Extensive survey project 2022-2023 B-19

CHAPTER – 1

NEW TANK PROJECT

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1. INRODUCTION
Irrigation is the process of artificially supplying water to soil for rising crops. India is basically
an agricultural country and its economy depends on the agricultural output to a great extent. Water
is normally supplied to the plants by nature through rains. In order to get the maximum yield, it
is essential to supply the optimum quantity of water and to maintain correct timing of watering.
This is possible only through a systematic irrigation system that is collecting water during the
periods of excess rainfall and releasing it to the crop as and when required. So this can be achieved
by constructing a tank. Tanks are basically small reservoirs built of earthen walls across the rivers,
streams and drainage channels to impound and store water to irrigate fields through channels. The
word tank is often used in common parlance to describe small irrigation reservoirs or minor
irrigation tanks. As academic requirements in respect of extensive project work prescribed by the
university it is proposed to conduct survey and to design a new irrigation tank
1.1 Need for Irrigation
The need for irrigation can be summarized in the following four points:

1. Less rainfall:
When the total rainfall is less than that needed for the crop, artificial supply of water is
necessary. In such a case, irrigation system should be developed at the place where more water
is available and then, the means to convey water to the area where there isdeficiency.
2. Non-uniform rainfall:
The rainfall in a particular area may not be uniform throughout the crop period. During the early
periods of the crop rains may be there, but no water may be available at the end, with the result,
that either, the yield may be less or the crop may wither. But the accumulated or stored water
during the excess rainfall period may be supplied to the crop during the period when there may
be no rainfall, but there is a need for watering.
3. Commercial crop with additional water:
The rainfall in a particular area may be just sufficient to raise the usual crops, but more water may
be necessary for raising commercial or cash crops, in addition to increasing the annual output by
adopting multiple cropping patterns distributed throughout the year.
4. Controlled water supply:
By constructing a proper distribution system, the yield of crop may be increased. Application of
water to the soil by modern methods of irrigation increases the efficiency of growth of crops.

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• STUDY AREA

Sri Ghati Subramanian located at The Latitude 13.4086° N, Longitude 77.5285° E

Doddaballapur taluk, Bangalore rural district Karnataka, India. Which is 56 Km
awayfrom Bangalore. The new tank project is located at Melina juganahalli, Kelagina
Juganahalli.
1.2 Technical Aspects of a Project
The design and construction of any project such as dam, road alignment requires a
thorough investigation of the site as regards to its stability and feasibility. The
preliminary investigation starts from the reconnaissance work, study of top sheets,
proposal of alternate sites etc. The second stage work of investigation includes the
surveywork at the site in order to collect the data necessary for the design of project
elements, preparation of drawings, estimates etc. the office work is confined to the
designs, drawings and estimates of the project.
1.3 Methodology
The whole project is presented in four parts. The first part deals with the study of the
project area. It includes rainfall, climate, and topography and crop pattern of the region.
In second part presents the detailed survey work at the site including LS and CS of
the bund capacity contour, canal alignment. In the third part the design of bund or
embankment The fourth part describes the design of canal land design of sluice gates.

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• INVESTIGATION AND STUDIES

• Topography of Catchment Area
Catchment area is the extent of geological area on the upstream side of project site
whichdrains the surface water flows due to rainfall on that area to the valley across
which the project is envisaged.
The study area consists of the catchments situated in a comparatively small area with
the maximum distance between two points of the study area being about 60 km.
Geology are very variable. The study area, consists of, quartzite, and sedimentary rock
with tertiary and quaternary volcanism. It consists of sandstone, marl, and limestone.
All catchment within the study area belong to the same climatic region (temperate
humid), Precipitation ranges from to 824mm/year.
Elevation ranges from about 49.35m above mean sea level to 846.645 MSL. Most of
the catchments are rural with little urbanization. The proportion of forest varies between
14%and 95catchments, over 70% of the surface area is forested.
• Catchment of the study area.
For calculation of the catchment area Topo Sheet No: D43-R11 Fig.1.1 is used and its
scale is 1:50000. The catchment area is delineated with the help of contours on
Topo sheet and area is obtained by importing Topo sheet with given scale in to
AutoCAD software.
The catchment area is the intercepted catchment area. The total catchments area
calculated for the proposed site is 18.90sq km.
Classification of catchment area
1. Independent catchment area
2. Intercepted catchment area
Since the catchment area of the project is a part of the total catchment area the extent
which is the catchment area of existing Visveswariah pick up storage located within
thetotal catchment area of the project site. Catchment area comes under intercepted
catchment area
Classification of catchment area based on topography as follows
1. Good catchment
2. Average catchment
3. Bad catchment

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The present catchment considered as average catchment since it is with moderate

slopes,little rocky out crops, partly cultivated lands and semi pervious soil.
• SURVEY DETAILED STUDY
Detailed survey has been carried out throughout the study area, using digital
Surveyinstrument Total Station.
• Objectives of the Project:
1. To recognize the suitable site for construction of earthen dam.
2. To find out reservoir submerged area, capacity of reservoir.
3. To determine height of the bund and calculation of earthwork, revetment.
4. To align the canal and determine the cutting and filling along the length of the canal.
5. To design the. i. Design of surplus weir with apron ii. Design of tank sluice. iii
.Design of canal drop.
• Investigations and Surveys
The surveys are carried out to collect field data to obtain all information needed for
actualdesign of components of the project. The survey extends over the site selected for
the work sufficiently beyond their area so that alternative proposals can be studied.
a) Reconnaissance
The reconnaissance survey is conducted in the following sequence:
1. Study of topographical survey sheets, geological and meteorological maps.
2. Ground reconnaissance.
3. Final reconnaissance of inaccessible and difficult stretches.

Study of Survey Sheets, Maps, Etc.:

Reconnaissance begins with the study of Topo map which are required for preliminary
investigation for a project and to demarcate the catchment area at the project site .Topo
Sheet No: D42-R11 in fig no 1.1 is referred for the current project.

Survey maps are useful in locating the catchment and submersion areas and to identify
the extent lands benefited and submerged these maps are also necessary for initiating
land acquisition. The village maps of Melina juganahalli, Kelagina Juganahalli
Lagumenahalli were referred.
• Ground Reconnaissance:
The various alternative routes found feasible as a result of map and further examined in

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the field by ground reconnaissance. As such, this part of the survey is an important link
inthe chain of activities leading to selection of the final route.
b) Preliminary Surveys
With the help of the Topo sheets, the availability of site for locating the bund and
appurtenant works shall be studied and after establishing its suitability preliminary
surveys are taken up.
The preliminary surveys consist of reconnaissance of the area keeping in view of the
followings:
1. Suitability of site for locating the bund, surplus sing arrangements etc.
2. The site should afford sufficient yield and should have command area with least
submersion area.
3. Preliminary survey will facilitate arriving at a rough cost and assessing the
viability of theproject.
c) Final Location and Detailed Survey:
Detailed surveys are carried out at the finally selected site to facilitate preparation
of designs, estimates, etc., to establish the technical and financial feasibility of the
project.
Selection of site for earthen bund:
The best site for locating the bund or dam shall be selected by considering the
following aspects
1. It shall be one, which has ridges on both the flanks of the stream the site shall be
suitable for locating the bund and surplus sing arrangements.
2. The foundation for the bund and surplus sing arrangements should be suitable.
3. The site should be preferably below the confluence of two or more valleys
to take advantage of water availability from the different valleys.
4. The topography of lands upstream of the proposed site shall provide good storage
without disproportionate submersion of lands.
5. The materials like soils, stones, jelly, and sand Etc., suitable for construction
shall beavailable in sufficient quantities and within reasonable leads.

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Establishment of Bench marks:

Benchmarks are to be established in the project area at every one-Km interval and preferable
connected to the nearest G.T.S benchmarks Bench marks shall be preferable located on either
flanks of the dam, water spread area and the irrigation channels for carrying out the levels of
makalidurga railway station 846.645, culvert at NTP site797.295, 25/2 km stone near NTP right
bund 812.225.
Surveys for the bund or dam site:
Alignment of Centre line of proposed bund, longitudinal section, cross section, block levelling
at sluice point and waste weir point, canal alignment longitudinal section and cross section of
canal.
Levels at bund or dam site:
Since levelling work done by total station random points are taken at NTP site.

Levels for canal:

Levelling work is carried from sluice bed level up to approximate length of 500m.

Levels for water spread area:

This is required to compute the storage capacity of the reservoir by drawing contour lines at
suitable intervals and to assess the area of lands. The block levels of the water spread area are to
be taken at 1m intervals up to top level of the bund. Ground reconnaissance discloses certain
difficult stretches, which will for detailed examination. Ground reconnaissance discloses certain
difficult stretches, which call for detailed examination.

• COLLECTION OF DATA
Rain fall data
Records of rain fall data are maintained at taluk level offices and also at director of statistics and
planning. These records give the account of rain fall at different rain gauges stations distributed

In the catchment area and command area these will be a basic data in computing the yield from
the catchment and working out the water requirement of crops. For the present work the rain fall
data is obtained from the Meteorological department of India, and the Gram panchayath office
of S.S. Ghati.
Hydro meteorological Data:
Data on temperature, wind velocity, pan evaporation etc. At several Hydro meteorological
stations are being collected and maintained by [Link] data are use full in determining
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evaporation losses and working out crop requirement.

• HYDROLOGY
Assessment of yield:
The yield is mainly dependent on the quantity and distribution of rain fall in the catchment
area of the project. Besides following factors affect the yield.
1. The conditions of the area as regard geological formation, permeability of soil surface
slopes, wind, temperature and humidity.
2. The nature and quantity of vegetation in the area.
3. Humidity of the surface and subsurface in the area at the time of rain fall and existence
ofsurface water.
A long term gauge data of a stream or river at the project site enables a reasonable
assessment of yield at the site at the desired dependability. However in case of small
streams which are not gauged the yield will have to be computed based on individual rain
fall data of influencing rain gauge stations within or outside the catchment area of the
project.
• Crop water requirement
The quantum of water required for raising a crop in its base period during a cropping
season is called crop water requirement.
• Estimation of water requirement of crops
The water requirement for the village depends upon the type of the crop grown in the
village, cultivable command area of the crops, duty, delta and base period of the
respective crops.
Following methods are adopted for estimation
1. Duty method
2. Consumptive use for major tanks
Duty:
Duty represents the irrigating capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between the
area of a crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the entire
period of growth of that crop.
Delta:
Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period from the
dayof sowing to harvesting.
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Crop period:
Crop period is the time, in days, that a crop takes from the instant of its sowing
to itsharvesting.
Base period:
Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the time of
firstwatering for sowing the crop, to the last watering before harvesting.
Relation between Base, Duty and Delta
B
∆= 8.64
𝐷
Where, ∆ - Delta of the crop in m
B– Base period of the crop in days
D – Duty of the water in hectare/cusec

Gross command area:

An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage valleys. The canal
usually runs on the watershed and water can flow from it, on both side, due to
gravitational action only up-to drainage boundaries. Thus in a particular area lying
under the canal system, the irrigation can be done only up-to the drainage boundaries,
whichcan be commanded or irrigated by a canal system and this area is called Gross
Command Area.
Cultivable command area:
The gross command area also contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil, local ponds,
villages and other areas as habitation. These areas are known as uncultivable areas. The
remaining area on which crops growth, including water consumed by accompanying
week growth is called Cultivable Command Area. This is usually taken as 75% of the
Gross Command Area.
Consumptive use:
Consumptive use of water by a crop is the depth of water consumed by evaporation
& transpiration during the crop growth, including water consumed by accompanying
weedgrowth.
The following duty shall be adopted for small tanks as per irrigation department
of Karnataka.

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Table 1.1: Strangers recommendation for Duty

Sl. Monsoon Type of Duty
No Rain fall Crop Kharif Rabi
1 Up to 30 Wet 6 Acres per 3 Acres
Mcft per
72acers per Mcft
cusecs 36 acers
per
cusecs
Semidry 20 Acres per 12
Mcft Acres
208 acers per
per cusecs Mcft
120
acers
per
cusecs
2 30 and above Wet To be 3 Acres
estimated by per
consumptive Mcft
use method

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• Water Requirement of the

Crops:Rabi crop:
Table 1.2: Water requirement of Rabi crop

BASE
DELTA(Δ) AREA (A) VOLUME DUTY DISCHARGE
CROP PERIOD
In m hect m3 hect/cums cums
(days)
WHEAT 150 0.4 25 100000 3240 0.0077
TOTAL 25 100000 0.0077

Kharif Crop:

Table 1.3: Water requirement of Kharif crop Kharif crop

BASE
DELTA(Δ) AREA (A) VOLUME DUTY DISCHARGE
CROP PERIOD
In m hect m3 hect/cums cums
(days)
JOWAR 140 0.3 42 126000 4032 0.0104
TOTAL 126000 0.0104

• Computation of water requirement

To calculate the yield at the site:-
Is found to be [Link]...The average annual rainfall recorded is found to be 82.71cm.
The average rainfall of a bad year may be taken as 2/3 to ¾ of mean of annual rainfall.
Taking it to be ¾ the bad year‘s rainfall 3/4x82.71=62.03cm. Assuming the run off co-
efficient for the concerned catchment area to be 20% average rainfall.
Therefore Annual yield= (20/100) x62.03 =12.406
Annual yield from catchment = [18.9x10002] X [12.406/100]
= 2.34X106 m3.
Assuming 10% of evaporation loss and 10% of seepage in reservoir= 80/100 x 2.34 x
106Use full Water from catchment area = 1872000.0m³
Volume of that can be stored in tank = 2.34 x 106m³

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• Capacity of Tank
1. Criteria for fixing the capacity of tank
The gross yield of water available at the tank site is assessed. The balance yield at site
isarrived by deducting the total requirement of water for the upstream and downstream
committed project from the gross yield. The net yield is then arrived after accounting
forthe dead storage and evaporation lossess

2. Computation of capacity of tank

The contours, preferably at one meter interval, are to be drawn on block level plan of
water spread area of tank. Besides sill level, F.T.L, M.W.L, and T.B.L, contours are to
bespecifically drawn. The area of successive contours is measured and the capacity is
worked out from the Prismoidal and trapezoidal formula and maximum value is
considered among below formula:
V = (h)*(((A0+an)/2) +A1+A2+A3+ ..... An-1) capacity between successive contours
A1, A2 are the successive areas in
m2h = contour intervals in m
The values are tabulated in a CAPACITY TABLE and the total capacity is the
cumulative Capacity of all successive contours.

