Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Journalism and

Mass Communication (BJMC)

Discipline Specific Elective
Course - II

BJMC
DSE-02
PHOTOGRAPHY
Block-01
Introduction to Photography
Unit-1 Fundamentals of Photography
Unit-2 History of Photography
Unit-3 Functions of Photography
Unit-4 Qualification and Responsibilities of Photographer
The Course follows the UGC prescribed syllabus for
BA(Honours) Journalism and Mass Communication under
Choice Based Credit System (CBCS).

Course Writer Course Editor

Mr. Sambit Mishra (Unit-1) Samanta Biswabhusan Dhir (Unit-1)
Academic Consultant Academic Consultant
Odisha State Open University Odisha State Open University

[Link] Anjum (Unit-2, 3, 4) Mr. Deeptarka Mukharjee (Unit-2,3,4)

Senior Journalist/ Visual Storyteller Senior Correspondent
Indian Express, Rajasthan

Programme Coordinator SLM Designed

Samanta Biswabhusan Dhir Mr. Sambit Mishra

Academic Consultant Academic Consultant
Odisha State Open University, Odisha State Open University,
Sambalpur Sambalpur

Material Production
Dr. Manas Ranjan Pujari
Registrar
Odisha State Open University

© OSOU, 2021. Introduction to Photography is made available under

a creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 [Link]
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UNIT-1: Fundamentals of Photography
1.0: Unit Structure
1.1: Learning Objectives
1.2: Basic concepts behind photography
1.3: Purpose of Photography
1.4: What do need for photography?
1.5: Types of Photography
1.6: Scope of Photography
1.7: Check your Progress

1.1: Learning Objectives

After going through this unit the learners would be able to:

● Demonstrate the knowledge of photography.

● Differentiate the various kinds of photography
● Know the purpose of photography.

1.2: Basic concepts behind photography

The term "photography" derives from the Greek words φωτός (phōtós), genitive of
φῶς (phōs), "light," and γραφή (graphé), "interpretation by way of lines" or "drawing,"
which together indicate "drawing with light."

Several persons may have independently coined the same new phrase from these
roots. Hercules Florence, a French painter and inventor living in Campinas, Brazil, had
used French form of the word, photographie, in private notes written in 1834, according to
a Brazilian historian. This claim has received widespread attention, although it is not
commonly accepted on a global scale. Boris Kossoy's research in 1980 made the first use
of the name by the Franco-Brazilian inventor internationally recognised.

The German newspaper Vossische Zeitung published an article titled Photographie

on February 25, 1839, examining many priority claims – particularly Henry Fox Talbot's –
about Daguerre's claim of invention. The piece is the first recorded use of the term in
public publication.

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 It was signed "J.M.," which is thought to be the initials of Berlin astronomer Johann
von Maedler. In addition to Talbot, the astronomer Sir John Herschel is credited for
coining the term in 1839.

The creators, Nicéphore Niépce, Henry Fox Talbot, and Louis Daguerre, do not
appear to have recognised or used the term "photography," instead referring to their
techniques as "Heliography" (Niépce), "Photogenic Drawing"/ "Talbotype"/ "Calotype"
(Talbot), and "Daguerreotype" (Daguerre) (Daguerre).

Photography is the art, science, and technique of making long-lasting images by

capturing light, either electronically with an image sensor or chemically using a light-
sensitive material such as photographic film. It is used in various disciplines of research,
manufacturing (e.g., photolithography), and business, as well as its more direct
applications in art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobbies, and mass
communication.

During a timed exposure, a lens is typically employed to focus the light reflected or
transmitted from objects into a true image on the light-sensitive surface within a camera.
An electronic image sensor generates an electrical charge at each pixel, which is
electronically processed and saved in a digital image file for further display or processing.
With photographic emulsion, the outcome is an invisible latent image that is later
chemically "developed" into a visible image, either negative or positive depending on the
objective of the photographic material and the technique of processing.

A photograph might have a deeper meaning and tell a thousand stories. Photos
taken during the conflict are one of the best examples. During the battle, numerous
shocking photographs were disseminated. Some photographs capture the winners'
triumphant moment, whereas others depict the complete devastation of residents caught in
the crossfire. But that's not all; photography, especially in modern photography and art, has
the ability to have various interpretations. When it comes to evaluating an image, everyone
has their own "hot take." Some see the larger "image," while others see it as a life parallel,
translating it into those "smart" statements.

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 As your understanding of photography, aesthetics, and techniques expands, you
will be able to uncover even more significance in a single shot.

1.3: Purpose of Photography

Historically, the goal of photography was to provide portraits for individuals who
could not afford paintings. During the war, images allow individuals to grieve and
remember family members who died on the battlefield.

On a cold night, lovers might utilize a photograph to relieve the crushing anguish of
missing their loved ones. With the passage of time, photography has come to serve a
broader range of functions. Product photography is created with the sole intention of
marketing a product, such as food. Every item of food and beverage should look shinier,
more mouth-watering, and tastier than its competitors, according to the photographer.

Portrait photography, on the other hand, tries to communicate a tale about an individual's
identity, personality, and storey. This style is further subdivided into various forms,
including lifestyle pictures, street portraits, and many others, each with a distinct purpose.

Photography is a tool for hobbyist photographers and everyday people to chronicle key
moments in their lives—memories kept indefinitely in a picture that can be accessed at any
time.

1.4: What You Need for Photography?

First and foremost, you will require a DSLR camera. However, as a starting point, you can
utilise a smartphone because the majority of the newest series have great camera specs.
Another option to consider is renting a DSLR or mirrorless camera from a nearby rental
store. However, before purchasing any camera or other equipment, you should select what
type of photography vocation you want to pursue. Do you wish to target a specific market?

Or do you want to create a completely new photography style? By answering a few simple
questions, you can determine which equipment will best help you in your current project.

Those interested in portrait photography, for example, will benefit from purchasing a
tripod and different lenses for landscape photography, as well as investing in additional
lighting. It is inevitable for a rookie photographer to make blunders. But don't make the

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same mistake twice. There are countless of internet resources where you can learn anything
about photography, from the basics to the professional level.

