VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka, India

An Internship Report On

“RAPID PROTOTYPING”
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the

Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Annapoorneshwari.v
1TJ21CS010

Under the guidance of

[Link].R
Associate Professor

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

T. JOHN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
#86/1, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Road, Bengaluru-560083
2022-2023
 Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University
Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India New Delhi.
No. 86/1, Gottigere, Bannerghatta Road, Bengaluru-560083
2022-2023

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that internship work entitled “Rapid Prototyping” carried out by
Annapoorneshwari.v (1TJ21CS010) in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Computer Science of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi
during the academic year 2022-2023. It is certified that all the corrections/suggestions
indicated for the internal assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the
department library. The internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of internship work as prescribed for the said degree.

__________________ __________________ _________________

Signature of Internship Signature of Internship Signature of HOD
Guide Coordinator

[Link] R. Ms.V. Rose Priyanka Ms. Suma R

Associate Professor, Assistant Professor Head of Department,
Department of CSE, Department of CSE, Department of CSE,
TJIT, Bengaluru TJIT, Bengaluru TJIT, Bengaluru

i
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

ii
 DECLARATION

I, Annapoorneshwari.v, hereby declare that the dissertation entitled, “Rapid Prototyping”,

which has been submitted by me as partial fulfillment for the second year semester
examination of Engineering degree from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi,
is an authentic record of my own work carried out by me during first year at Comedkares,
under the supervision of internal guide Ms. Suma R, TJIT, Bengaluru.

I further undertake that the matter embodied in the dissertation has not been submitted
previously for the award of degree by me to any institution.

Annapoorneshwari.v
1TJ21CS010

iii
 ABSTRACT

The term rapid prototyping (RP) refers to a class of technologies that are used to produce physical
objects layer-by-layer directly from computer-aided design (CAD) data. These techniques allow
designers to produce tangible prototypes of their designs quickly, rather than just two-dimensional
pictures. Besides visual aids for communicating ideas with coworkers or customers, these
prototypes can be used to test various aspects of their design, such as wind tunnel tests and
dimensional checks. In addition to the production of prototypes, rapid prototyping techniques can
also be used to produce molds or mold inserts (rapid tooling) and even fully functional end-use
parts (rapid manufacturing). For small series and complex parts, these techniques are often the best
manufacturing processes available. They are not a solution to every part fabrication problem. After
all, CNC technology and injection molding are economical, widely understood, available, and
offer wide material selection.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompanies the successful completion of any task would
be incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance
and encouragement crowned my efforts with success.

I have a great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to founder Chairman, Dr.
Thomas P John for having provided us with a great infrastructure and well-furnished
laboratories. I thank our beloved Principal, Dr. P Suresh Venugopal for giving me the
opportunity to study in this prestigious institute. His constant support and encouragement. I
also thank our Vice Principal Dr. H.P. Srinivasa for his constant support and encouragement
in completion of the Internship.

I am also grateful to the HOD of Computer Science Department, Ms. Suma R for supporting
and guiding me in my academics. I would like to thank Ms.V Rose Priyanka, Internship
Coordinator for her suggestions and advice given to complete the work. I also convey my
gratitude to my Internship Guide, [Link] R, for her unfailing encouragement, guidance
and support for completing the report on time.

I hereby express my happiness for completing “INTERNSHIP” Training successfully for the
period of 15 days. I generally thank all the members for giving me an opportunity to learn
many important features of training. I extend my special thanks and gratitude to Mr. Srajan
Kulal, for guidance given in spite of a busy work schedule and made training programs very
interesting for which act of kindness remain ever grateful.

Finally, I hope this training will help me in building my career of engineering with the aid of
equipment provided by your factory in a cordial atmosphere.