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• Calculation of Reservoir Capacity

Table 1.4: Calculation of volume from contours
Area of Contour contour
contour(m²) value(m) Interval
196.835 802 1
2525.5948 803 1
4431.6092 804 1
5553.1579 805 1
6914.6617 806 1
10726.9614 807 1
14562.3751 808 1
16510.1302 809 1
19619.0858 810 1
23739.3747 811 1
27457.8926 812 1
33318.3567 813 1
39329.3432 814 1
43965.0048 815 1
44440.9314 816 1
46303.2499 817 1
Prismoidal formula
volume 224511.0667 m3
Trapezoidal formula
volume 224451.6324 m3

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• Evaporation Losses:
Evaporation losses are generally considered at 10 percent of gross storage for small
[Link] table shows the evaporation loss for major tanks
Table 1.5: Evaporation losses

SL Month Evaporation SL Month Evaporation

In mm In mm

1 January 101.6 4 April 228.6

2 February 101.6 5 May 224

3 March 117.8 6 June 177.8

7 July 152.4 10 October 127

8 August 152.4 11 November 101.6

9 September 152.4 12 December 101.6

• Filling of tank : Depending of the extent of rain fall in the area the
capacity ofsmall tanks is fixed as noted below
Table 1.6: Filling of Tank
Annual Rainfall No. of Fillings
Less than 64cm 1.00
64 to 89 cm 1.50
More than 90cm 2.00

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑦𝑒i𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑎i𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑒

Live Capacity of Tank =
No of fillings
Gross Capacity of Tank =Live capacity + only one requirement of dead storage
evaporation losses irrespective of number of fillings.
As per minor irrigation department of Karnataka for minor tanks Strangers condition
ispreferred.

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300000

250000
Cumulative volume m³
200000

150000

100000

50000

800 805 810 815 820

Contour RL in m

Graph of Cumulative volume v/s RL.

From the graph Take RL of FTL of bund = 814.000m

• DETAILS AND DESIGN COMPONENTS OF THE BUND

• Details of the Bund:
Top bund level = 817.000m
Maximum water level = 815.000 m
Full tank level = 814.000 m
Sluice bed level = 805.090 m
Height of the bund from lowest point on reservoir = 16.00 m

Downstream Side slope of the bund = 2:1

Upstream Side Slope of the Bund = 1.5:1

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Table 1.7: Top width and side slopes of the bund as per stranger’s recommendation
Height Top
Maximum D/s U/s
of dam width
freeboard in Side side
in (A) in
meters slope slope
meters meters
Up to
1.2 to 1.5 1.85 1.5:1 2:1
4.5
4.5 to
1.5 to 1.8 1.85 1.75:1 1.5:1
7.5
15 to
2.1 3.0 2:1 1.5:1
22.5

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Top width of Bund:-

The top width of the bund should be least of the following:
Table 1.8: Top width of the bund according to stranger’s recommendation are:
Height of dam above
foundation level [m] Top width of bund [m]
up to 4.5 1.8
4.5 - 7.5 1.85
7.5 - 15 2.5
15 - 22.5 3

Table 1.9: Top width of bund are selected as per this recommendations.
Height of dam above
foundation level [m] Top width of bund [m]
15m T = 0.2 x [Z+3]

30< T = [0.55 x √Z] + [0.2*Z]

>30 1.65 x √[Z+1.5]

T = 0.2 x [Z+3]

T = 0.2 x [15.42+3]

T = 3.68 M say as 4.0 m

❖ Top width of the bund should be minimum 3m wide.

The top width of the bund is taken as T = 4.0 m.

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1.4: Design of Cross Section of Channel

Let A= cross sectional area of the canalV= Velocity of flow
Q= DischargeQ= AV
For a non-silting and non-scouring canal, velocity of 0.5m/sec. For bed slope of 1:2000 is
taken.

Assuming 20% losses in the canalQ= 0.02353+ [[20/100]*0.02353]

= 0.028236m3/sec.

Area of cross section A= Q\v

= 0.028
= 0.056 m2

Assuming the side slope of canal as 1.5:1 as most economical for a most
economical Trapezoidal section:

Half of the top width = sloping

side(B ((2nd)/2) = nd2+d2
(B+ ((2x1.5xd))/2= 2d (1.52+1)

b+3d =3.6d
b=0.6d. .................. 1
For the most economical trapezoidal section the hydraulics mean
depth:m=d/2
m= Area/wetted perimeter

Wetted perimeter = b+2dn2+1

=d/2 x (0.6d+2d
(1.5)2+1)A = 2.1d2

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0.056 = 2.1d2

d2 = 0.026

d = 0.163 m say 0.2m

Assuming a free board of 0.45 m
Over all depth of the canal = depth of flow + free board

= 0.2 + 0.45

= 0.65 m

Bottom width = 0.6d

= 0.12 m say 0.2 m.

Note: Canal drop is essential at which design of low head structures up to 5-10mtrs
dropin elevation for dissipating scouring action in canal bed.

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1.5.1 : EARTHWORK CALCULATION

Table 1.10: Earth Work Calculation

Mean
Chain Depth S1d
S2d (m)
Sl depth Breadth Area Length( Qty(m
age (m) (m) (m)
no (M) m) 3)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 10 5.39 2.695 4.0425 5.39 13.4325 23.49029375 10 234.9
3 20 5.84 5.615 8.4225 11.23 23.6525 77.63439375 10 776.34
4 30 5.91 5.875 8.8125 11.75 24.5625 83.90234375 10 839.02
5 40 7.24 6.575 9.8625 13.15 27.0125 101.9535938 10 1019.5
6 50 6.13 6.685 10.028 13.37 27.3975 104.9461438 10 1049.5
7 60 7.15 6.64 9.96 13.28 27.24 103.7168 10 1037.2
8 70 8.42 7.785 11.678 15.57 31.2475 137.2008938 10 1372
9 80 9.32 8.87 13.305 17.74 35.045 173.164575 10 1731.6
10 90 7.56 8.44 12.66 16.88 33.54 158.4188 10 1584.2
11 100 7.43 7.495 11.243 14.99 30.2325 128.2862938 10 1282.9
12 110 7.9 7.665 11.498 15.33 30.8275 133.4763938 10 1334.8
13 120 9.97 8.935 13.403 17.87 35.2725 175.4498938 10 1754.5
14 130 13.02 11.495 17.243 22.99 44.2325 277.2162938 10 2772.2
15 140 14.69 13.855 20.783 27.71 52.4925 391.3517938 10 3913.5
16 150 15.23 14.96 22.44 29.92 56.36 451.4928 10 4514.9
17 160 15.03 15.13 22.695 30.26 56.955 461.124575 10 4611.2
18 170 15.14 15.085 22.628 30.17 56.7975 458.5651438 10 4585.7
19 180 14.61 14.875 22.313 29.75 56.0625 446.7148438 10 4467.1
20 190 13.1 13.855 20.783 27.71 52.4925 391.3517938 10 3913.5
21 200 11.91 12.505 18.758 25.01 47.7675 323.6762938 10 3236.8
22 210 11.79 11.85 17.775 23.7 45.475 293.139375 10 2931.4
23 220 11.61 11.7 17.55 23.4 44.95 286.3575 10 2863.6
24 230 11.05 11.33 16.995 22.66 43.655 269.965575 10 2699.7

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25 240 10.61 10.83 16.245 21.66 41.905 248.575575 10 2485.8

26 250 8.67 9.64 14.46 19.28 37.74 201.1868 10 2011.9
27 260 6.39 7.53 11.295 15.06 30.355 129.346575 10 1293.5
28 270 5.97 6.18 9.27 12.36 25.63 91.5567 10 915.57
29 280 4.92 5.445 8.1675 10.89 23.0575 73.66404375 10 736.64
30 290 3.9 4.41 6.615 8.82 19.435 51.674175 10 516.74
31 300 2.17 3.035 4.5525 6.07 14.6225 28.25964375 10 282.6
32 308.86 0 1.085 1.6275 2.17 7.7975 6.40014375 10 64.001
Total 62833
Volume

1.5.2 : Size stone masonry calculation:

[Link] : From T.B.L to Ground level

Table 1.11: Size Stone Masonry Calculation from T.B.L to Ground level

Chai Reduced Mean

Sl.n n level M.W.L Depth depth Breadth Area Length Qty
o age

1 0 817 815 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 50 810.87 815 4.13 2.065 2.2883 4.0147 50 200.74

3 100 809.57 815 5.43 4.78 3.1933 11.4560 50 572.8

4 150 801.77 815 13.23 9.33 4.71 29.4361 50 1471.8

5 200 805.09 815 9.91 11.57 5.4566 40.8228 50 2041.1

6 250 808.33 815 6.67 8.29 4.3633 24.7180 50 1235.9

7 300 814.33 815 0.67 3.67 2.8233 8.1168 50 405.84

8 308.8 817 815 0 0.335 1.7116 0.5547 10 5.547

Total 5933.8
Volume

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[Link].: From Ground level to Hard Rock level

Table 1.12: Size Stone Masonry Calculation from Ground level to Hard rock level

Sl Reduced
no Chain age level Depth Mean B C (B/2) Area Length Qty

1 0 817 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 50 810.87 808.87 1 2.2883 1.144166667 1.71625 50 85.8125

3 100 809.57 807.57 2 3.1933 1.596666667 4.79 50 239.5

4 150 801.77 799.77 2 4.71 2.355 7.065 50 353.25

5 200 805.09 803.09 2 5.4567 2.728333333 8.185 50 409.25

6 250 808.33 806.33 2 4.3633 2.181666667 6.545 50 327.25

7 300 814.83 812.83 2 2.8233 1.411666667 4.235 50 211.75

8 308.86 817 815 2 1.7117 0.855833333 2.5675 10 25.675

Total Volume 1652.49

1.6: CALCULATION OF EARTH WORK

Table 1.13: Earth Work Calculation for Canal

Mean
[Link] Distance Depth depth Bed SD Area Length Quantity

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 30 0.6 1.95 1.755 0.54 2.295 30 68.85

3 60 0.58 1.95 1.755 0.5046 2.2596 30 67.788

4 90 0.57 1.95 1.755 0.48735 2.24235 30 67.2705

5 120 0.55 1.95 1.755 0.45375 2.20875 30 66.2625

6 150 0.53 1.95 1.755 0.42135 2.17635 30 65.2905

7 180 0.52 1.95 1.755 0.4056 2.1606 30 64.818

Total Volume 400.2795

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1.7. DETAILED AND ABSTRACT ESTIMATION OF

EARTHWORK
Table 1.13: Calculation of Salient Features of the Project

Details of Site

Melina juganahalli,
Kelagina Juganahalli.
SS Ghati
Location of the Project :

Distance from the Bangalore : 60 km

Distance from Development : 2 km from Ghati

Nature of the Project : New Tank Project

Type of the Bund : Earthen Bund

Details of the Reservoir

Total Catchment Area of the
Tank : 18.9 sq. Km

Area to be Irrigated : 150 hectares

Proposed crop pattern : Crops and Vegetables

Length of bund : 308.06m

Top Width of the Bund : 4.00 m

Maximum height of bund : 15m

Top level of bund (TBL) : 817

Maximum water level
(MWL) : 815

Full tank level (FTL) : 811

Lowest bed level (LBL) : 801.300 m

Upstream Slope : 1.5 :1

Downstream Slope : 2:1

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60 cm thick Stone Revetment

Upstream Revetment : with gravel backing

Sluice Level : 801

Details of Waste Weir

Type : Broad Crested Weir

Full tank level (FTL) : 814

Length of Weir : 47.2 m

Top Width of Weir : 1.6 m

Bottom Width of Weir : 3.3 m

Details of Plug Sluice

Height of the Plug : 1.2 m

Bottom Diameter of the Plug : 0.2 m

Details of the Canal

Channel off taking RL : 805.090 m

Longitudinal Gradient of the

bed : 1 in 2000
Bottom Width of the
Channel : 0.5 m
Depth of the water : 0.2 m
Side slopes : 1.5 : 1
Free Board : 0.4 m

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CHAPTER-2

WATER SUPPLY AND

SANITARY PROJECT

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CHAPTER-2
2.1 INTRODUCTION

Water is an essential component in order to sustain life on earth. It is essential for human beings,
animals and plants for survival. Humans use water for various purposes like domestic use,
industrial use, agricultural use etc. Water is known to be universal solvent which makes it really
easy to get polluted with various chemicals and particles. This makes the water unfit for
consumption. Naturally, water is available in abundance stored in ponds, lakes, rivers, oceans etc.
but majority of it is unfit for use and requires treatment. Rain proves to be one the most prominent
sources of fresh water available to mankind in the form of rain drops or snow. But rainfall is
distributed unevenly geographically and isn‘t sufficient to fulfil all the needs of growing
population throughoutthe year. This generates a need to create systems which have the ability to
provide potablewater to each and every household during the course of the year to meet their
water demands.

The role of engineers, hence, is to solve this problem in the most efficient and effective manner
by the collection of suitable data that will be required for appropriate design of tanks, pipes and
to create the schematic plans and estimates of the entire project. Proper planning will ensure
minimum operational problems and being cost effective at the same time.

From the public health point of view, it is necessary that the water required for their need must
be invariably free from all type of impurities whether suspended or dissolved in water and no risk
should occur to the health of the public as a result of any water contamination.

2.1.1 Necessity of planned water supply

From the public health point of view, it is necessary that the water required for their need must
be invariably free from all type of impurities whether suspended or dissolved in water and no risk
should occur to the health of the public as a result of any water contamination.

A public water supply or water works system has to be both from the point of view of providing
an adequate and reliable supply of water catering to all the public need ensuring that the supply
so made are not only potable but also fully protected against every infection which might
otherwise pollute water and cause outbreak of disease.

The planned water supply scheme should not only help in supplyingwholesome
water to the people for drinking cooking, bathing etc.., so as to keep disease

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away and there by promoting better health but it should also help in supplying water for fountains,
garden etc. Thus helping in maintaining better sanitation and beautification of surrounding
thereby reducing environmental pollution. The schemes should therefore help in promoting
wealth and welfare of the entire humanity as a whole.

2.2 Objectives of water supply project:

1. The main objective of water supply project is to provide safe drinking water to the community.
To protect the community from water bound diseases like cholera, typhoid, pneumonia,
jaundice, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, etc.
2. To have efficient distribution network.
3. To prevent the water losses from transportation and theft.
4. To preventing the contamination of water during the process of transportation, storage,
and distribution.
5. To share the resources equally and efficiently.
6. To reduce the wastage of water and increase the conservation of water sources.
7. It helps in estimating the water Quality, estimating the degree of contamination, to
determine the type and degree of treatment and also cost of treatment.

2.3 Location:

Water supply project is to be proposed at PalPal Dinne village (13°23'18.28"N

77°32'24.40"E). SS Ghati Grama panchayat, Doddaballapura taluk, Bangalore Rural
District.

2.4 Source:
Identification of surface water body (Ghatti lake) is to be treated and supplied to
meet the demand of the Palpal Dinne village. The site conditions are suitable for the
construction of the treatment plant opposite the source. The water needs to be
conveyed from the treatment plant to the overhead tank of Palpaldinne village is at a
distance of 1km from PalPal Dinne village and 2.5km from SS Ghatti.