Indeed most instructional videos, blog posts, books, and other photography-related
knowledge available on the internet are free. Take your time learning everything to prevent
making dumb blunders. Last but not least, practise is essential. Experiment with different
settings, angles, lighting setups, and anything else to get a sense of how things look on
camera. The more practise hours you put in, the better you will become. If you would like
to boost your game, devote some time to learning how to edit photos in Adobe Photoshop
and Lightroom. Post-processing can help you fix minor flaws and perhaps make your topic
look more amazing than it was before. So there is equipment, expertise, and practise in
both production and design.

1.5: Types of Photography

According to the subject, the client's requirement, and the demand of the public and
corporate sectors, photography has evolved into several wings. Over 60 different forms of
photography exist, but the most prevalent ones are described here. Here's a quick rundown
of the most common photography styles.

1. Portrait Photography:
This is by far the most popular type of photography. It's easy to spot on someone's
social media profile images or a boring driver's licence photo.
Portrait photography may be used to shoot anyone in any location, including your
family at home, friends at school, coworkers at the office, and even yourself. You
can photograph your subject posed, candidly, or in close-up.

Figure 1-Atal Bihari Bajpai- Portrait Photo

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 Despite the fact that this style appears to be really simple to execute, some
photographers struggle to capture a good image in this manner.
The most prevalent cause is that they are unable to make the subject feel at ease in
front of the camera. As a result, the subject appears awkward and unnatural.
When shooting a portrait, bear in mind that your subject is a regular person with
feelings and thoughts. Make an effort to interact with them in a comfortable manner
in order to make them feel confident and show their true self.

2. Landscape Phtography:
Landscape photographers are adept at capturing Mother Nature's splendour. To get
the greatest images, they frequently employ high-end cameras and gear.

A cityscape is a landscape photography subject that depicts a busy city full of

working-class people during the day or glitzy metropolitan nightlife at night.

3. Fashion Photography:
Fashion photography refers to images found in a fashion magazine or online store.
This photography technique serves a single purpose: to make every fashion item
aesthetically beautiful and appealing to its customers. Additionally, entice people to
purchase those products.

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 Fashion photographers should be able to replicate the talents of portrait
photographers, have a plethora of creative ideas in the back of their heads, and
enjoy collaborating with stylists, creative directors, models, and other crew
members.
4. Food Photography:
The primary purpose of food photography is to promote products and persuade
customers to purchase them. Every food and beverage business, no matter how
large or little, will require this type of photography.

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 You will require a lot of money to start a career in this business because
professional food photography necessitates the purchase of a studio and other
specialised equipment. It suggests that this industry is promising, especially in this
day and age of the internet. Most of the leading online food seller like Zamato,
Swiggy, Dominos Pizza, KFC and many more need photos of their delicious items
for their promotion. The changing demand of food items need to be capured by
photographers by
5. Editorial Photography:
Editorial photography is frequently used in magazines and newspapers. This style
applies to any image that appears alongside text. The imagery helps the reader
understand the description of events, places, or tales that the writer is attempting to
tell.
If you want to be an editorial photographer, you must have a thorough awareness of
the subject, as well as excellent composition and technique. As a photographer, you
must have a keen sense of whatever viewpoint or subject actually represents the
story that a writer has written.
6. Architectural Phtography:
Architectural photographers mostly capture the interiors and exteriors of buildings.
This style is distinct since it concentrates solely on capturing architectural beauty,
which is sometimes buried in plain sight.

This technique seeks to photograph every element of a building in order to sell it to

potential purchasers. It's similar to product photography, but with a separate topic.

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 7. Event Photography:
This genre of photography, as the name implies, concentrates on capturing every
exciting moment in an event, such as a wedding, birthday celebration, family
gathering, annual meeting at the business, and many more.

The services of event photographers are constantly in high demand. The average
charge is roughly Rs.10, 000/- per event, but this can vary based on the length of
your event.
But don't be too concerned because their rates are flexible. It depends on your
request, the location of the event, and your particular preferences, which may
necessitate the employment of additional equipment or staff by the photographer.

8. 3600 Product Photography:

It shows a series of pictures to create the illusion of a revolving object. This
technique is frequently employed by ecommerce stores to assist customers in
visualising things. 3600 Photography was available with highend camera
photography skills.
9. Aerial Photography:
Aerial photography involves the capture of images from a greater altitude, such as
planes, air balloons, parachutes, and skyscrapers. These images provide a more
detailed look at the topic and its surroundings. Presently drone cameras are used for
capturing photos from the sky.

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 Figure - World Trade Center (Aerial Photo)

10. Sports/Action Photography:

This type of photography focuses on capturing a critical moment in a sporting
event. One of the most difficult forms of photography is sports photography. It
takes practise, as well as several pieces of equipment.

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 11. Macro Photography:
Macro photography is a style of photography in which photographs are taken at a
close range in order to highlight the features of the given subject. Flowers, insects,
textures, water drops of interlaced things such as knitwear, baskets, and so on are
all interesting subjects for macro photography.

12. Baby Photography:

Another popular form of photography is baby/family photography. When a family
is graced with a newborn, baby/family photography is done. This form of
photography captures the various expressions of a baby including the family
members. In this form of photography, the entire family gathers together to capture
a single moment in time.

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 13. Crime Scene Photography:
Criminal scene photography entails documenting crime scenes such as robberies
and murders. To capture particular details, a black-and-white camera or an infrared
camera may be employed. Most iof the time the the criminals face was
photographed from different side for documentation. In case of murder, the crime
spot is photographed to understand the situation and for the pourpose of forensic
requirement and investigation.

14. Real Estate Photography:

Real estate photography emphasizes on the creation of images showcasing a home
for sale; such photographs necessitate the use of wide-lens and substantial
knowledge of High-dynamic-range imaging photography. The growth of real estate
business is dependent with good architecture design photos of the building/
apartment.
15. Still life Photography:
Still life photography primarily captures inanimate subject matter, typically
everyday objects that can be natural or man-made. Still life photography is a
broader area that includes food and some natural photos that can be used for
advertising.

16. Abstract Photography:

Abstract photography is frequently likened to abstract painting since both focus on
shape, pattern, colour, form, and texture. In most situations, the impact of the
characteristics around the topic conveys the core of the image, rather than the
subject of abstract photography.

17. B/W Phtography:

Even today, the practise of photographing subjects in black and white is popular
since it serves to pull out the aesthetic surroundings of the subjects. This style of
photography heavily relies on contrasts and shadows to create realistic and
attractive images.

