This section presented the review of related literature and studies related to the Comprehensive

Land Use Planning capacity of the Local Government. Institutional capacity development, capacity
building, and How planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the goal achievement potential
of plans. Literature and studies presented in this section contained information, concepts and findings
that are contributory to the conduct of this research.

Land Use Planning

Land use planning refers to the rational and judicious approach of allocating available land
resources to different land using activities, (e.g. agricultural, residential, industrial) and for different
functions consistent with the overall development vision/goal of a particular locality. It entails the
detailed process of determining the location and area of land required for the implementation of social
and economic development, policies, plans, programs, and projects. It is based on consideration of
physical planning standards, development vision, goals and objectives, analysis of actual and potential
physical conditions of land and development constraints and opportunities.

Comprehensive Land Use Planning

Comprehensive Land Use Planning (CLUP) starts with a fundamental understanding of land itself.
In the Philippines, land is viewed as both a shared natural resource and private property, demanding a
delicate balance between individual rights and societal responsibility. In terms of Land as a natural
resource, land is a shared treasure like air and water, entrusted to us for current and future generations.
Conservation and responsible use are paramount, with concern for environmental impact and
sustainability. In terms of property, land is also privately owned, offering individuals the right to own,
use, buy, and sell for personal benefit. The Philippine Constitution protects these rights while
empowering the government to restrict land use for public health, safety, and overall well-being. The
CLUP navigates this intricate dance between private and public interests. Seeking to allocate land
equitably, balancing individual ownership with community needs for open spaces, infrastructure, and
essential services. Protecting natural resources by safeguarding vital ecosystems and resources while
supporting responsible economic development. In essence, CLUP strives to ensure that it can benefit
from land ownership while maintaining a healthy environment and a future for generations to come.

The Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) refers to a document embodying specific proposals for
guiding, regulating growth and development of a city or municipality. It is comprehensive because it
considers all sectors significant in the development process, i.e. demography, socio-economic,
infrastructure and utilities, land use and local administration, within the territorial jurisdiction. The CLUP
is an instrument for the local government unit to allocate available land resources to different sectors of
its territory for different functions. It materializes the vision of the local government for the territory on
its land resources. By implementing the land use plan, primarily through passing the zoning ordinance,
the local government acts towards achieving its vision for its land resources. It provides a vision for the
future of the community along with the steps that are needed to make that vision a reality. It is the basis
for land use regulations and provides a nexus between the community's future vision and the regulation
of private property. It allows the local government unit to communicate to various sectors of the
population how it plans to cater to their needs of land resources.

According to international human rights laws, the Plan aims to influence the implementation of the
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
by creating an implementation agenda based on recommendations derived from national needs and the
experience of various regional and international institutions. The core of this endeavor is the
collaboratively crafted collection of recommendations, which gives the Plan the thrust and practicality it
needs.

Sec. 20 (c), RA 7160 states that the local government units shall, in conformity with existing laws,
continue to prepare their respective comprehensive land use plans enacted through zoning ordinances
which shall be the primary and dominant bases for the future use of land resources: Provided, that the
requirements for food production, human settlements, and industrial expansion shall be taken into
consideration in the preparation of such plans. Comprehensive Land Use Plan is a document embodying
specific proposals for guiding and regulating the growth and/or development of a City/ Municipality. It is
a long-term plan (10 yrs. minimum). It is a tool for managing land and natural resources at the local level.

Each LGU shall have a comprehensive multi-sectoral development plan to be initiated by the LDC
and approved by its sanggunian. (Sec. 109, RA 7160). Each LGU shall exercise the powers expressly
granted, those necessarily implied from, as well as powers necessary, appropriate, or incidental of its
efficient and effective governance, and those which are essential to the promotion of the general
welfare. (Sec. 16, RA 7160)

Capacity Development

The paper discusses the importance of capacity building in land management and information
infrastructure, highlighting the need for effective governance, comprehensive land policies, and sound
land administration institutions. It highlights the role of FIG in addressing capacity needs at societal,
organizational, and individual levels, and discusses various means of capacity building for institutional
development in surveying and land management. The concept, which emerged in the 1980s, focuses on
the ability of individuals and organizations to perform functions effectively, efficiently, and sustainably. It
is two-dimensional: capacity assessment and capacity development. The UNDP and OECD define
capacity development at three levels: the broader system/societal level, the system or enabling
environment level, and the sectoral level.

A study about Comprehensive Land Use Planning Capacity of Local Government Units in Samar
Philippines (Quitalig & Orale, 2016) expressed that capacity building is much needed by CLUP Planners
because LGUs have difficulty in crafting this required document. It also highlighted that the planning
team are not equipped to deal the issues of the CLUP formulation and also have trouble in terms of the
staffing, the equipment, and its database. All of these are said to be weaknesses of the LGUs which may
have contributed to the high poverty incidence in the province of Samar. The researches then
recommended that the government shall provide a packaged technical assistance throughout the entire
cycle of the CLUP preparation and process with enough funding to fully capacitate the cities and
municipalities.

Another study in 2014 by K. Macleod titled Conceptualizing Institutional Capacity Building

Through a Learning Process expressed the importance of institutional capacity building for individual and
community development through investigating Institutional Capacity Building Program (ICBP). The study
pointed that the institutional capacity building should be based on core concepts and principles that
make up a conceptual framework, which reinforce and guide the lines of action pursued by an
organization. The development of institutional capabilities relies on identifying individuals with specific
qualities, attitudes, and habits to work within those institutions. Without proper emphasis on human
resource development, any effort to enhance institutional capacity will be unsuccessful. Human resource
development is integral to institutional capacity building, and an educational process aimed at
community change should focus on enhancing capacity in both individuals and institutions.

Moreover, a study entitled How planners’ use and non-use of expert knowledge affect the goal
achievement potential of plans: Experiences from strategic land-use and transport planning processes in
three Scandinavian cities (Tennoy et. al, 2015), highlighted the impact of planners' utilization, or lack
thereof, of expert knowledge on the content of plans and the probability of achieving goals. It suggests
that adjusting the methods employed by planners and researchers can enhance the potential for goal
attainment. The study is based on an analysis of the strategic land-use and transportation planning
procedures in three Scandinavian cities, aiming to control or reduce traffic volumes and greenhouse gas
emissions. The key finding is that the way planners use expert knowledge significantly affects the
likelihood of their plans successfully achieving their objectives. For many planners, knowledge is
fundamental for both understanding and implementing strategies; it is employed to comprehend, justify,
and support the selection of traffic-reducing measures.