Annapoorneshwari.v
1TJ21CS010

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Link] CHAPTER PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE i

INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE ii

DECLARATION iii

ABSTRACT iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

1 INGENERAL, AN OVERVIEW 01

2 RAPID PROTOTYPING 02
2.1 Deign Thinking 02

2.2 IDT Process 02

3 MIRO TOOL 03
3.1 Design thinking with paper prototyping 03

3.2 UI and UX using Figma 05

4 HAND TOOLS AND BASIC ELECTRONICS 07

4.1 Physical Prototype 07

4.2 Basic Electronics 08

4.3 Ideation 09

4.4 Arduino 10

4.5 Sensors 11
5 CAD MODELLING USING ONSHAPE 12
5.1 Laser Cutting 12

5.2 3D Printing 12

6 WORKING MODEL 13

7 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 16

Fig 6.1: Design 16

8 RESULT 17
Fig 6.2: trash compactor 17

9 CONCLUSION 18

10 REFRENCES 19
Rapid Prototyping

CHAPTER 1
COMEDKARES, AN OVERVIEW
ComedKares is an initiative by ComedK to help students of engineering, dental, and medical
colleges choose the right career by building their competitiveness and exposing them to various
opportunities available in the industry.

ComedKares offers courses designed along with industry experts and endorsed by VTU that will
enhance the learner’s 21st-century skills while also giving access to machines, tools and mentors
to build products and solutions that positively impact the community.

ComedKares catalysis the interaction between the Community (industry and regional professional
groups), Industry experts and academic stakeholders for knowledge sharing and co-creating
solutions through various programs spread across the year.

The efforts of ComedKares are to nurture the competitiveness of the students in higher education
through experiential and hands-on learning thereby enhancing the employability of youth and help
them land in a career of choice.

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CHAPTER 2
RAPID PROTOTYPING
2.1 What is design thinking?

Every problem in this world is an opportunity in itself and the reason why individuals struggle
solving their problems is because 95% of them are thinking of solutions rather than thinking about
the problem.

One key aspect of innovation is to identify problems in order to find the right solution. Design
Thinking is one such approach that businesses have been using for problem identification and
solutioning.

Design thinking is a human-centered approach to innovation. There are many variants of the
Design Thinking process in use today. We will focus on the five-phase model proposed by the
Hasso-Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford, also known as [Link]. The five phases of Design
Thinking, according to [Link], are Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test.

We have outlined design thinking as a linear process in which one phase leads to the next, however
it is important to note that the five stages are not always sequential, they can often occur in parallel
and be repeated iteratively.

For example, results from the testing phase may reveal some insights about users, which in turn
may lead to another brainstorming session (Ideate) or the development of new prototypes
(Prototype).

2.2 Ideo Design Thinking process, Shopping Cart

Now that we have understood the different phases of design thinking, let’s have a look at an
example of how design thinking is applied for a real world problem. In this video we will see how
IDEO uses the design thinking process to redesign the shopping cart.

Did you know that IDEO is a design company known for its human-centered, interdisciplinary
approach. As early leaders in the practice of design thinking, IDEO create positive impact through
design by applying creative mindsets and skills, and by teaching others to do the same.

What is Research?

Research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the
development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to
a new understanding that was not previously known.

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CHAPTER 3
MIRO TOOL

Miro is an online collaborative whiteboard platform that enables distributed teams to work
effectively together. It includes brainstorming with digital sticky notes to planning and managing
agile workflows.

As a whiteboarding platform, Miro allows you to create notes and designs, move things around,
and communicate through embedded video calls or online chats. The tool also comes with a series
of pre-built templates that serves as a starting place for your own project work.

We will be using Miro for collaborative work when teams are working on something while being
in different locations.

3.1 Design thinking with paper prototyping:

Here are two broad ways to look at prototyping:

• Low-fidelity prototyping: fast and cheap, often paper-based, enables a quick preview of
the product, and typically doesn’t allow for proper testing by users.
• High-fidelity prototyping: realistically appearing and functioning as similarly as possible
to the actual product before launch, interactive and providing meaningful feedback also,
good for demonstration in front of potential investors or stakeholders

What is paper prototyping?