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 18. Bird Photography:
Bird photography is one of the probably the most popular kinds of photography,
pursued by both amateurs and experts alike. Bird photography necessitates a great
deal of time and expertise on the part of the photographer because these feathery
creatures are incredibly moody when it comes to holding their stance and pose.
Wildlife photographers usually collects bird photos with the special moments.

19. Beauty Photography:

Beauty photography strives to deliver out the true beauty of the subjects and
necessitates a great deal of talent and experience on the part of the photographer.
The perfect blend of light, as well as complete trust and creativity from both the
photographer and the model, are definitely necessary for capturing the best beauty
images.

20. Wedding Photography:

Weddings and events are common subjects for this style of photography work.
Many people only pay for professional photography once in their life, yet
practically everyone employs a photographer for their wedding. Wedding
photography is quite intensive, with the element of capturing the greatest shot on
the first try and, in some cases, not at all getting a second opportunity. The focus is
on taking the photo and documenting natural, candid photographs that the family
will enjoy for a lifetime. Wedding photographers must be quick on their feet and
move about during events, and their careers include significant customers and sales
components.

21. Wildlife Phtography:

Wildlife photography is a type of photography that focuses on animals and their
natural surroundings. Wildlife photographers record animal behaviours in the
outdoors as well. The majority of these images are acquired for publication in
magazines or shows. This sort of photography is popular among many individuals.
Aside from a good camera, multiple lenses, and a powerful flashlight, you'll need
patience to get the proper shot.

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 22. Candid Photography:
Candid photography consists of photographs taken of subjects in their entirely
natural states, without any prior preparation. This style of photography is becoming
extremely popular not only for social special events occasions, but also for general
photographs because it helps to capture the individuality and enchantment of the
moment.

23. Concert Photography:

It involves the process of collecting candid photographs of both the performer or
band and the environment (including the crowd). Many of these photographers
operate as freelancers and are hired to cover a single show by an artist or their
management. Concert images are frequently used to advertise the artist or band as
well as the venue.

24. Conceptual Photography:

Conceptual photography is mostly about communicating a notion or an idea that the
photographer has in his or her head to others alone through the medium of images.
This sort of photography is commonly employed in advertising, where a picture can
aid to reinforce an idea, tagline, or catchphrase for a product or service.

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 25. Firework Photography:
Firework photography, as the name suggests, is concerned with capturing photos of
spectacular firework displays, particularly at night. This style of photography is
relatively simple and may be done with a standard camera. When properly
captured, these photographs are incredibly impressive and appealing to the viewers.

26. Infrared Photography:

This photography is commonly employed by photographers to explore the invisible
features of an area. The photos are captured using special equipment that is
sensitive to infrared light rather than visible light, allowing them to view objects
normally.

27. HDR Photography:

HDR photography one of the most innovative forms of photography and
necessitates a high level of expertise on the side of the photographer. It is made by
combining three distinct sorts of photos into a single image that emphasises the
incredible contrast of the separate images to produce a very attractive aesthetic.

28. High speed Photography:

The art of capturing photographs of fast-moving events is known as high speed
photography. It is an incredibly fascinating and sometimes complex form of

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 photography that allows photographers to represent very rapid phenomena one
picture at a time, highlighting their beauty.

29. Long Exposure Photography:

This kind of photography incorporates magical effects into the images, which is
why it is frequently linked with fine art photography. It is done using a lengthy
shutter speed, which helps to catch the fixed components of an image sharply while
correcting the moving ones.

30. Mobile Photography:

When cameras were initially incorporated into mobile phones, a new type of
photography emerged. It is becoming one of the most popular forms of
photography, especially because cell phone cameras now provide the accuracy and
clarity of professional equipment.

31. Modelling Photography:

This type of photography is concerned with photographing professional models in
order to promote various items and services. This sort of photography is primarily
utilised by businesses for brand establishment and is done by expert photographers
in this field.

32. Micro Photography:

This is a subgenre of photography in which images are captured using a
microscope. Micro photography is useful in medical research because it allows
researchers to better comprehend the physical characteristics and characteristics of
organisms that are too tiny to view with the human eye.

33. Nature Photography:

Natural photography consists of photographs of nature as seen through the
photographer's eyes. Nature photography, despite what people think, is not limited

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 to capturing photographs of trees and plants, but also encompasses any outside
natural element such as hills, water bodies, and indeed the sky.

34. Night Photography:

Night, contrary to popular belief, offers photographers a distinct beauty as well as a
unique difficulty. Night photography not just to provide a whole different
perspective on objects, but it also provides a wonderful depth of colour, which adds
to the romance and mystery of photographing at night.

35. Nude Photography:

Nude photography is a fine art photography genre in which the subjects are usually
naked or semi-naked. The photographs snapped under this category, often known as
erotic photography, focus on the subject's aesthetic aspects, such as its shape,
emotional aspect, and composition.

36. Panoramic Photography:

Panorama photography, often known as wide format photography, is used to
capture photographs with a vast field of view. Multiple photographs are taken with
a suitable camera and then processed using specific software to align them together
to produce an interesting image.

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 37. Past & Present Photography:
This kind of photography is commonly used to compare and contrast photographs
from the past and present. The photos were shot over time and are shown beside
each other, with the subject situated identically within the same environment.

38. Rain Photography:

Even while rain is commonly regarded as a deterrent to taking stunning
photographs, some photographers take on the task of transforming this factor into
an advantage. Rain photography allows photographers to express their creativity in
one of the most difficult situations while capturing the beauty of this natural
occurrence.

39. Rainbow Photography:

Rainbows are one of nature's most stunning features, and capturing their particular
beauty with a camera is a skill that only professional rainbow photographers
possess. This style of photography is used to enhance the hypnotic attractiveness of
rainbows by photographing them against a beautiful backdrop.

40. Reflection Photography:

Reflection photography is incredibly difficult and should only be attempted by
professionals who have a full grasp of angles, perspectives, and a variety of other
elements. When done correctly, this style of photography may produce amazing
results in the form of aesthetically appealing photographs.

41. Storm Photography:

While storms are typically seen to be destructive and frightening, when
photographed by a professional storm photographer, they can be incredibly
beautiful. Storm photographers may elicit feelings of wonder, terror, and reverence
for this powerful force of nature via the photos they record.

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 42. Satellite Photography:
Satellite photography is being used to capture photographs of the Earth and other
celestial objects from orbit. This sort of photography is commonly used for
conducting topographical surveys, collecting photographs of the consequences of
global warming, and observing any other similar geological phenomena.