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Fig:2.1 source (Sir M V Dam)

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2.5 Project Execution and Design Period:

1. Project Execution Period

The time lag between preparation design, tendering, Construction and
Completion/Commissioning of proposed scheme should not exceed as
specified under
Table 2.5.1 Project Execution Period

i) Mini pipe water supply scheme 01 years

ii) Standalone water supply scheme
iii) Multi village water Supplyscheme 01 to 02 year

02 to 03 years

2. Project Design Period

Project components may be designed to meet the requirements of the following designperiod.
TABLE: 2.5.2

SL ITEMS DESIGN
NO PERIOD
1 Source
30
a. Surface 20

b. Ground Water
` Intake works 20
3 Pumping
20
i. Pump house (Civil works) 10

ii. Electric motors and pumps

4 Water Treatment Units 20
5 Pipe connection to several treatment 20
units and other small appurtenances.

6 Raw water and clear water 20

conveyingmains

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7 Clear water reservoirs at the

headworks, 20

balancing tanks and service reservoirs

8 Distribution system 20

2.6 Water quality management:

It is done in order to conserve the resource so that the resource can be shared and
extended for the future generations. It is essential to ascertain whether.
1. The water meets the drinking water quality.
2. To evaluate the water quality.
3. To compare the water quality with the standards.
4. To define the degree of treatment, cost of treatment, also the cost of technology.

2.7 Characteristics of water:

1. Physical characteristics:

1. Turbidity
2. Colour
3. Taste
4. Temperature.
5.
2. Chemical characteristics:

1. Total solids and suspended solids

2. pH value
3. Hardness
4. Chlorides
5. Nitrogen
6. Manganese
7. Other metals and dissolved gases

3. Biological characteristics:
These include bacteria and other microorganisms.

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2.7.1 Drinking water quality standards:

Table-2.7 Drinking water quality standards

Characteristics Impurity Permissible limits

Physical Turbidity 5-10mg

Colour 10-20mg

Taste and odour Threshold between

1to 3
Chemical Total solids 500-1000mg/ litre

pH values 6.0-8.0

Hardness 75-115ppm

Chloride 250mg/ litre

Nitrogen 45mg/ litre

Iron 0.3mg/ litre

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ManganeseLead 0.05mg/ litre

Arsenic Selenium 0.05mg/ litre
Barium Cadmium 0.05mg/ litre
Chromium Silver 0.05mg/ litre
Copper Zinc 1.0mg/ litre
MagnesiumSulphate 0.01mg/ litre
Fluoride Cyanide 0.05mg/ litre
BOD 0.05mg/ litre1-
Phenolic substance 3mg/ litre
15mg/ litre
Coli-form bacteria
125mg/ litre
250mg/ litre
1.5mg/ litre
0.02mg/ litre
Nil
0.01mg/litre
Should not exceed 1
coli form for 100ml of
Biological water sample( by test
α-emittersβ-emitters
performed with
membrane filter
technique )

1Mµ c/ litre
10Mµ c/ litre

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2.8 Water quantity management:

Water quantity management is important when there is an increase in population or a population

explosion. Increase in migration of people to a certain development area due to job
opportunities, quality education, religious/cultural activities, natural disasters in the neighboring
areas, due to commercial or industrial interest or due to economic policies which causes increase
in demand for water and rapid depletion of the supplies. This increase in demand forces us to
alternate sources of water there by leading to ground water exploitation altering the quality of
the ground water and polluting the surface water also.

In order to ensure the availability of sufficient quantity of good quality of drinking water, it
becomes almost imperative in a modern society, to plan and build suitable water supplyschemes,
which may provide potable water to the various sections of the community in accordance with
their demands and requirements. The provision for such a scheme shall ensure a constant and a
reliable water supply to that section of the people for which it has been designed. Such a scheme
shall not only help in promoting hygiene and public health,also supplying water for fountains,
gardens, etc. for beautification of the surroundings, but also shall ensure safety against fire by
supplying sufficient quantity of water to extinguish it. The existence of such a water supply
scheme shall further help in attracting industries and thereby helping in industrialization and
modernization of the society,consequently reducing unemployment and ensuring better living
standards.

Water quantity management consists of the following:

1. Identification of the water source.

2. Suitability of water for drinking purpose.
3. Reliability.
4. Volume of water available throughout the year.
5. Economics.

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2.9 Water supply project at Sir M. V Dam:

1. Map study: Whenever topographical maps are available they are used to find suitable sites
for distribution, water treatment units, storage etc.

2. Reconnaissance: An appropriate site for treatment plant is chosen with the help of
topographic map and a rough survey is conducted to collect the maximum possible information.

Surveys conducted for designing water treatment units for a particular area are:

1. Block levels at treatment plant site

2. Block levelling at storage plant

3.L/S along proposed pipeline

[Link] along proposed pipeline

Equipment‘s used:
1. Prismatic compass with stand

2. Levelling instruments and staff.

3. Tape, chain, arrows, ranging rod etc.

PROCEDURE:
1. Survey is to be conducted from the source to distribution site.
2. Block levels of treatment plant:(opposite to source)
3. The selection of site for water treatment plant should be such that it should serve its
purpose in the most efficient and economical manner.
4. Block levels are done to know the elevation and depression of area so as to locate
various units by which gravity flow can be permitted through them.

Equipment used:
1. Automatic level/ Dumpy [Link] staff
2. Tape and chain

3. Ranging rods and arrows etc.

Water treatment site is defined with respect to permanent objects. The block is then divided into
squares of 5mx5m grid. The reduced levels of the corners of each block are determined and
contours are drawn.

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2.10 Types of demands:

The types of demand for a community can be classified into

1. Domestic demand
2. Industrial demand
3. Commercial demand
4. Fire demand
5. Demand for compensatory loss

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2.11 Break up for various water demand:

Table-2.11 shows various demands of water

Demands Water in Lpcd
(litre percapita demand)
Domestic demand 135

Industrial demand 40

Commercial demand 25

Fire demand 15

Compensatory loss 55

Total water demand 270

2.12 Population forecasting:

Estimation of population is very much essential for an infrastructure project. The population of
a town or a city does not remains constant and keeps on varying from timeto time. The various
methods which are generally adopted for population forecasting are described below.

1. Arithmetic increase method: This method is based upon the assumption that
the population increases at a constant rate; i.e. the rate of change of population with time is a
constant.
2. Geometric increase method: In this method, as per the decade percentage
increase or percentage growth rate (r) is assumed to be constant, and the increase is compounded
over the existing population every decade. Hence, this method is alsoknown as uniform increase
method.
3. Incremental increase method: In this method, per decade growth is not
assumed to be constant as in previous methods, but is progressively increasing or decreasing,
positive or negative.
4. Decreasing rate of growth method: In this method, the average decrease in
the percentage increase is worked out, and then it is subtracted from the latest percentage increase
for each successive decade.

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5. Simple graphical method: In this method, a graph is plotted from the available
data,between the time and population. The curve is smoothly extended up to the desired
1year.
Table 2.12.1 Details of population in ‘NEW TOWN’
Year Population Increase in % increase in Incremental
population population increase in
population
1985 600

1995 800 200 33.33

2005 1100 300 37.5 100

2015 1450 350 31.81 50

∑=850 ∑=102.64 ∑=150

Avg (x)=283.33 Avg (g)=34.21 Avg (r) =75

1. Arithmetic increase method:

Pn= (P+nx) (1)

P(2035) = 1450+2*283.33 = 2017

2. Geometric increase method:

Geometric average = 34.21
Pn= P(1+Ig/100)n (2)
P(2035)
=1450(1+34.21/100)2
P(2035) = 2611
3. Incremental increase method:
Pn = P+nI+r*n(n+1)/2 (3)
P(2035) =1450+(2*283.33)+75*2(2+1)/2

P(2035) = 2241

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Therefore, increase in population by the year 2035 through Incremental increase methodis
2241.

Considering the population of SS Ghatti as 1000, so the new increase in population by theyear
2035 is 1000+2241=3241.

2.13 Flow chart of water treatment process:

Primary
Screening Aeration
SOURCE Sedimentation

Coagulant

Coagulation

Flocculation

Secondary

Sedimentation

Filtration

Distribution Storage Disinfection

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2.14 Intake structures

Intake is a well type masonry or concrete structure, whose function is provide clam and still water,
free from floating matter for water supply schemes. Its main purpose is to provide still water
conditions so that comparatively pure water may be conveniently collect from the source.

Fig:2.2 Intake structure

2.15. Types of Intake Structures:

1. River intake
2. Reservoir intake
3. Lake intake
4. Canal intake

• River Intake Structures:

1) It is a type of intake which may either located sufficiently inside the river so that demands
of water are met with in all the seasons of the year, or they may be located near the river bank
where a sufficient depth of water is available.
2) Sometimes, an approach channel is constructed and water is led to the intake tower.
3) If the water level in the river is low, a weir may be constructed across it to raise the water
level and divert it to the intake tower.

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• Reservoir Intake Structures:

i. When the flow in the river is not guaranteed throughout the year, a dam is constructed across
it to store water in the reservoir so formed.
ii. These are similar to river intake, except that these are located near the upstream face ofthe
dam where maximum depth of water is available.
iii. Design of intake may vary based on the type of dam.
iv. The intake pipes are located at different levels with common vertical pipe. Each intake pipe
is provided with bell mouth entry with perforations of fine screen on its surface.
v. The location of inlet pipes at different levels ensures supply of water from a level lower than
the surface level of water

• Lake Intake Structures:

1. Generally submerged intakes are preferred for lake intakes.

2. These are constructed as cribs or bell mouths. The cribs are made of heavy timber frame
work which is partly or wholly filled with rip-rap to protect the intake conduit against damage
by waves etc.
3. The top of the crib is covered with cast iron or mesh grating.

• Canal Intake Structures:

1. In some cases, source of water supply to a small town may be an irrigation canalpassing
nearer or through the town. Then it will be constructed.
2. Generally it consists of masonry or concrete intake chamber of rectangular shape,
admitting water through a coarse screen.
3. A fine screen is provided over the bell mouth entry of the outlet pipe.
4. The intake chamber may be constructed inside the canal bank if it does not offer any
appreciable resistance to normal flow in the canal.
5. It‘s preferred to provide lining to the canal near the intake chamber.

2.16 Water treatment process: Water treatment is any process that makes water more
acceptable for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply,
irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses including being safely
returned to the environment. Water treatment removes contaminants or reduces their
concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired end use.

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2.17 Functions and benefits Water treatment process:

Sl UNIT FUNCTION BENEFITS

.no OPERATION

1. Screening Removes floating 1. It prevents blocking of

materials like leaves, pipes, Chocking of pumps and
plastic materials, machineries.
Branches.

2. Aerators 1. The water is exposed 1. It helps inincreasing

to atmospherein the form the dissolved oxygen
of thin sheets (cascades) content in water.
this process is called as 2. It helps in removal
Aeration. During which of dissolved gases
absorption and dis- like
absorption takes place. carbon-di- oxide,
hydrogen
2. It is a function of
3. sulphide,
Surface area.
methane.

3. 1. It helps in removal of 1. Helps in

suspended particles having Removal of suspended
Sedimentation higher specific gravity particles.
than that of water by
[Link] in colour
gravitation force
reduction,turbidity
and this type of settling
reduction
is calledas gravity
or mechanical settling. [Link] the volume of
The settling coagulants required
velocity can be during secondary
estimate using stokes law. sedimentation process.
Vs= (ʃsʃw/18µ)*gd2

ʃs= specific gravity of

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particle, g=acc

Due gravity
ʃw= specific gravity of
water, d= smallest size
of particleµ= viscosity of
fluid in centistokes.

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Sl Unit Function Benefits

no operation

4. Secondary 1. The process of 1. Helps in

sedimentation removal of suspended removal of finer
particles whose specific suspended
gravity is lesser than that particles and
of water using colloidal
coagulants for generating particles.
flocs.
2. Makes the
[Link] coagulants used is water more
such that it does not alter clear.
the quality of water.
3. Reduces the
load on the
filtration unit.
5. Filtration 1. Removal of bacteria, 1. More clear
removal of finer particles water, low
which cannot be turbidity.
removed by coagulation
is achieved in the
filtration process.
6. Disinfection 1. Process involves 1. Helps in
removal of bacteria destroying the
using disinfectants like bacteria and
bleaching powder,
makes water
gaseous chlorine, liquid
safe for
chlorine, chlorine
drinking.
compound, potassium
permanganate. Bleaching
powder is also used as a
disinfectant in water
treatment process.

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Treated water is stored in overhead tanks. And he distribution system shall be designed as gravity
system but not be as pumping system. Network of distribution mains along both sides of the
Railways and National Highways falling within habitation/village, and bulk water meters, valves,
specials, valve chambers etc. shall be incorporated in the proposal. The distribution layout should
be such as to facilitate isolation of sections, metering for assessment and control of leakage and
wastage. Elevation of service reservoir shall be kept so as to maintain minimum residual pressure.
Zoning in the distribution system ensures equalization of water supply in the area.

2.18 Aeration

Aeration is the process of bringing water and air into close contact in order to remove dissolved
gases, such as carbon dioxide, and to oxidize dissolved metals such as iron and Manganese. It
can also be used to remove volatile organic chemicals (VOC) in the water. Aeration is the
first major process at the treatment plant.

Types of Aerators
Aeration is done by the following main types of aerators
a. Free fall aerators or gravity aerators
b. Cascade aerators
c. Inclined apron aerators
d. Splayed tray aerators
e. Gravel bed aerators (trickling beds)
f. Spray aerators

g. Air diffuser basins.

Cascade aerator: Cascade aerators consist of a series of steps that allows water to fall in thin
layers from one level to another, where aeration is accomplished in the splash zones. The
exposure time of air to water is increased by increasing number of steps, and the area-volume
ratio is improved by adding baffles to produce turbulence. The major operating problems include
corrosion and slime and algae build up.

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Fig 2.3 Cascade Aerator

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• SEDIMENTATION
Waters exiting the flocculation basin may enter the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or
settling basin. It is a large tank with low water velocities, allowing floc to settle to the bottom.
The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculationbasin so the transit between
the two processes does not permit settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation basins may be
rectangular, where water flows from end to end, or circular where flow is from the Centre
outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over aweir so only a thin top layer of water
that furthest from the sludge exits.

Fig 2.4 Sedimentation tank

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Sludge storage and removal

As particles settle to the bottom of a sedimentation basin, a layer of sludge is formed on the
floor of the tank which must be removed and treated. The amount of sludge generated is
significant, often 3 to 5 percent of the total volume of water to be treated. The cost of treating
and disposing of the sludge can impact the operating cost of a water treatment plant. The
sedimentation basin may be equipped with mechanical cleaning devices that continually clean
its bottom, or the basin can be periodically taken out of service and cleaned manually.