• Paper prototyping is the process of developing ideas and designing user flows using hand-
sketched “screens” that represent a digital product. Paper prototypes are low-fidelity
because they don’t have any functionality. The primary goal of paper prototyping is to
map the information architecture and visualize user flows.
• Teams will build a mock iPhone or Android device using a piece of cardboard to simulate
swipes, scrolls, and other basic functionality. These mock devices also allow teams to see
how their designs might look within the confines of a mobile phone, especially useful if
you’re designing a mobile app!

Importance of prototyping in designing

A prototype is a crucial early design that is created before the creation of the initial design layout.
It is designed to display not only the layout of the future website but also its site map and the
interrelation of its main pages. Prototyping is a process designed to significantly reduce the time
to develop a site, due to the focus of the designer on the main functional and marketing factors.
The importance of prototyping is to

• Evaluate technical feasibility

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• Enhance quality of your website

• Present your idea to the customers more clearly
• Risk reduction
• Iterate at a lower cost
• Simulate the real product
• Provide focused feedback
• Quick and easy to create

• Sketches and diagrams

• 3D printing and rapid model
• Physical model
• Wireframe
• Role play through virtual or augmented reality
• Working model
• Video prototypes

What is a wireframe?

• A website or a mobile application can be designed structurally using wireframes. A

wireframe is commonly used to layout content and functionality on a page which takes into
account user needs and user journeys. Before adding visual design and content to a page,
the basic framework of the page is established using wireframes early in the development
process.
• A wireframe is a web page layout that shows what interface elements will be present on
important pages. It is an essential step in the process of interaction design.

Creating customer personas

• A persona is a fictitious representation of the typical buyer for your product. Content
marketers generally take responsibility for creating them because personas have such a
strong influence on how content is written, but they are designed to help everyone in the
organization understand and target the same customer.
• Effective personas aren't just a broad description of a person; rather, they are given a name,
a profession, motivations, ambitions, and challenges to make them seem more authentic.

What is UI/UX design?

• Both elements are crucial to a product and work closely together.

• The user interface is the graphical layout of an application. It consists of the buttons users
click on, the text they read, the images, sliders, text entry fields and all the rest of the items
the user interacts with.
• This includes screen layout, transitions, interface animations and every single micro-
interaction. Any sort of visual element, interaction, or animation must all be designed.

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3.2 User Interface and User Experience using Figma

UI design application

Before we get started with Figma, let's see some of the best UI design applications available in the
market.

1. Sketch

2. Web flow

3. Figma

4. Adobe XD

5. Invision

UI design principles

The UI/UX is a critical part of any software product. When it is done well, users don’t even notice
it. When it is done poorly, users can’t get past it to efficiently use a product. To increase the chances
of success when creating user interfaces, most designers follow UI/UX design principles. In this
session, a few fundamental principles are discussed.

1. Meet the ‘targeted’ User’s Need:

UI/UX Design is user-centered, so first and foremost you have to ensure that the design meets the
needs of the user. Your design should help the users achieve their desired outcome seamlessly.

2. Hierarchy:

This refers to how the content or information is organized throughout the design. Which screen
comes before the others? Which elements or information need more attention than others?
Hierarchy controls the order in which information is consumed and processed. A design with clear
a hierarchy helps users easily scan for the information they need and go about their tasks smoothly.

3. Consistency and Standards:

Users expect products to share some similarities with other products they regularly use. This makes
it easy for them to become familiar with the new product without any additional learning costs. It
may sound a little counterintuitive, but the more familiar your design is to others, the faster users
can learn to use it, which enhances their experience.

4. Accessibility:

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Your design should be usable for as many people as possible. It should be accessible by people
with disabilities like visual impairments. Texts should have a clear contrast to the background,
avoid using colors that can’t be seen by everyone.