43. Street Photography:

Street photography is commonly used to depict the everyday life trends common in
society and to hold a mirror up to the people. In most situations, the photographs
that compose street photography are sarcastic and, in some way, removed from the
subject.

44. Stock Photography:

Stock photography is typically used to capture generic photos that are intended to
be supplied to others. These pictures are typically used in projects or for
promotional materials such as brochures, booklets, and so on, and do not
necessitate any specific skills or the use of complex equipment.

45. Sunrise/Sunset Photography:

Capturing captivating photos of the rising and setting sun is the focus of this kind
of photography. These photographs are typically taken from the top of a hill or the
top of a high-rise structure, which gives a great perspective of the sky and allows
photographers to capture the beauty of the phenomenon.

46. Travel Photography:

This style of photography is typically used to highlight the beauty or significant
aspects of a certain area. This is one of the most interesting genres of photography
since photographers may experience the life and culture of other locales while
taking photos with their camera.

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 47. Tilt Shift Photography:
This is one of the most recent contributions to the many forms of photography and
is also known as tiny fake photography. The term comes from the fact that a
photograph of any real-world scene is altered to seem like a miniature, either
visually or by employing a special lens.

48. Timelapse Photography:

This is the sort of photography used to capture subjects while they are moving.
Photographers that practise this style of photography must have the patience and
expertise to shoot the subjects at varied time intervals in a continuous way in order
to acquire the finest pictures.

49. Vintage Photography:

This style of photography is used to capture photos that are supposed to have an
aged appearance. Vintage photography has seen a considerable increase in demand
in recent years, since these photos have a distinct charm and appeal that
distinguishes them as really classic.

50. Underwater Photography:

This form of photography, as the name implies, is taking photographs underwater
with the use of a watertight camera cover. The photographers must spend a
significant amount of time investigating the depths of the water in order to capture
the unique beauty of nature concealed under the seemingly tranquil water surface.

51. Vehicle Photography:

Vehicle photography is the art of photographing attractive and remarkable
automobiles. Photographers are frequently required to catch the finer details of both
the inside and outside of the car from various perspectives, since these photos are
typically used to promote the automobile by showcasing its characteristics.

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 52. Urban/Industrial Photography:
Like the name implies, this photography genre concentrates on capturing
photographs of metropolitan landscapes, industrial sectors, and components. This
type of photography is commonly employed to preserve a visual record of the
various urban and industrial sectors.

53. Lifestyle Photography:

Lifestyle photography is a type of photography that focuses on capturing
individuals in natural settings. Rather than displaying a clear set-up, they convey
stories. These photos are frequently arranged in the same way that a fashion session
is. They display sceneries and objects for journalistic or commercial purposes.
54. Pet Photography:
The act of photographing pets in a portrait style is known as pet photography.
Photographing cats, birds, or horses is one example. Pet seller and kennel used to
capture the best of the photos of their pets.

55. Adventure Photography:

Anything adventurous, captured in the great outdoors, belongs here. This is a
specialised photography field. It has breathtaking scenery as well as difficult
filming circumstances.

56. Astro Photography:

Astrophotography is the capture of things in the night sky. Stars, satellites, and
planets are not immune. If you have a long enough telescope, you can even see
black holes. It includes Deep Sky, which is the use of a telescope to capture distant
things. There is also Wide Angle (Milky Way) and Time-Lapse (star trail)
photography. If you want to try your hand at astrophotography, check out our
Milky Way Mastery course!

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 57. Drone Photography:
The act of photographing from an airborne item is known as drone or aerial
photography. This includes, but is not limited to, helicopters, aircraft, and drones.
These photos are shot from the top down. Alternatively, they use an angle to
produce abstract or realistic landscape pictures. Now a days drone cameras are
highly popular for aeriel photography in different events.

58. Photo manipulation Photography:

Photo editing software is at the heart of photo manipulation. Photographers can
snap a few pictures and then edit them with Adobe Photoshop.
It takes time to darken and brighten sections, as well as make other modifications to
make certain portions of the sceneries stand out. The photographer has the ability to
create a dream world that spectators have never seen before.

59. Seascape Photography:

A subgenre of landscape photography is seascape or ocean photography. The water
or ocean is the major emphasis here. Other options include boats, islands, and rock
formations and cliffs. This category also includes coastal photography.
60. Social media Photography:
The act of posting your photographs on social media sites is known as social media
photography. Instagram and Facebook are examples, but not the only ones. These
photographs might be editorial, still-life, or fashion photography, to mention a few.
They can also be used in advertising efforts. All forms of photography may be used
to create social media photography pictures.

1.6: Scope of Photography

With the growth of the advertising, media, and fashion industries, photography has
emerged as a profitable and exciting professional option for many Indian adolescents. Until
recently, the majority of people considered photography to be a hobby career, but it has
suddenly emerged in a significant way.

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Photography is quickly becoming a popular profession choice for people of all ages these
days. Photography is a science as much as an art form. It's an artistic medium, with the
camera taking the place of a pen or a paintbrush.

A photographer must be able to compose a nice image of any subject, whether it be a piece
of technology, the beauty of a human body, landscape, or a child's grin.

A modern-day photographer can operate in a variety of avatars, the most prominent of

which are:

Photographers for the press/photojournalists:

Photojournalists provide images to the national and international press. This job requires
the ability to shoot important people, locations, sports, political events, and community
activities for newspapers, journals, magazines, or television. To capture a good news
photograph, a photographer must have a journalistic sensibility.

Feature Photographers:
Feature photography is essentially conveying a storey via images and so need a
comprehensive understanding of the topic. Many photographers specialise in wildlife,
sports, travel, and environmental photography, among other things.

Commercial (industrial) Photographers:

These photographers shoot products, the exteriors and interiors of factories, and machinery
both inside and outdoors for use in corporate brochures, annual reports, advertising, and
selling.
Portrait and wedding photographers photograph people or small groups and work with
themes such as pets, children, families, weddings, events, and sports and social club
activities.

Advertising Photographers:

They work at advertising firms' and photographic studios' photographic divisions. A

sizable proportion of them work as freelancers.

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Advertising photography is arguably the highest-paying and most competitive field of all;
success in this area is totally dependent on skill, efficiency, and the appropriate personality.

Fashion photographers:
This field has just lately emerged in India. The majority of fashion photography is done in
Mumbai or Delhi in very advanced and very well studios by freelancers commissioned by
designer brands or advertising agencies.