2.19 Flash Mixers

After screening out debris and testing the raw water, water treatment really begins at the
flash mix chamber. Here, chemicals are added to the water, primarily to aid in coagulation and
flocculation. In the flash mixer, the water is agitated violently for a short period of time before
being released into the flocculation basin.

The duration of mixing in the flash mix chamber is carefully controlled and is usually between
thirty seconds and one minute. If the water is mixed for less than thirty seconds, then the
chemicals will not be properly mixed into the water. But if the water is mixed for more than sixty
seconds, then the blades will shear the newly forming floc back into smaller particles. When
determining the length of time that water must spend in the flash mix chamber, flow rates must
be calculated. The volume of the flash mix chamber and the amount of flow determine the contact
time.

Fig:2.5 Flash mixer

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2.20 Coagulation

Small and colloidal particles are not removed efficiently by sedimentation because they settle too
slowly; they may also pass through filters. They would be easier to remove if they coalesce
together (coagulated) to form larger particles, but they don't because they have a negative charge
and repel each other (like two north poles of a magnet).

In coagulation, we add alum as coagulant which produces positive charges to neutralize the
negative charges on the particles. Then the particles can stick together, forming larger particles
which are more easily removed.

2.21 Clariflocculator

Clariflocculator is a combination of flocculator and clarifier fabricated to attain economic and

speedy construction. It’s used at huge water treatment plants, industrial wastewater treatment
plants, and potable water treatment. It has two concentric tanks where inner tank serves as a
flocculation basin and the outer tank serves as a clarifier. These systems are fabricated proficiently
according to the varied requirements of the customers. Clariflocculators generally are used to
perform the chemical primary treatment of effluents.

A circular clariflocculator is designed having vertical paddles. The water enters through a
central influent pipe and is fed into flocculator zone through ports. The effluent from the
flocculation passes below the partition wall dividing the flocculator portion and the clarifier
portion. The clarified effluent is collected by a peripheral effluent launder.

The components of clariflocculator to be designed include:

1) Influent vertical central pipe
2) Flocculator
3) Clarifier
4) Effluent Launder

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Wier

outlet
channel
Inlet

Fig:2.6 Plan of Clariflocculator

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2.22 Filtration

After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended
particles and unsettled floc.

The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically throughsand
which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite coal above the sand. The top layer
removes organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odor. The space between sand
particles is larger than the smallest suspended particles, so simple filtration is not enough. Most
particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces or adhere to sand particles.
Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter is key to its
operation: if the top layer of sand were to block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog

Fig 2.7 Rapid Sand Filters

2.23 Disinfection

Disinfection is accomplished both by filtering out harmful micro-organisms and also

by adding disinfectant chemicals. Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass
through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate
potentially harmful micro-organisms in the storage and distribution systems. Possible
pathogens include viruses, bacteria, including Salmonella, Cholera, Campylobacter and
aprotozoa, including Giardia lamblia and other cryptosporidium.

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2.24 Chlorination
Chlorination commonly used to indicate broadly that the water has been treated with asterilizing
agent.
Disinfecting Action of Chlorine When chlorine is added to water, it forms hypochlorous acid or
hypochlorite ions, which have an immediate and disastrous effect on most forms of microscope
organisms. The reactions that take place are

Cl2 + H2O → HOCl (Hypochlorous acid) + HCl

The hypochlorous acid is unstable and may break into hydrogen ions and hypochlorite ions

HOCl  H+ (Hydrogen ions) + OCl -(Hypochlorite ions)

The above reaction is reversible and depends upon the pH valve of water. The dissociation of
hypochlorous acid into ions is more effective at high pH valves and vice versa. Thus, at pH valves
greater than 10, only OCl ions are found; while in pH valves of less than 7 (more than 5), HOCl
will generally exist without dissociating into OCl ions; and in the pH range of below 5,
chlorine does not react and remains as elementalchlorine.

Out of these forms of free available chlorine, the hypochlorous acid is the most destructive,
being about 80 times more effective than the hypochlorite ions. For this reason, the pH valve of
water during chlorination is generally maintained slightly less than 7, so as to keep the
dissociation of HOCl to minimum, and thereby keeping more HOCl in solution compared to OCl
ions.

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Fig 2.8 Chlorine demand curve

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2.25 DESIGN OF SANITARY

2.26 Flow diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant

AERATIO
BAR SCREENS EQUILISATIO NTANKS
N TANKS

PRIMARY
SEDIMENTATIO
NTANK

SLUDGE
TRICKLING
FILTERUNIT

DEWAT
ERING
PROCES
SECONDAR
Y
SEDIMENTAIO
NTANK

DISPOSAL
OF
SLUDGE

Flow chart of Sewage Treatment Plant

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2.27 Bar screens

Bar screens are typically at the head works (entrance) of a wastewater treatment plant ,bar
screens are used to remove large objects such as rags, plastics bottles, bricks, solids, and toy action
figures from the waste stream entering the treatment plant. Bar screens are vital to the successful
operation of a plant, they reduce the damage of valves, pumps, and other appurtenances.
Floatables are also removed at the entrance to a treatment plant, these are objects that "float" on
the surface of the water and if aren't removed end up in the primaries or aeration tanks. It is not
uncommon to see floatables hanging over the weirs of some clarifiers. Though they don't diminish
the function of those processes, floatables are rather unsightly.

Typically bar screens fall under two classifications, mechanical and manual bar screens.
Both manual and mechanical screens contain equally spaced vertical or inclined bars that span
the width of a channel.

Fig: 2.9 Plan and Section of Bar screen

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2.28 Equalization tank

Grit Tanks:

Next, the sewage moves to the grit tanks. These tanks reduce the velocity of the sewage
so that heavy particles may fall to the bottom. The solids are pumped to an auger pump which
separates the water from the grit while the water moves onward. The grit (mostly inorganic solids)
goes to a dumpster which is taken to a landfill. There are two complete grit removal systems
which are rotated in operation for equal hours.

2.29 Primary Sedimentation Tank:

The Clarification of sewage by the process of sedimentation‘can be affected by providing

conditions under which the suspended material present in sewage can settleout. This is brought
about in specially designed tanks called Primary Sedimentation Tanks.

2.30 Secondary Sedimentation Tank:

A filter does remove only a very small percentage of the finely divided suspended organicmatter
present in sewage, while the majority of this organic matter undergoes a change of character, only
due to the biological oxidation and nitrification taking place in the filter. Due to this aerobic
oxidation and nitrification that takes place in the filter, the organic solids are converted into
coagulated suspended mass, which is heavier and bulkier, and would thus settle down by gravity,
if allowed to dos so in sedimentation tanks. The effluent of the filter is, therefore, passed through
a sedimentation tank, called Secondary settling tank or Humus Tank.

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2.31 Trickling Filters:

Trickling filters are now almost universally adopted for giving secondary treatment to
sewage. These filters, also called as percolating filters or sprinkling filters, consist of tanks of
coarser filtering media, over which the sewage is allowed to sprinkle or trickle down, by means
of spray nozzles or rotary distributors. The percolating sewage is collected at the bottom of the
tank through a well-designed under-drainage system. The purification of the sewage is brought
about mainly by the aerobic bacteria, which form a bacterial film around the particles of the
filtering media. The action due to the mechanical straining of the filter bed is much less. In order
to ensure the large scale growth of the aerobic bacteria, sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied
by providing suitable ventilation facilities in the body of the filter; and also to some extent by the
intermittent functioning of the filter.

Fig 2.10 Circular Trickling Filter

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2.32 Rapid sand filters

The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water purification and
is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as part of a multiple-stage
treatment system.

Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular media to remove particles and
impurities that have been trapped in a floc through the useof flocculation
chemicals—typically alum. The unfiltered water flows through the filter medium under gravity
or under pumped pressure and the floc material is trapped in the sand matrix Mixing, flocculation
and sedimentation processes are typical treatment stages that precede filtration. Chemical
additives, such as coagulants, are often used in conjunction with the filtration system.

The two types of rapid sand filter are the gravity type (e.g. Paterson's filter) and pressure type
(e.g. Candy's filter).

A disinfection system (typically using chlorine or ozone) is commonly used following filtration.
Rapid sand filtration has very less effect on taste and smell and dissolved impurities of drinking
water, unless activated carbon is included in the filter medium.

Rapid sand filters must be cleaned frequently, often several times a day, by backwashing, which
involves reversing the direction of the water and adding compressed air. During backwashing, the
bed is fluidized and care must be taken not to wash away the media.

Fig 2.11 Rapid Sand Filters

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2.33 Sludge Digestion Tank:

The sludge withdrawn from the sedimentation basins contains a lot of putrescible organic
matter, and if disposed of without any treatment, the organic matter may decompose, producing
foul gases and a lot of nuisance, pollution, and health hazards. In order to avoid such pollutions,
the sludge is, first of all, stabilized by decomposing the organic matter under controlled anaerobic
conditions, and then disposed of suitably after drying on drying beds, etc. The process of
stabilization is called the sludge digestion; andthe tank where the process is carried out is called
the sludge digestion tank.

Three distinct stages have been found to occur in the biological action involved inthe
natural process of sludge digestion tank. These stages are:

• Acid fermentation,
• Acid regression, and
• Alkaline fermentation.

2.34 Dewatering

Sludge dewatering is the separation of a liquid and solid phase whereby, generally, the least
possible residual moisture is required in the solid phase and the lowest possible solid particle
residues are required in the separated liquid phase

Dewatering is used by large wastewater treatment plants to separate sludge into a liquid and solid.
The principle methods in wastewater are belt filter presses and centrifuges. These systems are
high maintenance and require a high degree of supervision and operator training. They are usually
only implemented at larger facilities and are not used on a small scale.

2.35 Sludge drying beds

Conventional sand drying beds are the most extensively used types of SludgeDrying Bed.
It is often applied for small and medium sized facilities but however for bigger capacity,
alternative means of dewatering sludge should be used instead. In large community with dense
population, cost involved in regenerating the sands and later removal of sludge cake means that
use of sand drying beds is not suitable in the long run. Normal operation of the system involved
sludge being placed on a bed layer and then allowed for drying to take place by either water
draining through the mass and supportingsand bed or evaporation from the surface. Since water
drains through, having an advanced drainage system is a must. The drying bed is typically

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partitioned into small individual units. Concrete bund wall is also necessary if you have intention
to cover the beds.
After the sludge has been dried, the moisture level is usually left to about 60 percent. Compared
to mechanical sludge dryers, this is considered far more efficient on removalof water. However,
the only setback to the system is that sand drying beds will need large open space area and away
from residential population to avoid foul odour complaint. There is also another type of system
whereby it employs the use of greenhouse setup and the advantages of this are that weather is not
a restriction and this can located anywhere since the odours generation can be contained.

Sludge drying beds are open beds of land, 45 to 60 cm deep, and consisting of about 30
to 45 cm thick graded layers of gravel or crushed stone varying in size from 15 cm at bottom to
1.25 cm at top, and overlain by 10 to 15 cm thick coarse sand [Link] jointed under-drain
pipes @ 5 to 7 cm c/c spacing are laid below the gravel layer in valleys, at a longitudinal slope of
about 1 in 100. The beds are around 15 X 30 m and are surrounded by brick walls rising about 1
meter above the sand surface.

2.36 Disposal of sludge:

The solids that result from wastewater treatment may contain concentrated levels of contaminants
that were originally contained in the wastewater. A great deal of concern must be directed to the
proper disposal of these solids to protect environmental considerations.
Failure to do this may result in a mere shifting of the original pollutants in the waste stream to the
final disposal site where they may again become free to contaminate the environment.
A more reasonable approach to ultimate solids disposal is to view the sludge as aresource.
All the sewage sludge produced at a treatment plant must be disposed of ultimately. Treatment
processes such as have been described may reduce its volume or so change its character as to
facilitate its disposal, but still leave a residue which in most cases must be removed from the plant
site. Like the liquid effluent from the treatment plant, there are two broad methods for the disposal
of sludge - (1) disposal in water, and (2) disposal on land. This applies regardless of whether or
not the sludge is treated to facilitate or permit the selected method of disposal.
1 . Disposal in water
This is an economical but not common method because it is contingent on the availabilityof
bodies of water adequate to permit it. At some seacoast cities, sludge either raw or digested is
pumped to barges and carried to sea to be dumped in deep water far enough off shore to provide
huge dilution factors and prevent any ill effects along shore.

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2 . Disposal in land
Under land disposal the following methods may be included:
1. Burial.
2. Fill.
3. Application as fertilizer or soil conditioner.
• Burial disposal
This method is used principally for raw sludge, where, unless covered by earth, serious odour
nuisances are created. The sludge is run into trenches two to three feet wide and about two feet
deep. The raw sludge in the trenches should be covered by at least 12 inches of earth. Where large
areas of land are available, burial of raw sludge is probablythe most economical method of sludge
disposal as it eliminates the costs of all sludge treatment processes. It is, however, rarely used and
even then as a temporary makeshift because of the land area required. The sludge in the trenches
may remain moist and malodorous for years so that an area once used cannot be reused for the
same purpose orfor any other purpose for a long period of time.

• Fill disposal

Use of sludge for fill is confined almost entirely to digested sludge which can be exposed to the
atmosphere without creating serious or widespread odour nuisances. The sludge should be well
digested without any appreciable amount of raw or undigested mixed withit.
Either wet or partially dewatered sludge, such as obtained from drying beds or vacuum
filters can be used to fill low areas. Where wet sludge is used the area becomes asludge lagoon,
which has been discussed. When used as a method of disposal, the lagoonarea is used only until
filled, and then abandoned. When used as a method of treatment, the sludge after some drying, is
removed for final disposal and the lagoon reused.
Lagoons used for disposal are usually fairly deep. Sludge is added in successive layersuntil the
lagoon is completely filled. Final disposal of digested sludge by lagoons is economical as it
eliminates all dewatering treatments.
It is applicable, however, only where low waste areas are available on the plant site orwithin
reasonable piping distance. They are frequently used to supplement inadequate drying bed
facilities.
Dewatered digested sludge from drying beds and vacuum filters can be disposed of by filling low
areas at the plant site or hauled to similar areas elsewhere without creating nuisances.

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• Application as fertilizer or soil conditioner.

Sewage sludge contains many elements essential to plant life, such as nitrogen, phosphorous,
potassium, and in addition, at least traces of minor nutrients which are considered more or less
indispensable for plant growth, such as boron, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese,
sulphur, and zinc. In fact, sometimes these trace elements are found in concentrations, perhaps
from industrial wastes, which may be detrimental. The sludge humus, besides furnishing plant
food, benefits the soil by increasing the water holding capacity and improving the tilth, thus
making possible the working of heavy soilsinto satisfactory seed beds. It also reduces soil erosion.

