Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media
Individual work
Student name
Jennifer Torres zabala
Group: 203058_14
Identification number
1007226023
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2024 20-03
Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words).
1. When we talk about open wave propagation, it refers to all the means through
which an electromagnetic wave can reach its maximum frequency, without
any type of obstruction in its movement.
2. When talking about the loss tange, it refers to the relationship between the
conduction current and the constant specific displacement, whose value is
associated with the parameters of the medium and the frequency of the applied
signal. Among its characteristics of the medium is that its current in electrical
conductors is very high, while in dielectric media its current is very low.
3. It can be classified as follows:
Good conductors: 𝑡(𝛿) ≥ 10
Good insulators: 𝑡(𝛿) < 0.01
Perfect conductors: 𝑡(𝛿) → ∞
Perfect dielectrics: 𝑡(𝛿) = 0
Dissipative dielectrics: 0.01 < 𝑡(𝛿) < 10
Application exercise:
The following 4-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.
Select Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
☐ 1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
☐ 2. Sea water 4 80
☒ 3. Air 5.5𝑥10−15 1.0005
☐ 4. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
☐ 5. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
☐ 6. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10 −3 80
☐ 7. Vacuum 0 1
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of
frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
Tangent of losses:
𝜎 𝜎 5.5 ∗ 10−15 𝑠/𝑚
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2𝜋 ∗ 4.3 ∗ 107 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12 𝐶 2 /𝑁𝑚2
𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = 2.297988997 ∗ 10−12
Figure1. Operation on a virtual scientific calculator.
Angle of losses:
−1 (
𝜎 −1
5.5 ∗ 10−15 𝑠/𝑚
𝜹 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 ( )
2𝜋𝑓εrε𝑜 2𝜋 ∗ 4.3 ∗ 107 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12 𝐶 2/𝑁𝑚2
𝜹 = 0.0000000001316650709°
Figure2. Operation on a virtual scientific calculator..
Note that:
𝜔 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ; 𝜇 = μr ∗ μ𝑜 and 𝜀 = εr ∗ ε𝑜 = 8.8586271 ∗ 10−12 c2/Nm2
ε𝑜 = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A
𝜇𝑟 = 1
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use [Link]
2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify and select the behavior
of the chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Table 2: Classification of propagation media.
Check Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
☐ Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
☒ Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
☐ Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
☐ Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
☐ Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°
3. According to the classification obtained in “Step 2” and using Table 3 shown
below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen
medium:
a. Propagation constant (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant (Alpha).
c. Phase constant (Beta).
Lost low Dielectrics with Good
Parameter Not dissipative
dielectric losses conductors
𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝜶 0 𝜎𝜂 ⁄2 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜
𝜼 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎
Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.
Use equation editor (values and units)
a. Propagation constant 𝛾:
𝜸= 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀
𝜸 = 𝒋 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 4.3 ∗ 107 𝐻𝑧√1 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 𝑇𝑚/𝐴 ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12 c2/Nm2
𝜸 = 0.9014259618𝑖
Figure3. operation on a virtual scientific calculator.
b. Attenuation constant :
𝜇𝑟 ∗ 𝜇 0 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 𝑇𝑚/𝐴
𝜂 = √𝜇/𝜀 = √ =√ = 376.6303531
𝜀𝑟 ∗ 𝜀0 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12 c2/Nm2
5.5 ∗ 10−15 𝑠/𝑚 ∗ 376.6303531
𝜶=
𝟐
𝜶 = 1.035733471 ∗ 10−12 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
Figure4. Operation on a virtual scientific calculator.
c. Phase constant :
𝜷 = 𝜔√𝜇𝜀
𝜷 = 2𝜋 ∗ 4.3 ∗ 107 𝐻𝑧√1.2566 ∗ 10−6 T m/A ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542 ∗ 10−12 C2/Nm2
𝜷 = 0.9014259618𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
Figure5. Operation on a virtual scientific calculator.
4. According to the results obtained in step 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 :
2𝜋 ∗ 4.3 ∗ 107 𝐻𝑧
𝑽𝒑 =
0.9014259618𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝑽𝒑 = 299721751.6𝑚/𝑠
Figure6. Operation on a virtual scientific calculator.
b. Wavelength 𝝀:
2∗𝜋
𝝀=
0.9014259618𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝝀 = 6,970273293𝑚
Figure7. Operation on a virtual scientific calculator.
c. Penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 :
1
𝜹𝒑 =
|1.035733471 ∗ 10−12 𝑁𝑝/𝑚|
𝜹𝒑 = 965499356735,6
Figure8. Operation on a virtual scientific calculator.
5. Using the following equation, calculate 𝛿 (𝑓 ) for some values of frequency 𝒇
given in Table 5 (Calculator must be in DEGREE mode). Identify and explain
how the medium behaves as the frequency increases. use the medium chosen
in this activity. Plot the data using Excel or other.
𝝈
𝜹°(𝒇) = 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝛆𝐫𝛆𝒐
Media: Air σ=5.5x10^-15 S/m εo=8.8542x10^-12 C^2/Nm^2 εr=1.0005
𝒇(𝑯𝒛) 𝜹°(𝒇) Media behavior
1 0.0057° δ = 0° Perfect dielectrics
1 ∗ 103 0.0000057° δ = 0° Perfect dielectrics
1 ∗ 106 0.00° δ = 0° Perfect dielectrics
1 ∗ 109 0.00° δ = 0° Perfect dielectrics
1 ∗ 1012 0.00° δ = 0° Perfect dielectrics
Table 5: losses angle / media behavior
f[Hz]vsẟ[°]
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
ẟ[°]
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1 0 0 0 0 0
0
1 100 10000 1000000 100000000 1E+10 1E+12
f(Hz)
Figure 1: graph and interpretation of data with Excel
5.5 ∗ 10−15 𝑆/𝑚
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟏 ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟕°
5.5 ∗ 10−15 𝑆/𝑚
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐𝝅 ∗ 1 ∗ 103 ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝟎°
−𝟏
1.035733471 ∗ 10−15 𝑆/𝑚
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝑻𝒂𝒏 ( )
𝟐𝝅 ∗ 1 ∗ 106 ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟗𝟔 ∗ 10−6
−𝟏
5.5 ∗ 10−15 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝑻𝒂𝒏 ( )
𝟐𝝅 ∗ 1 ∗ 109 ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝟎°
5.5 ∗ 10−12 𝑆/𝑚
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐𝝅 ∗ 1 ∗ 1012 ∗ 1.0005 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
𝜹°(𝟏) = 𝟎°
References
Reference 1:
To address the contents, the following bibliographic references are
required:
Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's
Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for
First-year Undergraduates. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-
60). [Link]
[Link]/[Link]?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=e
ds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press.
(pp. 513-
519). [Link]
[Link]/[Link]?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site
=eds-live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513
VIO (Virtual information objects)
Leyton, O., & Comas, C. (2023). Electromagnetic waves concepts. VIO
[Virtual Information Object]. [Link]
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent. VIO [Virtual Information
Object]. [Link]
Leyton L., & Quintero, D. (2019). Characterization of electromagnetic
waves in open media. VIO [Virtual Information
Object]. [Link]