Scientific photographers:

Scientific photographers generally have extra expertise in fields such as engineering,

medicine, biology, or chemistry, which helps them shoot a variety of subject-related items
or scientific occurrences. In terms of assignments, this professional role provides a wide
range of tasks. One can either work as a news reporter or as a freelancer on independent
tasks in the disciplines of environment, wildlife, and other related fields.

Freelancing Photographer:
Freelancing has long been the most common employment path for photographers.
Photographers who wish to work for themselves must be able to run their own businesses.
They can work as freelancers in any of the professions listed above.
Self-employed or freelance photographers may licence the use of their pictures through
stock photo companies or contract with customers or agencies to produce photographs as
needed. They should also create their own photographic style in order to stand out from the
crowd.

Although some photographers work as freelancers, others, after years of expertise, open
their own studios or work for corporations as salaried workers. There are several beats in
photography that might be connected to news, events, sports, nature, cultural events,
political events, and much more. The list is lengthy, and expert photographers are in high
demand right now. As thrilling as the work seems, it can also be exhausting. But where is
the joy if there is no hard work?

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Work in photography as a career might include:

 Working in marketing and social media networking

 Maintaining and updating a digital portfolio and a website
 Image archiving
 Keeping abreast with market/news trends
 Photoshop may be used to modify images for commercial use.

Photography as a work profile may sound romantic, but one thing to keep in mind is the
fierce competition. However, it is your strong competitiveness that will set you apart from
the crowd. A career in photography is time-consuming and difficult. Photographers have
spent hours, if not days, trying to get the ideal image. The following are some of the
elements that impact income in photography careers:

 The more experience one has, the higher one rises in the food chain. In a
photographic profession, whether salaried, freelance, or self-employed, it's the
amount of experience that counts.
 One's portfolio is self-explanatory. Your portfolio should describe what the
photographer is all about, from the number of tasks on something you have worked
to managing various projects.
 If you are self-employed, you can charge the customer appropriately.

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1.7: Check your Progress
1. Define Photography.
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2. How to choose your character as a photographer?

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3. What are the different types of photography which is done outdoors only?
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Unit-2: History of Photography
2.0: Unit Structure
2.1: Learning Objectives
2.1: History of Photography
2.2: History of Photojournalism
2.3: In a Nutshell
2.4: Check your progress

2.1: Learning Objectives

After completion of this unit Learners will able to;
 To understand evolution of photography
 Photojournalism and its history
 Contribution of small cameras

2.2: History of Photography

Man has always wanted to record himself. The early cave paintings are proof that
several attempts were made by man to record his activities or environment around him.
Initially it was the painters who have depicted remarkable historic stories through their
brush and canvas. The camera was the later invention that came only in the 19th century.

The word 'photography' was first used by Sir John Herschel in the year 1839. In the
same way the photographic process became public. The word Photography, which means
‘writing with light’ is derived from the Greek words, photo – means light and graphy
means writing.

There are two distinct scientific processes that combine to make photography possible.
The first of these processes was optical. Its example is the camera obscura (dark room) by
Leonardo da Vinci and has been in existence for at least 500 years ago. The second process
was chemical. The initial experiments were either done by chemists of physicists. Some of
the interesting innovations during this period were by Robert Boyle in the 1600's who
reported that Silver chloride turned dark under exposure to the air rather than to the light.

Similarly in the 17th century Angelo Sala noticed that powdered nitrate of silver is
blackened by the sun. Another revelation in the same period was by Johann Heinrich
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Schulze who discovered certain liquids change colour when exposed to the sun. After a
series of such experiments, the first successful picture was produced in June /July 1827 by
Nicephore Niepce, using material that hardened on exposure to light. The photograph
required exposure of eight hours.

Pic 1: The first successful picture was produced in June /July 1827 by Nicephore Niepce, using material that
hardened on exposure to light. The photograph required exposure of eight hours.

Two years later, in January 1829, Niepce agreed to go into partnership with Louis
Daguerre. They discovered a way of developing photographic plates, a process which
greatly reduced the exposure time from eight hours to half an hour. He also discovered that
an image could be made permanent by immersing in the salt.
After Daguerre, came the Collodion process in 1851 that was introduced by
Frederick Scott Archer, in which the exposure time was reduced to two or three seconds.
The next step was the Dry Plate process in 1871 by Dr. Richard Maddox who discovered a
way of using gelatin instead of glass as a basis for the photographic plate.
This led to the development of the dry plate process. The major landmark came with the
introduction of photographic film by George Eastman in 1884. And four years later he

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introduced the box camera, and photography started to reach the masses. He is
remembered for making photography accessible to all. With the slogan ‘you press the
button, we do the rest’, he brought photography to masses. With time the other major
landmarks were Polaroid cameras, roll cameras, colour photography and finally the digital
photography and the recent mobile photography.

2.3: History of Photojournalism

Photojournalism is a form of journalism in which images are presented in a way to

tell a news story or an event. As per the Merriam Webster dictionary, photojournalism can
be defined as journalism in which written copy is subordinate to pictorial. This happens
when photographic presentation of news stories or high proportion of pictorial presentation
is used.

In 1952 Henri Cartier-Bresson, a founder of modern photojournalism, proposed one

of the most fascinating and highly debated concepts in the history of photography: “the
decisive moment.” In his book, The Mind’s Eye, Bresson explains the decisive moment,
"This moment occurs when the visual and psychological elements of people in a real life
scene spontaneously and briefly come together in perfect resonance to express the essence
of that situation. Some people believe that the unique purpose of photography, as
compared to other visual arts, is to capture this fleeting, quintessential, and holistic instant
in the flow of life. For this reason, many photographers often mention the decisive moment
or similar ideas about capturing the essence of a transitory moment, when they describe
their work".

Photojournalism is no longer limited to traditional news photos or portraits with the

aim of showing what a person looks like. The genres that come under photojournalism are
documentary, portrait, street, sports, weather, on spot, general news, photo stories etc.

Major Factors That Contributed to Rise of Journalism

There are two major factors that contributed to the rise of photojournalism. Firstly, the
technical innovations which include the invention of roll film, small cameras, different
lenses etc. Secondly, the introduction of portable light sources.

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The technological leaps made from the 18th century till now including the development of
transmission devices, has enabled photojournalists to send their pictures across nations
especially where there is expansion in the wire services.