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• DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORK

The population of NEW TOWN by 2035 is estimated to be 3241 by

INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD.

The design discharge is taken as 270 LPCD.

• Design of intake structure:

Discharge,
Q= (270*3241)/(1000*60*60*24)= 0.0223 m3/sec

Q(Peak discharge) = 0.0223*1.5

Q = 0.0335m3/sec
Diameter of pipe, d = 0.97√Q to 0.12√Q
= 0.98√0.0335
d = 0.179m
Taking, d=0.2m
Area of pipe = Π*d2/4
A= 0.0314m2

Q =A*V
V=0.0335/0.034
V=1.07m/s

Area of bell mouth opening = 2*area of pipe

= 2*0.0314
= 0.0628m2

Diameter of bell mouth opening= d = √(4A/ Π)

= 0.28m ≈ 0.3m
Area of grating over bell mouth opening = 4*area of pipe
= 4*0.0314
= 0.1256m2

Provide a grating of 0.35m*0.35m over the bell mouth opening.

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• Design of collection well

Let the depth be restricted to 9m. Provide a 4hr storage capacity tank.
Q=0.0335*3600*4= 482.4 m3
Provide collection well of diameter 10m and depth 9m.

• Design of pump from collection well to treatment plant site

HS = (Pump level) - (collection well

level)Hs = 887.65-879.75= 7.9m
Hd = OHT water level – Pump
levelHd = 891.99 - 887.65
= 4.34m
Length,l = Distance between bund level and treatment plant
57.8m
Hf = (4flv2/2gd)
= ((4*0.01*57.8*1.072)/(2*9.81*0.2))
= 0.6746 m
Hm=HS +Hd +Hf
=7.9+4.34+.6746
= 12.9146m
Assume 10% losses
Therefore Hm=12.9146+1.2915=14.2061m
BHP of pump required =(w*Q*Hm)/(75*ηm* ηp)
= (1000*0.0335*14.2061/75*0.85*.85)
=10BHP

• Ground level storage tank

Storage capacity = Q*60*60*3

= 0.0335*60*60*3
= 361.8m3

Assuming depth of storage tank= 2.5m and

freeboard=0.6mConsidering square storage tank,
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Area=L*B
Area=B2
Surface area
A=361.8/2.5=144.72m2
Total depth=D =2.5+0.6 =3.1m
B=√144.72=12.03m
L=12.03m.
• Design of aeration unit

Assuming thickness of 0.15 m

Area of cascade = hydraulic loading * discharge in hr.
= 0.045*.0335*60*60
= 5.7510m2
Diameter of lowest cascade =√(4A/Π)
=√(4*34.66)/ Π
= 2.63 m
Therefore provide 3 steps
with Rise of each
cascade=0.2m Thread of
each cascade=0.35m

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• Design of sedimentation tank

Discharge Q,
Q=0.0335m3/s=120.6m3/hr=2894400.00 lpd
Let us assume detention period of sedimentation tank as 3hrs
Therefore effective storage of sedimentation
tank=0.0335*3600*3
= 361.8m3
Provide a rectangular sedimentation tank
Assume effective depth of settling zone as
2.5m
Total depth = effective depth + depth of sludge collector zone + free board
=2.5+0.6+0.45=3.55m
Therefore surface area of sedimentation tank required=volume/depth
=361.8/3.55
=101.9155m2
Provide L:B
ratio=1.5L:B1.5B2=
101.9155
B=√A/1.5=√101.9155/1.5 = 8.24m

Therefore L= 1.5*8.24=12.36m
B=8.25m
Surface loading = volume/area
= 2894400.00/101.9155
= 28340 lpd/m2
Weir loading = volume of water treated/overflow length
= 2894400.00/8.24
= 35126lpd/m
Diameter of the inlet pipe

Q=0.0335m3/sec

Assume the operating

head=7.5cm

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v=√(2gh)√(2*9.81*.075)
=1.21m
Diameter of pipe, d=0.97√Q to 0.12√Q
= 0.98√0.0335
d=0.179m
d=0.2m

Q =A*v

V = Q/A
V = .0335/0.0314
V =1.07m/s

Therefore velocity of the inlet pipe will be least of the above two velocities, i.e. v=1.07m

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• Design of rapid sand filter

Maximum daily demand of water =0.0335*24*3600 =120.6m3/day

Assumed rate of filtration =400 l/m2/hr =0.4 m3/hr/m2
Surface area = maximum daily demand /rate of filtration
= 120.6/.4
= 301.5m2

Provide 5 filter units out of which 1 is standby.

Area of one filter unit =301.5/4

= 75.37m2

Dimensions of each filtration tank, L=1.5B

B=7m, L=1.5*7=10.7m
Provide each rapid sad filter tank of dimension 10.7m * 7m
Depth of sand bed= 0.9 m
Depth of gravel=5 cm

Effective size of sand=0.9mm

Depth of tank=2m
• To calculate volume of chlorine:

Assume dosage as 1.5mg/l

Volume of water to be treated =7150*270

1930500.00 l/day
Quantity of chlorine required per day=2.90kg

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• Design of pump from treatment plant to overhead tank:

Economical Diameter, d= (0.97 to 1.22 )*√Q

= 0.98 √Q
d = 0.98√.0335
= 0.2m

Q=A* V

A = Π*(0.2)2 / 4
A =0.0314m2
V= 1.07 m/s
Hs=0m
Hd = difference of levels between the pump station and overhead tank
Hd = (901.615+10) - (874.6) = 37.015m
L= 1053m
Hf = (4flv2/2gd)

= ((4*0.02*1053*1.072) / (2*9.81*0.2)) =24.58m

Hm= HS +Hd + Hf
= 0+37.015+24.58
= 61.595m

Assume 10% losses

Therefore Hm = 61.595+6.1595 = 67.75m
= 68m
BHP of pump required=(w*Q*Hm)/(75*η)
= (1000*0.0355*68/75*0.8)
= 40.233BHP
= 40BHP

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• Design of flash mixer

Discharge =0.0355m3/sec Detention time =5min
Assume ht to diameter = 3m Rotational
speed of impeller =120 rpm
Volume=discharge x detention time
= 0.0355*5* 60
= 10.65m3

Area of tank = volume/height of tank

=10.65/3
= 3.55m2

Diameter of tank=√(4A/Π)
= 2.13m≈2.15m

• Design of overhead tank

Discharge = 0.0355m3/s
Detention time = 1.5 hours
Let the depth of tank be restricted to 5m
Capacity of pure water sump
= 0.0355*3600*1.5
=191.7 m3

Area of sump=volume/depth
= 191.7/5
= 38.34 m2

Diameter of sump= √(4A/Π)

= 6.98m ≈ 7m

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SANITARY

• Design of bar screens

Qavg = 0.0284 m3/s

Qpeak = 1.5*0.0284
= 0.0426 m3/s
Q= A*V
0.0426 = (Π*d2/4 )*(1/0.012)*(d/4)2/3 (√1/1000)

0.0426 = 0.8213*d8/3

0.0426 = d2 * d2/3 * ( Π*1/4*1/0.012*(1/4)2/3 *(1/1000)1/2 )d8/3 = 0.0426/0.8213

D = 0.33

D = 0.3m or 300mm diameter

pipe Vact = 1/n *R2/3*√s
Where,

N = 0.012 S = 1/1000
Vact = (1/0.012) * (0.3/4)2/3*(1/1000)1/2

Vact = 0.46 m/sec

• Design of sewage treatment:

Quantity of water supplied = 0.0355m3/s
Assuming 80% of supplied becomes
sewage,

= 0.80*.0355

= 0.0284m3/s

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• Aeration tank

Capacity of aeration tank = Q*t

= 0.0284*60*60*6 = 613.44m3

Assume effective depth =3m and free board = 0.75m

Therefore Area = 613.44/3
= 204.48m2

Provide a circular aeration

tankd= √(4A/Π)
= √(4*204.48)/ Π

= 16.5m

• Equalization tank

Detention time = 3hrs

Provide rectangular shape tankCapacity = Q*t

= 0.0284*3*60*60

= 306.72m

Volume = Length*Breadth*Depth

= Area*Depth

Area = volume/depth = 306.72/2

= 153.36m2Assume, L:B ratio as 1:2 ie.,

L=2*B

Area = L*B
153.36 =2*B2
B=√153.36/2
= 8.76m
L = 2*8.76
L=17.52m

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CHAPTER-3

HIGHWAY
PROJECT

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CHAPTER-3
HIGHWAY PROJECT
3.1 Introduction:

Preparation of highway project involves a chain of activities, such as, field surveys and
investigations, selection of alignment, carrying out various designs, preparations of drawings and
estimates, etc. The extent and quality of investigations have a stronginfluence on selection of
most cost-effective design, estimation of quantities cost and execution of the job itself.

Administrative, developmental, strategic and other needs would determine the obligatory points
to be connected by a road. Control points will be governed by saddles, passes, rivercrossing and
other natural features like escarpments and unstable areas.

Optimum alignment will be one, which yields the least overall transportation cost, taking into
account the cost of construction and maintenance of the road as well as the recurring cost of
vehicle operation, and at the same time having least adverse impact on the environmental and
ecological balance.
The proposed highway projected is at latitude and longitude of 13 24‘ 15.4‖N 77 32‘ 05.9‖E which
connects the lagumenahalli mile stone, proposed town and Hanuman temple at SS ghati.
3.2: Objectives:
1. To propose new alignment to connect the town which has been planned i.e. from
lagumenahalli road to Hanuman Temple.
2. To reduce the number of curves by aligning as straight as possible.
3. To workout the area of land to be acquired, the quantities of materials required, like earthwork
and various pavement materials for the proposed road.
4. To provide a two lane road of 7.5m length with raised kerbs.

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Fig no. 3.1: Aerial view of Highway Project

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3.3: Map Study:

Topo sheet of No. D43R11 is used for the reconnaissance survey. This map help us to suggest
the likely routes of the road. The main features like hills, valley, etc... Are shown on the
map. The probable alignment can be located on the map are as follows:

1. Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds or lake

2. When the road has to cross a row of hills or mountain, possibility of crossing through
mountain pass.
3. Approximate location of bridges crossing the rivers, if any.

Fig 3.2: Toposheet of No. D43R11

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3.4: Reconnaissance survey:

The main objective of this survey is to estimate the general characteristics of the area
fordetermining the most feasible route or routes for further detailed investigation‘s...

1. Traffic reconnaissance survey: the data regarding the local industries, religion festival,
nature and volume of exports, existing transport, the amount of traffic served by the
new alignment can be determined.
2. Engineering Reconnaissance survey: This provide the information of availability of
water, material, nature of soil, position of hills and lakes, streams, etc.

The details to be collected from the reconnaissance survey are given below:

1. Marshy land, bridges, permanent structure and other obstructions not available on
themap.
2. Approximate values of gradient, length of gradients and radius of curves of
alternatealignments
3. Number and type of cross drainage structures, maximum flood level and natural
groundlevel along probable routes.
4. Sources of construction of materials, water and location of stone quarries near by
theprobable routes.

5. If the route is passing through mountains, the details like type of rock, dip of strata,
seepage condition, etc.

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3.5 : Preliminary survey: - The art of finding the details of alternative alignment found
suitable during the reconnaissance survey is known as preliminary [Link] is the rough type of
survey, which is conducted to have a fair idea of the surrounding areas. It iscarried by the survey
instrument to calculate the rough earth work.

After the preliminary survey, the necessary plans are prepared to the survey work and rough
estimate is made. The most economical and the best of these alignment is selected. The survey
instruments used for the project are as fallows.

3.5.1 Establishing TBM: Dumpy level is used to fix the temporary Bench Mark [T.B.M]
which is to be laid on the Lagumenahalli mile stone [0 Mile stone] carrying the fly levelling from
known Bench Mark i.e. B.M at Makkalidurga railway Station. Now the longitudinal and Cross
sectional levelling, Block levelling is carried for the proposed highway alignment from 0 mile
stone t hanuman temple.

3.5.2 : Fixing Initial alignment using Plane table: on other side plain table is used
to draw the proposed alignment with existing features like tress, rocks, temples, curves etc. The
instruments like U-frame, plumb bob, Alidade, truff compass are used.

3.5.3 : Setting out of necessary curves: Two transition curves and one valley curve was
proposed based on the preliminary survey and the same were set on the field using the transit
theodolite and the gradients in case of valley curve was checked using Ceylon ghatTracer.

3.6 : Detailed and final location Survey: The detailed examination of the field along
the alignment finally recommended during the preliminary survey and Following parameters were
arrived.

• The center line of the proposed road was fixed on the ground
• The field data necessary was collected for the acquision of right of way.
• The quantity of earthwork along the proposed alignment was computed.

3.7: Geometric Design:

The physical features of road are known as road geometrics. Properly designed road
geometrics provide optimum efficiency in traffic operation, with maximum safety.
Road geometrics include the dimension of highway, features such as Design speed,
Horizontal Curve IRC NO 73 – 2007.

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3.7.1 : Design speed: The design speed is the most important factor controlling design
elements of highway. The design speed is taken into account the overall requirement of the
[Link] India different speed standard have been assigned depending upon the importance.
The design speed in the rural terrain is standardized by the IRC for differentclass of road.

Table 3.1: IRC value for Design speed in Rural Roads (Kmph)

Road Plain Rolling Mountainous Steep

classification Ruling Minimum Ruling Minimum Ruling Min. Ruling M
in.
N.H & S.H 100 80 80 65 50 40 40 30

M.D.R 80 65 65 50 40 30 30 20

O.D.R 65 50 50 40 30 25 25 20

V.R 50 40 40 35 25 20 25 20

3.1.1 : Horizontal curve: a horizontal curve is a curve in plan to provide change in

directionto the center line of a road. When a vehicle traverse a horizontal curve the centrifugal
force acts horizontally outwards through the center of gravity of the vehicle.

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Table 3.2: IRC value for Min Horizontal curve in Rural Roads (M)

Sl Road Plain Rolling

. classification terrain terrain
N
o Ruling Absolute Ruling absolute
min Min Min

1 National & 100 80 80 65

State
Highways
2 Major 80 65 65 50
District
Roads
3 Other 65 50 50 40
District
Roads
4 Village 50 40 40 35
Roads

*For Highway Project we are proposed to provide Major District Road

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3.2: CROSS-SECTION ELEMENTS:

3.2.1 : Right of way: the area of land for the road along its alignment is called right of way.
It should be adequate accommodate all the cross sectional elements of the highway and may
reasonably provide future development.