5. People scan websites, they don’t read them:

Make your website/Application scannable because users don’t read websites the way they read
other material. Is it any wonder why the use of info graphics has become standard fare for anyone
looking to convey sets of data or instructions? Research shows that “users switch from scanning
to actually reading the copy when web content helps them focus on sections of interest.” Case in
point, you probably are not going to read this entire article, rather scan the headlines and dive in
where you want to read further. Making your interface scannable will make it simpler for today’s
audiences, which brings us to our next point.

6. Aesthetics and Minimalist Design:

Less is more. Don’t overwhelm users with unnecessary or irrelevant information. A minimalist
design helps users focus on their goals without getting distracted by the design. Information should
not be competing with one another for the users’ attention. Each screen should contain only
components relevant to the task being carried out and provide clear and visible means to navigate
to other content.

7. Reduce the number of actions required to complete a task:

When designing a user interface, strive to reduce the total number of actions required from a user
to achieve the goal. It’s worth remembering the three-click rule, which suggests the user of a
product should be able to find any information with no more than three mouse clicks.

What is Figma?

Figma is a collaborative web application for interface design, with additional offline features
enabled by desktop applications for Macos and Windows. The Figma mobile app for Android and
IOS allows viewing and interacting with Figma prototypes in real-time on mobile and tablet
devices.

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CHAPTER 4
HAND TOOLS AND BASIC ELECTRONICS

4.1 Physical Prototype

Development of any product starts with the designing of the product. The conceptual design is then
converted into a physical prototype. Development of a physical prototype is an essential step of
development of a new product or new technology.

A physical prototype can be anything from a simple handmade model to a fully operational model
representing how the conceptual design will correspond to real-world conditions.

Importance of Physical Prototype:

Evaluation and Testing of Product: A conceptual design can differ from the actual product which
can create many problems for the manufacturer. This can be solved by first creating a physical
prototype by any rapid prototyping technique so that the conceptual design can be tested in real-
world conditions. This enables the manufacturer to review all the parts and amendments in the
design can be made accordingly. Furthermore, each part can be evaluated and tested in real-world
conditions which make it easy for the manufacturer to look at any difficulty that could arise after
the manufacturing of the product.

Difference between a Prototype and Actual Product

Although the engineers and developers try their best to minimize the differences between the
prototype and the actual product. But in general, a prototype may differ from the actual product in
terms of the material used, the machining process, appearance etc.

Materials for building physical prototypes

Plywood: Plywood as a building material is very widely used due to its many useful properties.
Ply is an engineered wood product made from three or more 'plies' or thin sheets of wood. These
are glued together to form a thicker, flat sheet.

Medium-density fibreboard (MDF) is an engineered wood product made by breaking down

hardwood or softwood residuals into wood fibers, often in a defibrator, combining it with wax and
a resin binder, and forming panels by applying high temperature and pressure. MDF is generally
denser than plywood. It is made up of separated fibers, but can be used as a building material
similar in application to plywood. It is stronger and much denser than particle board.

Tools for building the prototype

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Hand Tools: A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand rather than a motor. Categories of
hand tools include wrenches, pliers, cutters, files, striking tools, struck or hammered tools,
screwdrivers, vises, clamps, snips, hacksaws, drills, and knives.

Power Tools: A power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power source and mechanism
other than the solely manual labor used with hand tools. The most common types of power tools
use electric motors.

4.2 Basic Electronics

Electronics is about manipulating electricity to accomplish a particular task. Since the result of
building electronic circuits is usually a device that performs a task. In this video we learn how
electricity works starting from the basics of the free electron in the atom, through conductors,
voltage, current, resistors, led, to capacitors and transformers.