Photojournalism has its roots in war photography, with Roger Fenton pioneering the field
during the Crimean War. Fenton was the first official war photographer, shooting images
that demonstrated the effects of war.

The inception of modern photojournalism took place in 1925, in Germany. The event was
the invention of the first 35 mm camera, the Leica. It was designed as a way to use surplus
movie film, and then shot in the 35 mm format. Before this, a photo of professional quality
required bulky equipment. Now, photographers could go just about anywhere and take
photos unobtrusively, without bulky lights or tripods. The difference was dramatic, for
primarily posed photos, with people awarding the photographer's presence, to new, natural
photos of people as they really lived.

Added to this was another invention originally from Germany, the photojournalism
magazine. From the mid-1920s, Germany, at first, experimented with the combination of
two old ideas. Old was the direct publication of photos; that was available after about
1890, and by the early 20th century, some publications, newspaper-style and magazine,
were devoted primarily to illustrations. But the difference of photo magazines beginning in
the 1920s was the collaboration--instead of isolated photos, laid out like in your photo
album, editors and photographers begin to work together to produce an actual story told by
pictures and words, or cutlines. In this concept, photographers would shoot many more
photos than they needed, and transfer them to editors.

While some say its heyday has long passed with the closure of photo-magazines like LIFE,
photojournalists are adapting, using new technology and outlets to continue telling the
important stories of contemporary society. We take a look at the origins of photojournalism
and its journey through history, from historic firsts to controversies and iconic
photographers.

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Editors would examine contact sheets, that is, sheets with all the photos on them in
miniature form (now done using Photoshop software), and establishment of a similar style
of photo reporting in the U.S. Henry Luce, already successful with Time and Fortune
magazines, conceived of a new general-interest magazine relying on modern
photojournalism. It was called Life, launched Nov. 23, 1936.

The first photojournalism cover story in the magazine was kind of unlikely, an
article about the building of the Fort Peck Dam in Montana. Margaret Bourke-White

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photographed this, and in particular chronicled the life of the workers in little shanty
town’s spring up around the building site. As we know,
only Look and Life lasted. Look went out of business in 1972; Life suspended publication
the same year, returned in 1978 as a monthly, and finally folded as a serial in 2001.

During World War II, W. Eugene Smith and Robert Capabecamewere well known for their
gripping war pictures. Both were to be gravely affected by their profession and Capa was
killed on assignment in Indochina.

2.3: In a Nutshell

In a nutshell history of photojournalism can be traced back to the experiments done

by Joseph Nicephore. In 1826 Joseph Nicephore slotted a pewter (an alloy of tin, copper
with antimony) plate into his camera obscura and exposed that plate to the surroundings.
He washed this exposed plate with lavender oil after eight hours and found that an image
had formed on the plate. This image was not very clear but the scene was more or less
visible. Joseph Nicephore claimed it to be the first photograph, built without a negative.
Carol Szathmari a Romanian painter and photographer was among the first who did
photojournalism with the help of167, his engraving and painting technique. This engraving
technique was also used in the American Civil war.

The first 35mm Leica camera came in 1925 and this marked the beginning of the
Golden Age of Photojournalism. First commercial flash bulbs came in 1927. The early 35
mm camera was small and light. They were more portable and the printing methods used in
these cameras were less cumbersome. Prominent photographers in the golden age spanning
from 1930s to 1960s included Walker Evan, Dorothea and Gordon Parks.
HomaiVyarawalla is recognized as the first woman photojournalist of India. She
was born in Gujarat and it was her husband ManekshawVyarawalla who introduced her to
the world of photography.

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2.4: Check Your Progress

1. Write a note on evolution of photography?

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2. What were the two major factors in rise of journalism?
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3. Describe the role of cameras.
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Unit-3: Functions of Photography
3.0: Unit Structure
3.1: Learning Objectives
3.2: Photo Editing
3.2.1: Post production & Editing
3.3: Ethics
3.3.1: Photojournalism & Ethics
3.4: Code of Ethics
3.5: Check Your Progress

3.1: Learning Objectives

After learning of this unit students will be able to;

 To understand the process of Photo Editing
 To learn ethical part of Photography
 To acquire the code of Ethics

3.2: Photo Editing

It requires a strong eye to select a photograph or to edit it. Out of hundreds of photos that a
photographer files or shortlists, an editor picks one for publishing purposes. He analyses
the strengths and weaknesses of a photograph filed by the staff photographers or
freelancers. While some are fit for publishing, others require some finishing touch. So a
photo editor sometimes selects those pictures which have the substances but requires some
editing, which includes cropping, playing with the contrast and brightness in the picture
etc. Sometimes by cropping the important feature of the picture gets highlighted which was
earlier getting shadowed by other elements present in the frame.
In newspapers there is a constant fight for space. Regardless of how good an
original picture is, most of the pictures undergo cropping. But cropping can be good or
bad. While a thoughtful cropping improves the frame and makes a picture appealing to a
reader, at the same time, excess cropping or chopping off a frame ruthlessly ruins the
picture. It fails to translate the meaning. Most of all ruins the mood of a photojournalist the
next day after the paper is published.
3.2.1: Post production and editing
Post production is done for effective communication. Editing is done by selecting,
cropping, and enlarging certain photographs for a bigger impact. A photo editor may not be
a photojournalist. The photo editor may crop the image, check the white balance, check

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noise, remove noise, and improve sharpness. Resizing and scaling of the images is also
done in editing. It is always good to work with ‘raw’ images during editing. The image
formed through the camera sensor is the ‘raw’image. Adjustments like conversion into
grayscale, and normal toning and minimal colour adjustments are acceptable as long as
they restore the authentic nature of the photograph.

3.3: Ethics
Merriam-Webster defines “ethics” as, “the code of good conduct for an individual
or group,” and lists its synonyms as, “morality, morals, principles, and standards.
In terms of ethics in photojournalism, the National Press Photographers Association's Code
of Ethics reads, in part:

Photographic and video images can reveal great truths, exposewrongdoing and neglect,
inspire hope and understandingand connect people around the globe through the
languageof visual understanding. Photographs can also causegreat harm if they are
callously intrusive or are manipulated.