Table 3.3: IRC value for Right of Way

Roadway width m at

Plain and
[Link] Road classification Mountainous
Rolterrain
and steep terrain
National & state Highways
1 (a). Single Lane 12 6
.
2
5
(b). Two Lane 12 8
.
8
Major District Roads
2 (a). Single Lane 9 4
.
7
5
(b). Two Lane 9
Other District Roads
3 (a). Single Lane 7.5 4
.
7
5
(b). Two Lane 9
4 Village roads-single lane 7.5 4

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3.2.2 : Width of formation: width of formation or roadway width is the sum of the widths
of pavements or carriage way including separators and shoulders. The values suggested by IRC
are s given below:

Table 3.4: IRC value for Width of formation

Road classification
Width of Formation for various classed of Roads

NH/SH 12 6.25-8.88
MDR 9 1.75
ODR 7.5-9.0 1.75
VR 7.5 1

3.2.3 : Carriage way width or pavement width: the portion of the roadway
constructed for movement of vehicular traffic is called carriage way. The width of carriage way
shall be decided by the number of traffic lanes. The carriage way intended for one line of traffic
movement is called traffic lane. The width of carriageway for various classes of roads
standardized by IRC are given below

Table 3.5: IRC value for width of carriage way (M)

Lane classification Carriageway width (m)

Single lane 3.75
Intermediate lane 5.50

Two lane without raised Kerbs 7.00

Two lane with raised Kerbs 7.50
Multi-Lane width per Lane 3.50

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3.2.4 : Camber or Cross Slope: The slope of the line which joins the crown and the
edge of the road surface is called camber. Crown is the highest point on the curved road surface
the IRC values for Camber are as given below.

Table 3.6: IRC value for Camber Slope

A. Earthen roads 3 to 4 percent (1 in 25 to 1

in 33)
B. Gravel or WBM 2.5 to 3 percent (1 in 33 to 1
surface in 40)
C. Thin bituminous 2 to 2.5 percent (1 in 40 to 1
surface in 50)
D. High type 1.7 to 2 percent (1 in 60 to 1
bituminous surface in 50)

3.2.5 : Sight distance: the longest a driver can see in front of him, may be termed as sight
distance. In the design of roads following three type of sight distances should be given due
consideration:

[Link] : Stopping sight Distance: The distance required for an emergency stop is
stopping sight distance.

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Fig 3.3: SSD at Horizontal Curve

Fig 3.4: SSD at Vertical Curve

[Link]: Safe Overtaking distance: the distance required when vehicle can overtake
and pass each other is known as safe overtaking distance.
Safe sight distance for entering into intersection: the driver entering on uncontrolled
intersection should have sufficient visibility to enable him to take control of his vehicle
and avoid collision with other vehicle is termed s safe sight distance.

Fig 3.5: over taking sight Distance

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Table 3.7: IRC value for SSD and ISD

Design values in
meters
Speed
Stopping sight Intermediate sight
(Kmph)
distance distance
20 20 40

25 25 50

30 30 60

35 40 80

40 45 90

50 60 120

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3.2.6 : Super elevation: the inward transverse inclination provided to the cross section of
the carriage way at horizontal curved portion of a road is called super elevation, cant or [Link]
help a fast moving vehicle to negotiate a curved path without overturning and skidding.

Fig 3.6: Super Elevation

3.2.7 : Widening of road at Horizontal Curves: The position of extra pavement

width atsharp horizontal curves is known as widening of road on curves.

Table 3.8: IRC value for Widening of roads

Extra widths to be provided for pavements according to IRC

1
6
U 2 4 0 Ab
1
Radius of curve in pt 1 1 1 ov
-
meters o - - e
-
1
2 4 6 30
3
0
0 1 0 0
0
0
0
1 1 0 0
1.
Extra widths in . . . . nil
5
meters Two Lane 5 2 9 6
0 0 n
0. n
. . i nil
9 il
single lane 6 6 l

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3.2.8 : Transition curve: a curve which is provided to effect an easy change of direction
of a pavement is called transition curve. The radius of the transition curve changes gradually
from infinite to finite value.

Fig 3.7: Transition Curve.

Table 3.9: IRC value for Transition curve

Curve Design speed (km/h)

radius 50 40 30 25 20
(m)

15 NA 30

20 35 20

25 NA 25 20

30 30 25 15

40 NA 25 20 15

50 40 20 15 15

55 40 20 15 15

70 NA 30 15 15 15

80 55 25 15 15 NA

90 45 25 15 15

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100 45 20 15 15

125 35 15 15 NA

150 30 15 15 15

170 25 15 NA

200 20 15

300 15 NA

400 15

500 NA

❖ 3.8.9: Gradients: the rate of rise or fall of road level along its length is
termed asgradient.
The gradient of a pavement is governed by the following
factors:
• Topography of the country.
• Drainage.
• Nature of traffic.
• Obligatory points.

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Table 3.10: IRC Value for Gradients

S Gradient
l

Type of terrain Limiting or

n Rulling max Exceptional

o
1 in 1 in
1 in 15
30 20
1
3.3
5% 6.70%
Plain or Rolling 0%

1 in 1 in 1 in
Mountainous and steep terrain with
2 20 16.7 14.3
elevation more than 3000m
5% 6% 7%
1 in
1 in 1 in
16.
3 14.3 12.7
7

steep terrain upto 3000m height 6% 7% 8%

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3.1 : Design details of alignment of village road

Design speed (v) = 80 Kmph

Rate of super elevation (e) =
0.07Co-efficient of friction
(f) = 0.15
𝑣2
Ruling radius R = 𝑅=
127(𝑒+𝑓)

802
=

0.07+0.15)

= 229.06m say 230m

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3.1.1 : Check for super elevation

2
Super elevation e = 𝑉

225𝑅

802
=
225 𝑋230

= 0.12 > 0.07

Therefore, the value of super elevation is greater than the maximum ‗e‘ of 0.07. So
superelevation to be provided is 0.07

𝑣2
E= 225𝑅

𝑣2
0.07 =
225 ∗ 230

V = 60.18 Kmph.

But the design is for 80 Kmph which is safer.

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3.1.2 Check for friction developed

e + f = v^2/gR

0.07 + f = 80^2/127*230
f = 0.149 say 0.15

Therefore the value of friction is equal to f‘ of 0.15

3.1.3 : Widening at curves

Widening at curves = psychological widening + extra width for
mechanicsWe= Wm +Wps

80 2𝑥13122
𝑤𝑚 = 𝑤𝑝𝑠 =
9.5√230 2𝑥230

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3.1.2: Horizontal Curve Details

Horizontal Alignment Report

*************************************************************************
File: C:\Users\manoj\Desktop\heighway new [Link]
Report Date: 11-07-2023 [Link]
Alignment Name: Alignment of road
Station Range: Start: 0+000.00, End: 0+340.94
Description:
*************************************************************************

Begin Alignment of road

N 5,458.6427 E 6,919.8142 0+000.00

Line (1)
N45° 09' 50"E 18.087m
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Line (1)

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Delta 1°19'00"(RT)
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EC N 5,474.5983 E 6,935.9363 0+022.68

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Curve (2)

Line (3)
N46° 28' 49"E 3.362m
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Line (3)

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Curve (6)
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Direction Back N50° 22' 24"E

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Delta 0°37'25"(LT)
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Line (11)
N49° 44' 59"E 5.087m
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Line (11)

Curve (12)
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Line (13)
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Curve (14)
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Delta 4°34'10"(LT)
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Direction Ahead N55° 04' 47"E

EC N 5,517.7217 E 6,989.4314 0+091.52

Curve (14)

Line (15)
N55° 04' 47"E 3.240m
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Line (15)

Line (16)
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Line (16)

Line (17)
N55° 04' 47"E 3.492m
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Curve (18)
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EC N 5,525.7693 E 7,000.9130 0+105.54

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Curve (18)

Line (19)
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Line (19)

Line (20)
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Line (20)

Line (21)
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Curve (22)
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Curve (22)

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Line (23)
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Curve (24)
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Curve (24)

Line (25)
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Line (26)
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Line (27)
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Line (27)

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Curve (28)
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Curve (28)

Line (29)
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Curve (30)
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EC N 5,569.1087 E 7,068.1785 0+185.60

Curve (30)

Line (31)
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Curve (32)
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Curve (34)
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Direction Back N48° 26' 53"E

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Radius 16.169m
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Line (35)
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Curve (36)
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Curve (36)

Line (37)
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Line (37)
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Curve (38)
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Curve (38)

Line (39)
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Line (40)
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Curve (41)
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Delta 15°11'22"(RT)
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Line (42)
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Curve (43)
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Curve (43)

Line (44)
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Line (44)
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Curve (45)
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Line (47)

Line (48)
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Line (48)

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Curve (49)
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Curve (49)

Line (50)
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Line (50)

Curve (51)
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EC N 5,640.7253 E 7,149.6985 0+300.74
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Curve (51)

Line (52)
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Line (52)

Curve (53)
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Curve (53)

Line (54)
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Line (54)

Curve (55)
BC N 5,652.6511 E 7,158.2645 0+315.51
CTR N 5,675.6640 E 7,133.9083
PI N 5,654.1132 E 7,159.6459

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Direction Back N43° 22' 32"E

Radius 33.508m
Delta 6°52'14"(LT)
Length 4.018m
Tangent 2.011m
Chord Direction N39° 56' 25"E Distance 4.016m
Direction Ahead N36° 30' 18"E

EC N 5,655.7300 E 7,160.8425 0+319.53

Curve (55)

Line (56)
N36° 30' 18"E 3.017m
N 5,658.1553 E 7,162.6374 0+322.55

Line (56)

Line (57)
N36° 30' 18"E 3.144m
N 5,660.6822 E 7,164.5075 0+325.69
Line (57)

Curve (58)
BC N 5,660.6822 E 7,164.5075 0+325.69
CTR N 5,653.7501 E 7,173.8740
PI N 5,662.3667 E 7,165.7543

Direction Back N36° 30' 18"E

Radius 11.653m
Delta 20°23'30"(RT)
Length 4.147m
Tangent 2.096m
Chord Direction N46° 42' 03"E Distance 4.125m
Direction Ahead N56° 53' 48"E
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EC N 5,663.5113 E 7,167.5099 0+329.84

Curve (58)

Line (59)
N56° 53' 48"E 11.101m
N 5,669.5744 E 7,176.8094 0+340.94
Line (59)

N 5,669.5744 E 7,176.8094 0+340.94

End Alignment of road

*************************************************************************
Alignment Length: 340.942m

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Alignment: Alignment_of_road
Description:

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+00.000 5458.643 6919.814
End: 0+18.087 5471.396 6932.641
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 18.087 Course: N 45° 09' 49.8839" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 0+18.087 5471.396 6932.641
RP: 5329.571 7073.657
PT: 0+22.683 5474.598 6935.936
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 01° 18' 59.5180" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 4.596 Tangent: 2.298
Mid-Ord: 0.013 External: 0.013
Chord: 4.595 Course: N 45° 49' 19.6429" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+22.683 5474.598 6935.936
End: 0+26.045 5476.913 6938.374
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 3.362 Course: N 46° 28' 49.4020" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 0+26.045 5476.913 6938.374
RP: 5429.091 6983.787
PT: 0+30.526 5479.886 6941.726
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 03° 53' 34.6761" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 65.949
Length: 4.481 Tangent: 2.241
Mid-Ord: 0.038 External: 0.038
Chord: 4.480 Course: N 48° 25' 36.7400" E

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Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+30.526 5479.886 6941.726
End: 0+35.248 5482.898 6945.363
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 4.722 Course: N 50° 22' 24.0781" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 0+35.248 5482.898 6945.363
RP: 5636.941 6817.806
PT: 0+37.425 5484.295 6947.032
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 00° 37' 25.3605" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 2.177 Tangent: 1.089
Mid-Ord: 0.003 External: 0.003
Chord: 2.177 Course: N 50° 03' 41.3978" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+37.425 5484.295 6947.032
End: 0+46.980 5490.469 6954.325
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 9.556 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+46.980 5490.469 6954.325
End: 0+57.305 5497.141 6962.205
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 10.325 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+57.305 5497.141 6962.205
End: 0+64.695 5501.916 6967.845
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 7.390 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

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Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+64.695 5501.916 6967.845
End: 0+71.110 5506.060 6972.741
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 6.415 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+71.110 5506.060 6972.741
End: 0+76.197 5509.347 6976.624
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 5.087 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 0+76.197 5509.347 6976.624
RP: 5479.459 7001.927
PT: 0+82.963 5513.252 6982.139
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 09° 53' 58.1973" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 39.160
Length: 6.766 Tangent: 3.391
Mid-Ord: 0.146 External: 0.147
Chord: 6.758 Course: N 54° 41' 57.8162" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+82.963 5513.252 6982.139
End: 0+87.201 5515.394 6985.796
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 4.238 Course: N 59° 38' 56.9149" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 0+87.201 5515.394 6985.796
RP: 5562.114 6958.440
PT: 0+91.519 5517.722 6989.431
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value

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Delta: 04° 34' 10.2316" Type: LEFT

Radius: 54.140
Length: 4.318 Tangent: 2.160
Mid-Ord: 0.043 External: 0.043
Chord: 4.317 Course: N 57° 21' 51.7991" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+91.519 5517.722 6989.431
End: 0+94.759 5519.576 6992.088
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 3.240 Course: N 55° 04' 46.6833" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+94.759 5519.576 6992.088
End: 0+98.815 5521.898 6995.413
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 4.055 Course: N 55° 04' 46.6833" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 0+98.815 5521.898 6995.413
End: 1+02.306 5523.897 6998.276
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 3.492 Course: N 55° 04' 46.6833" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 1+02.306 5523.897 6998.276
RP: 5687.886 6883.789
PT: 1+05.540 5525.769 7000.913
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 00° 55' 35.3898" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 3.234 Tangent: 1.617
Mid-Ord: 0.007 External: 0.007
Chord: 3.234 Course: N 54° 36' 58.9884" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting

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Start: 1+05.540 5525.769 7000.913

End: 1+10.983 5528.957 7005.325
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 5.443 Course: N 54° 09' 11.2935" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+10.983 5528.957 7005.325
End: 1+19.508 5533.949 7012.235
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 8.525 Course: N 54° 09' 11.2935" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+19.508 5533.949 7012.235
End: 1+21.164 5534.919 7013.577
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 1.656 Course: N 54° 09' 11.2935" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 1+21.164 5534.919 7013.577
RP: 5372.802 7130.702
PT: 1+40.142 5545.287 7029.464
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 05° 26' 12.3954" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 18.978 Tangent: 9.496
Mid-Ord: 0.225 External: 0.225
Chord: 18.971 Course: N 56° 52' 17.4912" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+40.142 5545.287 7029.464
End: 1+42.526 5546.494 7031.520
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 2.384 Course: N 59° 35' 23.6889" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting

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PC: 1+42.526 5546.494 7031.520