Ohms law

Electronics involve the manipulation of charges, currents, and voltages. When many charges are
moving in the same direction, we tend to speak of them as currents, defined as the passage of
charge per unit of time. Currents can only flow if there is a complete path from one side of a power
source to the other, and if the total voltage around a closed loop is zero, according to a principle
known as Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

Charges move under the influence of voltage differences, and changes in voltage can occur as
currents move through resistances. This relationship is reflected in the basic rule of electronics
known as Ohm’s law. Ohm’s law is expressed as a mathematical relationship that governs the
interplay of voltage, current, and resistance, and is often stated as

V = I · R,

where, V is the voltage in units of volts [V], I is the current in units of amperes [A], and R is the
resistance in units of ohms [V]. Ohm’s law is frequently used in electronics problems; fortunately,
it is not very complicated.

Series circuit

A series circuit is a simple circuit that allows electrons to pass between one or more electronic
components. A series circuit is distinguished by the fact that current can only flow in one direction.
All circuit components should be simply connected from one end to the cell and the other end to
the bulb; any gaps or disconnections will cause the circuit to fail.

Parallel circuits

A parallel circuit refers to a circuit with two or more two paths for the current to flow. In a parallel
circuit, all the components have the same voltage. Another way of saying this is that all
components are connected across each other’s terminals. From this definition, three rules of
parallel circuits follow:

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• All components share the same voltage.

• Resistances diminish to equal a smaller, total resistance.
• Branch currents add to equal a larger, total current.

4.3 Ideation
Ideation is also the third stage in the Design Thinking process. Ideation is the process where you
generate ideas and solutions through sessions such as Sketching, Brainstorming, Brain writing,
Worst Possible Idea, and a wealth of other ideation techniques.

The Five Rules of Ideation

Ideation is the process of generating, developing, and communicating new ideas.

The ideation process remains a relevant problem-solving tool. Need to solve a problem? Gather a
group of dedicated stakeholders from diverse though relevant backgrounds to hatch out a solution.
By keeping the following key points in mind, your session will point toward success.

1. Everyone is creative

So you’re not the creative type? There’s your first mistake in thought. Everyone is creative. Not
everyone has been provided the means to show it. Oftentimes, brainstorming sessions begin and
end as a group effort. This provides space for the room’s loudest to set the creative direction early
on, drowning out the softer voices. Research shows that beginning an ideation session with
individual brainstorming followed by group discussion leads to more and better ideas.

In short:

• Start with individual brainstorming

• Transition to sharing each individual’s ideas
• Combine ideas and further flesh them out into reality

2. Nix the concept of “bad” ideas.

A successful ideation session requires open contribution from all participants. How is this
accomplished? Session participants must leave all judgment at the door. This means establishing
an environment free of negativity, of hesitant grimaces, and of “yes, but” answers. During an
ideation session, there truly are no bad ideas.

What if an idea is simply impossible? Doesn’t matter. Many great business concepts stem from a
combination of impossible ideas made feasible when combined. You’re building a big picture here.
Consider each idea a piece of the puzzle.

3. Record everything.

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Let me introduce you to my friend: the post-it note. While you may think you have come up with
the most memorable idea, your brain likely disagrees come tomorrow morning. During informal
ideation sessions, such as a meeting or group coffee outing, many ideas are introduced verbally.
How should you go about remembering these verbal jackpots? Write. Them. Down. For a more
formal ideation session, follow these recording tips:

Use one post-it per idea. Use sharpies. Not only do sharpies force you to be concise but also, an
idea written in sharpie looks way cooler than its penned-in counterpart. Be visual. Sketches are the
best way to fit 1,000 words onto a sticky note’s worth of paper.

Use one post-it per idea. Use sharpies. Not only do sharpies force you to be concise but also, an
idea written in sharpie looks way cooler than its penned-in counterpart. Be visual. Sketches are the
best way to fit 1,000 words onto a sticky note’s worth of paper.

4. Think of quantity as your best friend.

Quality over quantity, right? Not in this context. An ideation session is meant to induce a flow of
creativity. Focusing too closely on the quality of each idea is a sure way to stifle the creative juices.
While the selection is important, the curating process should be done following the ideation
session. The process of coming up with a large number of ideas not only leads to a sort of creative
rhythm but also, a long list relieves the pressure on each idea, leaving you the space to refine your
list later.