Just like the news, a photograph published in the newspaper should be correct,
factual as it has to do with the reputation of the paper. The readers trust a newspaper based
on the news and photos it publishes. In case a photograph is fake or unethically taken, it
creates mistrust in readers. As human beings, Photojournalists should follow the same
ethics as everyone else. As of the nature of Photojournalism, this leads to a lot of
discrepancies since the characteristics of documentary photography means that
photographers find themselves more often than not in areas of conflict that challenge the
ethics of photojournalism.

In the documentary and street photography forms, any deliberate distortion by the
photographer that does not fulfil this requirement disqualifies the images. This is called
'photo manipulation'. Here are some pointers that explain manipulation further:

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 1. Do not add, remove, rearrange or flip things or people in the imageDo not
heighten the density, contrast or saturation for the purpose of removing
elements or people, or over-dramatize a situatio
3.3.1: Photojournalism and Ethics

Photojournalism provides important information to its audience. This information

has to be correct as it is important for decision making. A photojournalist has to show
whether the message in the picture is for the larger interest of the society. The
photojournalist should also respect the privacy of a person or a family which is involved in
the story. Breach of privacy and selling of pictures of a private event is unethical. In a
private party or a function it is always good to seek permission before taking pictures.
Manipulation is to be avoided. Re-enacting of events or staging of events is seen as
manipulation. Adding or deleting of images, substantial background or pros is also counted
as manipulation.

One has to be careful when taking pictures of a major tragedy like earthquake or an
explosion. Mutilated parts of human body are not to be shot and published. Human body
and its parts should not be published unless there is requirement as in case of health story.
If the publication is for public good then it may be photographed and published. The
content of a photograph must not be altered in Photoshop or by any other means. The faces
or identities of the subjects must not be altered by image editing tools like Photoshop.
Many media organizations say that the removal of “red eye” from photographs is not
acceptable. Photo editor should not manipulate images or add in any way that misleads the
viewers.

Honesty, responsibility, accuracy and truth are the backbone of photojournalism’s

code of ethics, in accordance with rights and obligations of journalists. These are detailed
in documents such as the Charters of Munich or of the National Press Photographers’
Association.
Preamble of the National Press Photographers Association, a professional society
that promotes the highest standards in visual journalism, acknowledges concern for every
person's need both to be fully informed about public events and to be recognized as part of
the world in which we live.

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 Photo journalists operate as trustees of the public. Our primary role is to report
visually on the significant events and varied viewpoints in our common world. Our
primary goal is the faithful and comprehensive depiction of the subject at hand. As visual
journalists, we have the responsibility to document society and to preserve its history
through images. Photographic and video images can reveal great truths, expose
wrongdoing and neglect, inspire hope and understanding and connect people around the
globe through the language of visual understanding. Photographs can also cause great harm
if they are callously intrusive or are manipulated. This code is intended to promote the
highest quality in all forms of visual journalism and to strengthen public confidence in the
profession. It is also meant to serve as an educational tool both for those who practice and
for those who appreciate photojournalism.

3.4: Code of Ethics

Photojournalists and those who manage visual news productions are accountable for
upholding the following standards in their daily work:
1. Be accurate and comprehensive in the representation of subjects.
2. Resist being manipulated by staged photo opportunities.
3. Be complete and provide context when photographing or recording subjects. Avoid
stereotyping individuals and groups. Recognize and work to avoid presenting one's
own biases in the work.
4. Treat all subjects with respect and dignity. Give special consideration to vulnerable
subjects and compassion to victims of crime or tragedy.
Intrude on private moments of grief only when the public has an overriding and
justifiable need to see.
5. While photographing subjects do not intentionally contribute to, alter, or seek to
alter or influence events.
6. Editing should maintain the integrity of the photographic images' content and
context. Do not manipulate images or add or alter sound in any way that can
mislead viewers or misrepresent subjects.
7. Do not pay sources or subjects or reward them materially for information or
participation.

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 8. Do not accept gifts, favors, or compensation from those who might seek to
influence coverage.
9. Do not intentionally sabotage the efforts of other journalists.
10. Do not engage in harassing behavior of colleagues, subordinates or subjects and
maintain the highest standards of behavior in all professional interactions.

Ideally, visual journalists should:

1. Strive to ensure that the public's business is conducted in public. Defend the rights
of access for all journalists.
2. Think proactively, as a student of psychology, sociology, politics and art to develop
a unique vision and presentation. Work with a voracious appetite for current events
and contemporary visual media.
3. Strive for total and unrestricted access to subjects, recommend alternatives to
shallow or rushed opportunities, and seek diversity
4. Avoid political, civic and business involvements or other employment that
compromise or give the appearance of compromising one's own journalistic
independence.
5. Strive to be unobtrusive and humble in dealing with subjects.
6. Respect the integrity of the photographic moment.
7. Strive by example and influence to maintain the spirit and high standards expressed
in this code. When confronted with situations in which the proper action is not
clear, seek the counsel of those who exhibit the highest standards of the profession.
Visual journalists should continuously study their craft and the ethics that guide it.

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3.5: Check Your Progress

1. Why editing is important in photography process?

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2. What are the ethics followed by photo journalist?
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Unit-4: Qualification and Responsibilities of Photographer
4.0: Unit Structure
4.1: Learning Objectives
4.2: Roles & Responsibilities of a photographer/photojournalist
4.3: Qualities and characteristics of a photographer/ photojournalist
4.4: Understanding the photo desk / Photography department
4.5: Careers and Challenges in Photojournalism
4.6: Check Your Progress

4.1: Learning Objectives

After learning of this unit students will be able to;

 Understand responsibility of a photographer/photojournalist
 Discuss qualities of a photographer/photojournalist
 Understand photo desk and its operation
 Understand the Careers and Challenges.

4.2: Roles & Responsibilities of a Photojournalist

Basic photojournalism job duties cover much more ground than merely taking photos. The
role of a photojournalist involves communication, leadership and the person should be
swift & a go-getter. In addition to capturing news photos, a photojournalist may be
responsible for:

 Use a variety of cameras to take photographs of important locations, people, events

or moments.
 Process photos by developing negatives or editing digital images to produce clear
visuals.
 Compose headlines, captions or other descriptive tag to interpret a photo.
 Use photo editing software such as Print Shop Pro or Photoshop to edit or enhance
an image.
 Travel to local and international regions to cover the photo requirements of a story.
 Collaborate with reporters to ensure images correspond with news stories.
 Present photos to editors or supervisors for review and approval.
 Negotiate the price of images and photography services when working as freelance
press photographers.