RP: 5718.978 6930.283
PT: 1+45.240 5547.883 7033.851
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 00° 46' 38.7515" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 2.714 Tangent: 1.357
Mid-Ord: 0.005 External: 0.005
Chord: 2.714 Course: N 59° 12' 04.3132" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+45.240 5547.883 7033.851
End: 1+53.001 5551.902 7040.491
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 7.761 Course: N 58° 48' 44.9374" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+53.001 5551.902 7040.491
End: 1+64.776 5558.000 7050.564
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 11.775 Course: N 58° 48' 44.9374" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+64.776 5558.000 7050.564
End: 1+72.188 5561.838 7056.905
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 7.412 Course: N 58° 48' 44.9374" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 1+72.188 5561.838 7056.905
RP: 5732.933 6953.337
PT: 1+82.338 5567.312 7065.451
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 02° 54' 28.3425" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 10.150 Tangent: 5.076

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Mid-Ord: 0.064 External: 0.064

Chord: 10.149 Course: N 57° 21' 30.7662" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+82.338 5567.312 7065.451
End: 1+83.738 5568.097 7066.610
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 1.400 Course: N 55° 54' 16.5949" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 1+83.738 5568.097 7066.610
RP: 5533.041 7090.341
PT: 1+85.604 5569.109 7068.179
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 02° 31' 33.3161" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 42.333
Length: 1.866 Tangent: 0.933
Mid-Ord: 0.010 External: 0.010
Chord: 1.866 Course: N 57° 10' 03.2530" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+85.604 5569.109 7068.179
End: 1+87.387 5570.042 7069.698
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 1.783 Course: N 58° 25' 49.9110" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 1+87.387 5570.042 7069.698
RP: 5581.639 7062.572
PT: 1+89.759 5571.453 7071.600
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 09° 58' 57.2323" Type: LEFT
Radius: 13.611
Length: 2.371 Tangent: 1.189
Mid-Ord: 0.052 External: 0.052
Chord: 2.368 Course: N 53° 26' 21.2949" E

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Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+89.759 5571.453 7071.600
End: 1+91.146 5572.373 7072.638
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 1.387 Course: N 48° 26' 52.6788" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 1+91.146 5572.373 7072.638
RP: 5584.473 7061.913
PT: 1+92.993 5573.675 7073.948
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 06° 32' 45.5167" Type: LEFT
Radius: 16.169
Length: 1.847 Tangent: 0.925
Mid-Ord: 0.026 External: 0.026
Chord: 1.846 Course: N 45° 10' 29.9204" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 1+92.993 5573.675 7073.948
End: 1+94.097 5574.496 7074.685
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 1.104 Course: N 41° 54' 07.1621" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 1+94.097 5574.496 7074.685
RP: 5708.068 6925.827
PT: 2+02.338 5580.741 7080.060
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 02° 21' 38.2647" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 8.240 Tangent: 4.121
Mid-Ord: 0.042 External: 0.042
Chord: 8.240 Course: N 40° 43' 18.0297" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 2+02.338 5580.741 7080.060

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End: 2+03.437 5581.589 7080.761

Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 1.100 Course: N 39° 32' 28.8974" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 2+03.437 5581.589 7080.761
RP: 5708.916 6926.527
PT: 2+15.773 5591.338 7088.315
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 03° 32' 01.8939" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 12.335 Tangent: 6.170
Mid-Ord: 0.095 External: 0.095
Chord: 12.334 Course: N 37° 46' 27.9504" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 2+15.773 5591.338 7088.315
End: 2+33.437 5605.627 7098.700
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 17.664 Course: N 36° 00' 27.0035" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 2+33.437 5605.627 7098.700
End: 2+58.551 5625.943 7113.465
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 25.115 Course: N 36° 00' 27.0035" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 2+58.551 5625.943 7113.465
RP: 5620.090 7121.519
PT: 2+61.191 5627.849 7115.280
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 15° 11' 21.7817" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 9.957
Length: 2.640 Tangent: 1.328
Mid-Ord: 0.087 External: 0.088

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Chord: 2.632 Course: N 43° 36' 07.8944" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 2+61.191 5627.849 7115.280
End: 2+62.386 5628.598 7116.211
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 1.195 Course: N 51° 11' 48.7852" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 2+62.386 5628.598 7116.211
RP: 5625.351 7118.822
PT: 2+63.960 5629.332 7117.593
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 21° 38' 54.9154" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 4.166
Length: 1.574 Tangent: 0.797
Mid-Ord: 0.074 External: 0.075
Chord: 1.565 Course: N 62° 01' 16.2430" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 2+63.960 5629.332 7117.593
End: 2+64.690 5629.547 7118.290
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 0.730 Course: N 72° 50' 43.7007" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 2+64.690 5629.547 7118.290
RP: 5626.007 7119.383
PT: 2+65.658 5629.709 7119.242
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 14° 58' 03.6038" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 3.705
Length: 0.968 Tangent: 0.487
Mid-Ord: 0.032 External: 0.032
Chord: 0.965 Course: N 80° 19' 45.5026" E

Tangent Data

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Description PT Station Northing Easting

Start: 2+65.658 5629.709 7119.242
End: 2+69.617 5629.860 7123.198
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 3.959 Course: N 87° 48' 47.3045" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 2+69.617 5629.860 7123.198
End: 2+78.797 5630.211 7132.372
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 9.181 Course: N 87° 48' 47.3045" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 2+78.797 5630.211 7132.372
End: 2+84.629 5630.433 7138.200
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 5.832 Course: N 87° 48' 47.3045" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 2+84.629 5630.433 7138.200
RP: 5638.984 7137.873
PT: 2+91.928 5633.606 7144.528
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 48° 52' 13.8914" Type: LEFT
Radius: 8.557
Length: 7.299 Tangent: 3.888
Mid-Ord: 0.766 External: 0.842
Chord: 7.080 Course: N 63° 22' 40.3588" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 2+91.928 5633.606 7144.528
End: 2+95.712 5636.548 7146.907
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 3.784 Course: N 38° 56' 33.4131" E

Curve Point Data

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Description Station Northing Easting

PC: 2+95.712 5636.548 7146.907
RP: 5654.028 7125.277
PT: 3+00.743 5640.725 7149.699
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 10° 21' 54.7950" Type: LEFT
Radius: 27.809
Length: 5.031 Tangent: 2.522
Mid-Ord: 0.114 External: 0.114
Chord: 5.024 Course: N 33° 45' 36.0156" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 3+00.743 5640.725 7149.699
End: 3+05.357 5644.777 7151.906
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 4.614 Course: N 28° 34' 38.6181" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 3+05.357 5644.777 7151.906
RP: 5633.447 7172.707
PT: 3+11.474 5649.714 7155.490
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 14° 47' 53.3028" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 23.687
Length: 6.118 Tangent: 3.076
Mid-Ord: 0.197 External: 0.199
Chord: 6.101 Course: N 35° 58' 35.2695" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 3+11.474 5649.714 7155.490
End: 3+15.515 5652.651 7158.264
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 4.041 Course: N 43° 22' 31.9209" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 3+15.515 5652.651 7158.264
RP: 5675.664 7133.908

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PT: 3+19.533 5655.730 7160.842

Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 06° 52' 13.9302" Type: LEFT
Radius: 33.508
Length: 4.018 Tangent: 2.011
Mid-Ord: 0.060 External: 0.060
Chord: 4.016 Course: N 39° 56' 24.9558" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 3+19.533 5655.730 7160.842
End: 3+22.550 5658.155 7162.637
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 3.017 Course: N 36° 30' 17.9907" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 3+22.550 5658.155 7162.637
End: 3+25.694 5660.682 7164.508
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 3.144 Course: N 36° 30' 17.9907" E

Curve Point Data

Description Station Northing Easting
PC: 3+25.694 5660.682 7164.508
RP: 5653.750 7173.874
PT: 3+29.841 5663.511 7167.510
Circular Curve Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Delta: 20° 23' 29.5240" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 11.653
Length: 4.147 Tangent: 2.096
Mid-Ord: 0.184 External: 0.187
Chord: 4.125 Course: N 46° 42' 02.7527" E

Tangent Data
Description PT Station Northing Easting
Start: 3+29.841 5663.511 7167.510
End: 3+40.942 5669.574 7176.809
Tangent Data
Parameter Value Parameter Value
Length: 11.101 Course: N 56° 53' 47.5147" E

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Alignment: Alignment_of_road
Description:

Tangent Data
Length: 18.087 Course: N 45° 09' 49.8839" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 01° 18' 59.5180" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 4.596 Tangent: 2.298
Mid-Ord: 0.013 External: 0.013
Chord: 4.595 Course: N 45° 49' 19.6429" E

Tangent Data
Length: 3.362 Course: N 46° 28' 49.4020" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 03° 53' 34.6761" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 65.949
Length: 4.481 Tangent: 2.241
Mid-Ord: 0.038 External: 0.038
Chord: 4.480 Course: N 48° 25' 36.7400" E

Tangent Data
Length: 4.722 Course: N 50° 22' 24.0781" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 00° 37' 25.3605" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 2.177 Tangent: 1.089
Mid-Ord: 0.003 External: 0.003
Chord: 2.177 Course: N 50° 03' 41.3978" E

Tangent Data
Length: 9.556 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Tangent Data
Length: 10.325 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Tangent Data

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Length: 7.390 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Tangent Data
Length: 6.415 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Tangent Data
Length: 5.087 Course: N 49° 44' 58.7176" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 09° 53' 58.1973" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 39.160
Length: 6.766 Tangent: 3.391
Mid-Ord: 0.146 External: 0.147
Chord: 6.758 Course: N 54° 41' 57.8162" E

Tangent Data
Length: 4.238 Course: N 59° 38' 56.9149" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 04° 34' 10.2316" Type: LEFT
Radius: 54.140
Length: 4.318 Tangent: 2.160
Mid-Ord: 0.043 External: 0.043
Chord: 4.317 Course: N 57° 21' 51.7991" E

Tangent Data
Length: 3.240 Course: N 55° 04' 46.6833" E

Tangent Data
Length: 4.055 Course: N 55° 04' 46.6833" E

Tangent Data
Length: 3.492 Course: N 55° 04' 46.6833" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 00° 55' 35.3898" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 3.234 Tangent: 1.617
Mid-Ord: 0.007 External: 0.007
Chord: 3.234 Course: N 54° 36' 58.9884" E

Tangent Data
Length: 5.443 Course: N 54° 09' 11.2935" E

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Tangent Data
Length: 8.525 Course: N 54° 09' 11.2935" E

Tangent Data
Length: 1.656 Course: N 54° 09' 11.2935" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 05° 26' 12.3954" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 18.978 Tangent: 9.496
Mid-Ord: 0.225 External: 0.225
Chord: 18.971 Course: N 56° 52' 17.4912" E

Tangent Data
Length: 2.384 Course: N 59° 35' 23.6889" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 00° 46' 38.7515" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 2.714 Tangent: 1.357
Mid-Ord: 0.005 External: 0.005
Chord: 2.714 Course: N 59° 12' 04.3132" E

Tangent Data
Length: 7.761 Course: N 58° 48' 44.9374" E

Tangent Data
Length: 11.775 Course: N 58° 48' 44.9374" E

Tangent Data
Length: 7.412 Course: N 58° 48' 44.9374" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 02° 54' 28.3425" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 10.150 Tangent: 5.076
Mid-Ord: 0.064 External: 0.064
Chord: 10.149 Course: N 57° 21' 30.7662" E

Tangent Data
Length: 1.400 Course: N 55° 54' 16.5949" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 02° 31' 33.3161" Type: RIGHT

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Radius: 42.333
Length: 1.866 Tangent: 0.933
Mid-Ord: 0.010 External: 0.010
Chord: 1.866 Course: N 57° 10' 03.2530" E

Tangent Data
Length: 1.783 Course: N 58° 25' 49.9110" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 09° 58' 57.2323" Type: LEFT
Radius: 13.611
Length: 2.371 Tangent: 1.189
Mid-Ord: 0.052 External: 0.052
Chord: 2.368 Course: N 53° 26' 21.2949" E

Tangent Data
Length: 1.387 Course: N 48° 26' 52.6788" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 06° 32' 45.5167" Type: LEFT
Radius: 16.169
Length: 1.847 Tangent: 0.925
Mid-Ord: 0.026 External: 0.026
Chord: 1.846 Course: N 45° 10' 29.9204" E

Tangent Data
Length: 1.104 Course: N 41° 54' 07.1621" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 02° 21' 38.2647" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 8.240 Tangent: 4.121
Mid-Ord: 0.042 External: 0.042
Chord: 8.240 Course: N 40° 43' 18.0297" E

Tangent Data
Length: 1.100 Course: N 39° 32' 28.8974" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 03° 32' 01.8939" Type: LEFT
Radius: 200.000
Length: 12.335 Tangent: 6.170
Mid-Ord: 0.095 External: 0.095
Chord: 12.334 Course: N 37° 46' 27.9504" E

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Tangent Data
Length: 17.664 Course: N 36° 00' 27.0035" E

Tangent Data
Length: 25.115 Course: N 36° 00' 27.0035" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 15° 11' 21.7817" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 9.957
Length: 2.640 Tangent: 1.328
Mid-Ord: 0.087 External: 0.088
Chord: 2.632 Course: N 43° 36' 07.8944" E

Tangent Data
Length: 1.195 Course: N 51° 11' 48.7852" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 21° 38' 54.9154" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 4.166
Length: 1.574 Tangent: 0.797
Mid-Ord: 0.074 External: 0.075
Chord: 1.565 Course: N 62° 01' 16.2430" E

Tangent Data
Length: 0.730 Course: N 72° 50' 43.7007" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 14° 58' 03.6038" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 3.705
Length: 0.968 Tangent: 0.487
Mid-Ord: 0.032 External: 0.032
Chord: 0.965 Course: N 80° 19' 45.5026" E

Tangent Data
Length: 3.959 Course: N 87° 48' 47.3045" E

Tangent Data
Length: 9.181 Course: N 87° 48' 47.3045" E

Tangent Data
Length: 5.832 Course: N 87° 48' 47.3045" E

Circular Curve Data

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Delta: 48° 52' 13.8914" Type: LEFT

Radius: 8.557
Length: 7.299 Tangent: 3.888
Mid-Ord: 0.766 External: 0.842
Chord: 7.080 Course: N 63° 22' 40.3588" E

Tangent Data
Length: 3.784 Course: N 38° 56' 33.4131" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 10° 21' 54.7950" Type: LEFT
Radius: 27.809
Length: 5.031 Tangent: 2.522
Mid-Ord: 0.114 External: 0.114
Chord: 5.024 Course: N 33° 45' 36.0156" E

Tangent Data
Length: 4.614 Course: N 28° 34' 38.6181" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 14° 47' 53.3028" Type: RIGHT
Radius: 23.687
Length: 6.118 Tangent: 3.076
Mid-Ord: 0.197 External: 0.199
Chord: 6.101 Course: N 35° 58' 35.2695" E