5. Keep goals in mind.

4.4 Arduino Overview

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message
- and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online.
You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the
board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino
Software (IDE), based on Processing.

The Arduino board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is
programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB
cable.[4] It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts
voltages between 7 and 20 volts.

There are two kinds of statements available in Arduino for controlling program flow

1. Conditional Statements:

• if-else

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• Switch

2. Iterative Statements

• For
• While /do

Conditional Statements

• Conditional statements are one of the most useful tools in Arduino programming. They let
you control the flow of a program based on certain conditions that you can define in the
code. Conditional statements are like a test – they check to see if a condition is true or not.
If the condition is true, the code inside the conditional statement is executed. If the
condition is false, the code doesn’t get executed. The most commonly used conditional
statement is the if statement.

Iterative Statements

• Iteration means repeating a statement depending upon the condition. Till the time a
condition is True statements are repeated again and again. The Iteration construct is also
known as Looping construct. In the real world we are using a Looping construct like a
learning table of any number. We multiply the same number from 1 to 10, Washing clothes
using the washing machine till the time is over.

4.5 Sensors

A sensor is defined as a device or a module that helps to detect any changes in physical quantity
like pressure, force or electrical quantity like current or any other form of energy. After observing
the changes, the sensor sends the detected input to a microcontroller or microprocessor.

Types of sensors
Sensors are generally classified as
1. Active and Passive Sensors
2. Analog and Digital Sensors

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CHAPTER 5
CAD MODELLING USING ONSHAPE

CAD Modelling or Computer-aided Design is an important part of the design process. Before
expending any physical resources, CAD brings your idea to life in the digital world. Computer
Aided Designs are used for a variety of applications ranging from 3d printing prototypes to
promotional photo-realistic renderings.

5.1 Laser Cutting

Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to vaporize materials, resulting in a cut edge. While
typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, it is now used by schools, small
businesses, architecture, and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-
power laser most commonly through optics. The laser optics and CNC (computer numerical
control) is used to direct the laser beam to the material. A commercial laser for cutting materials
uses a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material.
The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away,
or is blown away by a jet of gas,] leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish.

5.2 3D Printing

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from
a digital file.

The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an
object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is created. Each of
these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced cross-section of the object.

3D printing enables you to produce complex shapes using less material than traditional
manufacturing methods.

3D printable models may be created with a computer-aided design (CAD) package, via a 3D
scanner, or by a plain digital camera and photogrammetry software. 3D printed models created
with CAD result in relatively fewer errors than other methods. Errors in 3D printable models can
be identified and corrected before printing.] The manual modeling process of preparing geometric
data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a process
of collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object, and creating a digital model
based on it.

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CHAPTER 6
WORKING MODEL: TRASH COMPACTOR
INTRODUCTION
Trash compactor is a compressing machine employs a rotating structure with two opposite rollers when
the handle is pushed down with the help of opposite rollers , compaction of the waste materials takes
place,this way the waste space of the bag is reduced into half. Thereby it has the advantages of
continuously compressing the garbage ,and conveniently controlling the compressed volume. The
compressing handles is madeup of acrylic plastic with rollers which are held together by bolts and nuts
and we have used plywood to make our prototype dustbin

The goal of this:

• Increase the trash capacity

• To keep the washrooms and ourselves clean and infection free.
• Maintain cleanliness.
Tools and technologies used

Hardware requirements:

• Laser cutting machine

• Jigsaw
• Plywood
• Nuts and bolts

Software requirements:

• OnShape
• Maker case

Laser cutting machine

Laser cutting is a technology that uses a laser to vaporize materials, resulting in a cut edge. While
typically used for industrial manufacturing applications, it is now used by schools, small
businesses, architecture, and hobbyists. Laser cutting works by directing the output of a high-
power laser most commonly through optics. The laser optics and CNC (computer numerical
control) is used to direct the laser beam to the material. A commercial laser for cutting materials
uses a motion control system to follow a CNC or G-code of the pattern to be cut onto the material.
The focused laser beam is directed at the material, which then either melts, burns, vaporizes away,
or is blown away by a jet of gas,] leaving an edge with a high-quality surface finish.

