ELP-311
Lab Report 5 - Noise
Submitted by:
Srijan Singh [2021EE10675]
Keshvi Tomer [2021EE10682]
Adnaan Mansoor [2021EE10666]
Shashank Mahawar [2021EE11108]
Date of Submission: 11th February 2024
Aim of the Experiment
To study and analyse the white noise generated using Noise Generator RG-1 and obtain its amplitude
distribution
Equipment Required
1. Noise Generator RG-1
2. Active BPF circuit
3. MATLAB
4. Envelope Detector
5. CRO
Theory
Band-pass filters can be broadly categorised into wideband pass and narrowband pass types. Their
differentiation relies on a critical parameter known as the quality factor (Q). If Q is less than 10, the
filter is labelled as a wideband pass; if it exceeds 10, it's classified as a narrowband pass. The quality
factor (Q) indicates the selectivity of the filter, reflecting how effectively it isolates specific
frequencies. Higher Q values correspond to greater selectivity, resulting in a narrower bandwidth
(BW). Mathematical expressions describe the relationship between Q, the 3-dB bandwidth, and the
centre frequency (fc).
Q = ic/BW = fC/(fH − fl)
Where fC = sqrt(fH x fl)
Wideband pass filters are commonly constructed by cascading high-pass and low-pass sections,
providing simplicity in design and effective performance. By combining first-order high-pass and
low-pass sections, a 20 dB/decade band-pass characteristic can be achieved. For steeper slopes, such
as 40 dB/decade, second-order high-pass and low-pass filters are cascaded. This cascading technique
offers flexibility to tailor the filter's characteristics according to specific design needs.
Fig. Gain v/s Frequency
Fig. Band Pass Filter
Fig. Envelope Detector
Observation
Filter Output
Noise Level = - 5 dB
Fig. Waveform
Fig. Amplitude Distribution
Noise Level = 0 dB
Fig. WaveForm
Fig. Amplitude Distribution
Noise Level = 3 dB
Fig. WaveForm
Fig. Amplitude Distribution
Envelope Detector Output
Noise Level = -5 dB
Fig. Waveform
Fig. Amplitude
Noise Level = -0 dB
Fig. WaveForm
Fig. Amplitude Distribution
Noise Level = 3 dB
Fig. Waveform
Fig. Amplitude Distribution
Calculations
We have taken C1 = C2 = 1n f ; AF = 15; fL = 48kHz; fH = 52kHz; ∆f = ±2kHz Thus fC = 49.95 kHZ
and Q = 12.5.
Values of resistors are:
R1 =Q/(2π fC C AF) = 2.65 KΩ
R2 = Q/{2π fCC (2Q2 − AK)} = 133.74Ω
R3 = Q/(π fCC) = 79.57 KΩ
In the envelope detector circuit, fc = 50kHz : C = 1n f , thus R comes out to be:
R = 1/(2π fcC) = 3.18k
Inference
1. We've effectively analysed the white noise produced by the Noise Generator RG-1 and
obtained its amplitude distribution across various levels of noise intensity.
2. We noticed that the amplitude distribution consistently resembled a Rayleigh distribution,
aligning with theoretical expectations.
Sources of Error
1. The resolution or accuracy of the noise amplitude measurement equipment may impact the
precision of the data.
2. Outside noise sources, such as electrical interference, may contaminate the created noise,
which could change the amplitude distribution.
3. The distribution of the generated noise’s amplitudes may be impacted if the power source is
unstable.
Precautions
1. The connections should be tight.
2. Measurements should be taken when the circuit has stabilised.
3. Ensure that the input signal power doesn’t exceed the maximum input power rating of the
active LPF circuit.
4. Verify that the envelope detector is properly connected and configured.
5. Don't Overload the CRO or LPF circuit, as it causes damage to the equipment.