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  Manage time effectively in order to achieve assigned tasks.
 Conduct research to verify facts about an event or incident prior to photo shoot.
 Keep record of photographs in an image database.
 Manipulate parameters such as lighting, focus, depth and distance to obtain clear
images.
 Capture images of life-threatening situations such as crisis, war or extreme weather
conditions.
 Specialize in one or more aspects of photography such as sports, press,
documentary or freelance photography.
 Conduct interviews to obtain facts which validate a news story.

4.3: Qualities and Characteristics of a Photographer/ Photojournalist

 Respect Truth, irrespective of the consequences for himself/herself.

 Verify all sources.
 Only publish information that can be traced back to its origin.
 Abstain from using any disloyal means to achieve photographs.
 Never pay sources or subjects.
 Treat subjects with respect and dignity and abstain from intruding on private
moments of grief unless there is a justifiable and pressing reason for their public
disclosure.
 Never interfere with an event or attempt to change its course.
 Never set up or re-enact a situation.
 Always write truthful captions.
 Share with the editor all information he/she has, in order to avoid misinterpretations
or wrongful use.
 Choose publications with care to avoid any editorial misuse.

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4.4: Understanding a photo desk / Photography department
Photo department is a part and parcel of a newspaper organisation. Depending on
the size of an organisation the scale of the number of members of a photo department
depends.
A photo department is headed by a photo editor. A photo editor is responsible for the
selection of the final photo going for the print. The job of a photo editor also includes
allocating and coordinating assignments and approving images. They are also tasked with
selecting, editing, and placement of photos in the magazine or newspapers.

1. In some organisations there is a separate multimedia editor who looks after photos
on news websites, social media of the same organisation.

2. There is a chief photographer in every organisation and under him are staff
photographers.

3. Each photographer is allotted a beat

4. There are also freelance photographers who contribute photos for a newspaper

5. Besides the photographers the photo desk consists of graphic artists, editors,
caption writers etc

Some newspaper organisations also have a photo research department where a person
appointed is responsible for making archives and libraries of the photos. This could be
done by putting photos in separate folders with key words and titles.

4.5: Careers and Challenges in Photojournalism

1. Uncertainty:
With publications shrinking, the future of photojournalism looks dark as far as traditional
newspapers are concerned. However with news websites coming up and in wake of the
social media boom, photojournalists have a bright future as multimedia journalists.
However they need to groom themselves with video skills as well as writing skills.

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2. Problem of plenty:
With inbuilt cameras in mobile phones, now everyone can press the shutter button. But a
good storytelling narrative is the hardest thing that goes unnoticed in photojournalism.

3. Digital media:
While digital media is seen as a threat to traditional newspapers, at the same time this
could be seen as a platform for many new entrants who want to make a career out of
photography.

4. Equipment:
Good set of equipment as well as vision necessary

5. Collaborative journalism:
Now a day with projects coming up internationally or with a NGO, a photojournalist can
look for long term projects or grants.

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4.6: Check Your Progress

1. Define responsibilities of a photographer/photojournalist.

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2. Name any three qualities of a photographer/photojournalist.

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3. Briefly discuss the Career and challenges in photojournalism.

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References:
[Link]
[Link]
Further Readings
Photography
 PHOTOGRAPHING CHILDREN,COLOR BY THE EDITORS OF LIFE TIME,1st
Edition,1971,Time Inc
 THE GREAT THEMES, COLOR BY THE EDITORS OF LIFE TIME,1st
Edition,1970,Time Inc
 PHOTOGRAPHING NATURE, COLOR BY THE EDITORS OF LIFE
TIME,1stEdition,1971,Time Inc
 THE PRINT,COLOR BY THE EDITORS OF LIFE TIME, 1st Edition,1970,Time
Inc
 PHOTOGRAPHY AS A TOOL,COLOR BY THE EDITORS OF LIFE TIME, 1st
Edition,1970,Time Inc
 THE CAMERA, COLOR BY THE EDITORS OF LIFE TIME, 1st Edition, 1970,
Time Inc
 PHOTO JOURNALISM, COLOR BY THE EDITORS OF LIFE TIME, 1st Edition,
1971, Time Inc
 CARING FOR PHOTOGRAPHS, COLOR BY THE EDITORS OF LIFE TIME,
1st Edition, 1972, Time Inc
 ILLUSTRUTED DICTIONARY OF PHOTOGRAPHY, DUNCAN BACK
HOUSE, 1st Edition, 1972, Fountain Press, England
 PHOTOGRAPHIC THEORY, RASSEL CAMPBELL, 1st Edition, 1970, A
Zwemmer lmt NewYork
Advanced Broadcast Media
 ELECTRONIC MEDIA MANAGEMENT, Peter K. Pringle, Michael F. Stair,
William E. Mccavitt,2nd Edition, 1991, Focal Press, Boston, London,
 THE TECHNIQUE OF TELEVISION PRODUCTION, Gerald Millerson, 2nd
Edition, 1990, Focal Press, Boston, London
 PRODUCTION DESIGN FOR TELEVISION, Teny Byme, 1st Edition, 1993, Focal
Press, Boston, London
 BROADCAST, JOURNALISM TECHNIQUES OF RADIO & TV NEWS, Boyd, 3rd
Edition, 2001,Focal Press, Boston, London
 THE TECHNIQUE OF TELEVISION NEWS, lvor Yorkee, 3rd Edition, 2001, Focal Press,
Boston, London
 TELEVISION FUNDAMENTALS, Watkinson,1996, Focal Press, Boston, London
 TELEVISION PERFORMING NEWS & INFORMATION, William Hawes,1991, Focal
Press, Boston, London
 BASIC TV. REPORTING, lvor Yorke, 2nd Edition,1990, Focal Press, Boston,
London
 TELEVISION NEWS, lvor Yorke, 3rd Edition, 1995, Focal Press, Boston, London

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  TELEVISION IN EDUCATION, Satyajit Ray, 2nd Edition, 1993, Princeton Unversity
New Jerscey
 The Photography Book by Editors of Phaidon Press, 30 April 2000
 All about Photography by Ashok Dilwali, National Book trust, Year of Publication:
2010 New Delhi.
 Practical photography by O.P. SHARMA HPB/FC (14 March 2003.
 The Photographer's Guide to Light by Freeman John Collins & Brown, 2005.
 Lonely Planet's Best Ever Photography Tips by Richard I'Anson published by
Lonely Planet- Diverse viewpoints

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