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jigsaw

A jigsaw is a saw which uses a reciprocating blade to cut irregular curves, such
as stenciled designs, in wood, metal, or other materials.
Jigsaws first emerged in the 19th century[1] and employed a treadle to operate the blade, which
was thin and under tension, being secured at both ends to an oscillating frame. This kind of saw
is now usually called a scroll saw.
The modern portable jigsaw, with a rigid blade secured at one end and cutting on the up-stroke,
was introduced in 1947 by Scintilla AG (later acquired by Bosch).
A jigsaw power tool is made up of an electric motor and a reciprocating saw blade. Jigsaws with
sole plates that have a beveling function can cut angles typically up to 45 degrees relative to the
normal vertical stroke to make miter joints. Portable jigsaws have historically been mains-
powered, but are increasingly being displaced by battery-powered models.
The tool's ability to carve out irregular shapes lends its name to the jigsaw puzzle, whereby each
tile is shaped to connect to its neighbors.
Nuts and Bolts

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with
a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination
of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the bolt, and
compression of the parts to be held together.

A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread requiring a matching pre-formed
female thread such as a nut. Bolts are very closely related to screws.

On Shape

Onshape is a computer-aided design (CAD) software system, delivered over the Internet via
software as a service (SAAS) model. It makes extensive use of cloud computing, with compute-
intensive processing and rendering performed on Internet-based servers, and users are able to
interact with the system via a web browser or the IOS and Android apps. [1] As a SAAS system,
Onshape upgrades are released directly to the web interface, and the software does not require
maintenance work from the user.

The Onshape CAD system allows multiple users to access and work on a single design
concurrently over the cloud, using any computer, tablet or phone

Onshape allows teams to collaborate on a single shared design, the same way multiple writers can
work together editing a shared document via cloud services.[3][4] It is primarily focused on
mechanical CAD (MCAD) and is used for product and machinery design across many industries,

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Rapid Prototyping

including consumer electronics, mechanical machinery, medical devices, 3D printing, machine

parts, and industrial equipment.

Maker case

MakerCase is a free web-based application for designing boxes or project cases for laser cutters
and CNC routers. MakerCase runs in a web browser and automatically generates a blueprint for
cutting based on user specifications. The user enters the desired box dimensions and material
thickness, and MakerCase automatically generates a three-dimensional model of the box that can
be freely rotated. MakerCase lets users create boxes with flat edges or interlocking edges using
finger joints.

WORKING
If the trash compactor is full ,if the user finds the need for some space the user can push the handle
that is present above is pushed to the bottom by the help of leg or hand,and the waste settels down

Advantage: no need to wait for the workers,instantly extra space,free from touching trash with
our bare hands

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Rapid Prototyping

CHAPTER 7

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

Fig. 6.1: Design

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Rapid Prototyping

CHAPTER 8

RESULT

Fig. 6.2: Trash compactor

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Rapid Prototyping

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION
Rapid prototyping can be an invaluable time-saver and disaster-avoider for product teams.
With dependable feedback from users interacting with prototypes, product managers have
qualitative validation of their assumptions or clear indicators that adjustments are required.
This all helps reduce the risk of the final product failing to meet expectations.

Additionally, the externalized thinking that comes from the rapid prototyping process breaks
down communication barriers and fills in the gaps. This ensures the development organization
delivers what the product team envisioned. This also creates more efficiency in the overall
product development process and puts the best possible product before paying customers and
prospects.

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Rapid Prototyping

CHAPTER 10

REFRENCES
i. [Link]

ii. [Link]

iii. [Link]

iv. [Link]

v. [Link]

vi. [Link]

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