
38.8344 "TP Mercury"
0.01 "TP Water"
ITS_1990 °C
29.7646 "MP Gallium" ITS_1990 Bible points
156.5985 "FP Indium"
231.928 "FP Tin"
419.527 "FP Zinc"
660.323 "FP Aluminum"
961.78 "FP Silver"

The triple points of several substances are used to define points

in the ITS-90 international temperature scale, ranging from the
triple point of hydrogen (13.8033 K) . . . -259.3467 °C
to the triple point of water (273.16 K, 0.01 °C, or 32.018 °F)

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