Tangent Data
Length: 4.041 Course: N 43° 22' 31.9209" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 06° 52' 13.9302" Type: LEFT
Radius: 33.508
Length: 4.018 Tangent: 2.011
Mid-Ord: 0.060 External: 0.060
Chord: 4.016 Course: N 39° 56' 24.9558" E

Tangent Data
Length: 3.017 Course: N 36° 30' 17.9907" E

Tangent Data
Length: 3.144 Course: N 36° 30' 17.9907" E

Circular Curve Data

Delta: 20° 23' 29.5240" Type: RIGHT

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Radius: 11.653
Length: 4.147 Tangent: 2.096
Mid-Ord: 0.184 External: 0.187
Chord: 4.125 Course: N 46° 42' 02.7527" E

Tangent Data
Length: 11.101 Course: N 56° 53' 47.5147" E

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3.2.1 : Design of valley curve

Deviation angle
N= (-n1-n2) = (-1/19-0) = 0.05
[Link] =131.81m say 132m.
a) Length of comfort conditionL = 2(NV3/C) 1/2

C - The allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration 0.60

m/sec3V – Speed in m/sec (80/3.6=22.22 m/sec)
= 2(0.05*22.223/0.6)1/2 = 60.47m≈61m99

b) Length of curve for head light sight

distanceAssuming L > SSD
L=N*S2 / (1.5+0.035*S)
=0.05*1322 / (1.5+0.035*132)
=142.35m≈143 m
3.2.2 : Design of valley curve
Peg interval (x) = 5m
No of stations = L/x=60/5=12 No‘s
No of stations on each curve= 12/2=6 No‘s e1 = g1/100*x= -5.2/100*5= -0.226
e2 = g2/100*x= 0/100*5= 0

Elevation of beginning of the curve = elevation of point of

intersection*xn –(ne1)

= 901.20*1-(6*-0.226)

= 902.556m

Tangent correction with respect to first tangent point

(h)h = KN2
K = (e1-e2)/4n

= (-0.238-0.0)/4*6

= -0.01

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3.2.3 : DESIGN OF PAVEMENT:-

Computation of design traffic:

365𝑥[{𝑙+𝑟}
𝑛−1]
N= 𝑥 𝐴 𝑥 𝐷 𝑥𝐹 [2734]
𝑟

365 K [{1+0.075}10−1]
N= 𝑥3925 𝑥 0.75 𝑥4.5
0.075

N = 68402715.38N = 68.40 msa

Corresponding to this design traffic, pavement thickness can be calculated from IRC
charts: Corresponding to CBR 6%, pavement thickness required is 675mm for 50msa and
700mm for100msa. Interpolating these values, the pavement thickness for 68.40msa.
[700−675]
t = 675 + X [68.40 − 50]
[100−50]

t = 684.2 mm say 685 mm.

The pavement composition

maybeSub base = 260 mm
Base = 250 mm

DBM = 131 mm

BC = 44 mm

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4 Highway Volume Calculation

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3.2.1 : DESIGN OF DRAINAGE OF HIGHWAY

T1 = Inlet Time, 15 min

T2 =distance from inlet of side drain / velocity

T2 = 727 = 24.23 min

0.5*60

D = T1+T2 =15+24.23 = 39.23 min

D= duration or time of concentration

76 60*60
i=

Ad = 590x727= 428930
= 428930 = 428.9 mm2
1000

= (0.3x0.021x429)
Q = 2.70 m/sec
V= 0.8 m/sec

ASSUME SIDE SLOPE 1V:1.5HB = 0.75 M

Q = 2.7 / 0.5

Q = 5.4m2

5.4 = (dx0.5) + 2((1/2) *d2)

5.4=0.5d+1.5d2
d = 1.73 say 1.75m P = 0.5+2√(1.5 * 2)+1.752

= 6.03m

R= 0.89m

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Alignment Design Criteria Verification Report

1 Tangent
Start Station: 0+000.00
End Station: 0+018.09
Length: 18.087m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

2 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+018.09
End Station: 0+022.68
Radius: 200.000m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

3 Tangent
Start Station: 0+022.68
End Station: 0+026.04
Length: 3.362m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

4 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+026.04
End Station: 0+030.53
Radius: 65.949m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

5 Tangent
Start Station: 0+030.53
End Station: 0+035.25
Length: 4.722m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

6 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+035.25
End Station: 0+037.42
Radius: 200.000m

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Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

7 Tangent
Start Station: 0+037.42
End Station: 0+046.98
Length: 9.556m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

8 Tangent
Start Station: 0+046.98
End Station: 0+057.31
Length: 10.325m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

9 Tangent
Start Station: 0+057.31
End Station: 0+064.70
Length: 7.390m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

10 Tangent
Start Station: 0+064.70
End Station: 0+071.11
Length: 6.415m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

11 Tangent
Start Station: 0+071.11
End Station: 0+076.20
Length: 5.087m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

12 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+076.20
End Station: 0+082.96
Radius: 39.160m

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Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

13 Tangent
Start Station: 0+082.96
End Station: 0+087.20
Length: 4.238m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

14 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+087.20
End Station: 0+091.52
Radius: 54.140m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

15 Tangent
Start Station: 0+091.52
End Station: 0+094.76
Length: 3.240m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

16 Tangent
Start Station: 0+094.76
End Station: 0+098.81
Length: 4.055m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

17 Tangent
Start Station: 0+098.81
End Station: 0+102.31
Length: 3.492m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

18 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+102.31

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End Station: 0+105.54

Radius: 200.000m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

19 Tangent
Start Station: 0+105.54
End Station: 0+110.98
Length: 5.443m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

20 Tangent
Start Station: 0+110.98
End Station: 0+119.51
Length: 8.525m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

21 Tangent
Start Station: 0+119.51
End Station: 0+121.16
Length: 1.656m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

22 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+121.16
End Station: 0+140.14
Radius: 200.000m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

23 Tangent
Start Station: 0+140.14
End Station: 0+142.53
Length: 2.384m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

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24 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+142.53
End Station: 0+145.24
Radius: 200.000m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

25 Tangent
Start Station: 0+145.24
End Station: 0+153.00
Length: 7.761m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

26 Tangent
Start Station: 0+153.00
End Station: 0+164.78
Length: 11.775m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

27 Tangent
Start Station: 0+164.78
End Station: 0+172.19
Length: 7.412m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

28 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+172.19
End Station: 0+182.34
Radius: 200.000m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

29 Tangent
Start Station: 0+182.34
End Station: 0+183.74
Length: 1.400m
Design Speed: 100

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Design Checks:

30 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+183.74
End Station: 0+185.60
Radius: 42.333m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

31 Tangent
Start Station: 0+185.60
End Station: 0+187.39
Length: 1.783m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

32 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+187.39
End Station: 0+189.76
Radius: 13.611m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

33 Tangent
Start Station: 0+189.76
End Station: 0+191.15
Length: 1.387m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

34 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+191.15
End Station: 0+192.99
Radius: 16.169m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

35 Tangent

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Start Station: 0+192.99

End Station: 0+194.10
Length: 1.104m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

36 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+194.10
End Station: 0+202.34
Radius: 200.000m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

37 Tangent
Start Station: 0+202.34
End Station: 0+203.44
Length: 1.100m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

38 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+203.44
End Station: 0+215.77
Radius: 200.000m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

39 Tangent
Start Station: 0+215.77
End Station: 0+233.44
Length: 17.664m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

40 Tangent
Start Station: 0+233.44
End Station: 0+258.55
Length: 25.115m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

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41 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+258.55
End Station: 0+261.19
Radius: 9.957m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

42 Tangent
Start Station: 0+261.19
End Station: 0+262.39
Length: 1.195m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

43 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+262.39
End Station: 0+263.96
Radius: 4.166m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

44 Tangent
Start Station: 0+263.96
End Station: 0+264.69
Length: 0.730m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

45 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+264.69
End Station: 0+265.66
Radius: 3.705m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

46 Tangent
Start Station: 0+265.66

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End Station: 0+269.62

Length: 3.959m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

47 Tangent
Start Station: 0+269.62
End Station: 0+278.80
Length: 9.181m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

48 Tangent
Start Station: 0+278.80
End Station: 0+284.63
Length: 5.832m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

49 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+284.63
End Station: 0+291.93
Radius: 8.557m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

50 Tangent
Start Station: 0+291.93
End Station: 0+295.71
Length: 3.784m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

51 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+295.71
End Station: 0+300.74
Radius: 27.809m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

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52 Tangent
Start Station: 0+300.74
End Station: 0+305.36
Length: 4.614m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

53 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+305.36
End Station: 0+311.47
Radius: 23.687m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

54 Tangent
Start Station: 0+311.47
End Station: 0+315.51
Length: 4.041m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

55 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+315.51
End Station: 0+319.53
Radius: 33.508m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

56 Tangent
Start Station: 0+319.53
End Station: 0+322.55
Length: 3.017m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

57 Tangent
Start Station: 0+322.55
End Station: 0+325.69
Length: 3.144m
Design Speed: 100

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Design Checks:

58 Circular Curve
Start Station: 0+325.69
End Station: 0+329.84
Radius: 11.653m
Design Speed: -1
Design Criteria:
Minimum Radius: -1.00 Cleared
Design Checks:

59 Tangent
Start Station: 0+329.84
End Station: 0+340.94
Length: 11.101m
Design Speed: 100
Design Checks:

Alignment Name: Alignment of road (1)

Description:
Station Range: Start: 0+000.00, End: 0+000.00

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CHAPTER-4

OLD TANK PROJECT

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CHAPTER-4

OLD TANK PROJECT

4.1 Introduction
Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset. Water as a
resource is indivisible; rainfall, river waters, surface ponds and lakes and ground water are part
of a single unit, which needs a holistic and efficient management toensure their long-term quality
and availability.

Agriculture is the main occupation of rural population in India. Irrigation has played a pivotal
role in India‘s agricultural production and growth. Both at national and regional levels,
agricultural growth and overall development closely follow the growth pattern in irrigation.

Minor Irrigation (MI) in India is defined as one with a command area of less than 2,000 hectares.
There are mainly five types of MI structures that – dug wells, shallow tube wells, deep tube wells,
surface lift systems, and surface flow systems. Except the surface flow systems, all others are
groundwater structures. Through the ages, these surface flow system or water bodies, either
natural or man-made such as lakes, tanks, ponds and similar structures have sustained the Indian
agriculture. A water body is a structure where water from ice-melt, streams, springs, rain or
drainage of water from residential areas is accumulated or water is stored by diversion from a
stream, nala or river.

An irrigation tank generally consists of following

1. An earthen bund across the valley creating storage.

2. A surplus weir to dispose off hard storage.

3. Sluice to feed the channel to feed the command area.

4. The general problems of an irrigation tank are;

5. Reduction in the gross storage capacity of the tank due to silting.

6. Reduction in the safety of the bund due to wearing out of standard dimension of bund.

The above problem can be overcome by restoring the tank. Restoration of tank is done byraising
the height of existing bund, these by allowing to increasing the storage and improves the safety
of the bund.

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4.1.1 Necessity for restoration of tank:

Relative importance of some of these Water Bodies has waned due to a number of
reasons:

1. Shifting away from community based tank system to individual beneficiary orientedground
water dependent system
2. Prolonged and continuous neglect of maintenance

3. Heavy silting of the tank bed,

4. Choked up feeder channels,

5. Leaking and weak bund, leaky sluices and dilapidated surplus weirs and ill maintained
distribution channels
6. Encroachments in the tank bund, foreshore, water-spread and supply channels

7. Deforestation and denudation in the catchments areas leading to extinction of waterbodies as

a whole for housing and urbanization
8. Indiscriminate use of tank beds as dumping yards Due to progressive silting in the reservoir,
its storage capacity gets reduced. The demandfor irrigation water cannot be met due to reduced
storage.
Further, in future there may be demand for water cultivation of large area. In view of these
two factors it becomes necessary to restore the storage capacity of the reservoir to avalue equal
to its original value.
The storage capacity is increased in two ways

1. Raising F.T.L of the reservoir after making suitable modifications in the profile of theexisting
bund.
2. De-silting the reservoir: This would require the employment of sophisticated equipment such
as hydraulic dredges. Before taking up the project, it is necessary to study whether .

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4.2 Objectives:

(i) Comprehensive improvement and restoration of existing tank there by increasing

tankstorage capacity
(ii) Ground Water Recharge

(iii) Increased availability of drinking water

(iv) Improvement in agriculture/horticulture productivity

4.3 Study Area: The tank which is supposed to be restored is Pal Paldinne kere
situated at a distance of approximately 2.5km along [Link], Doddaballapura road.
Dueto inadequate maintenance the downstream side slope of bund is eroded and due to
siltingthe quantity of water stored is less. Hence we have taken the restoration of this
old tank
4.4 Investigations and Surveys:

The surveys are carried out to collect field data to obtain all information needed for
the restoration of the existing tank. The total survey is carried out using conventional
survey instrument.
4.5 Reconnaissance:

The existing site condition are explored by visiting the OTP site and adequate
data of area is collected.
4.6 Preliminary Survey:

The temporary Bench Mark is established at the Ashwath Katte near OTP site.

4.7 Detailed Survey

Alignment of existing bund using plane table survey was carried out and the plan was
prepared showing all the salient features along the centre line of the [Link] shown in
the [Link] 1.
1. Longitudinal section along the existing centerline of the bund were carried out using
dumpy level and The cross sections are taken at regular intervals (3m, 6m, 9m etc.)
along the alignment
2. Details of existing waste weir and sluice points including block levelling at waste weir.

3. Water spread contour to explore the quantity

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4.8 Capacity Contour Survey

Direct method of contour is adopted to draw capacity contour using plane table
wasconducted; number of contours were drawn at a contour interval of 0.25 mtr.
Based onthe area of contour and the interval the water storage capacity of the tank
was computed.

Block levelling at the Surplus Weir:

It is proposed to raise the surplus weir by one meter. To obtain detailed profile of the
ground near the weir block levelling of the area of about 50.00mtrs x 50.00mtrs were
taken at the blocks measuring 5mtrs x5mtrs

4.9 Calculation of Earthwork:

4.9.1 Existing features:

Length of bund = 328 m

Length of weir = 18.1 m
Width of weir = 0.7 m
Free board = 1m
Top bund level = 885.755 m
Maximum water level = 884.755
mFull tank level = 883.755 m

4.9.2 Proposed features:

Proposed top bund level = 886.755 m

Proposed maximum water level = 884.755
mProposed full tank level = 883.755 m

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4.10 Volume calculation of old tank project

OTP EARTWORK CALCULATION

Cumulative Fill Cumulative
Station Fill Area Cut Area Fill Volume Cut Volume
Volume Cut Volume
0 11.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
10 11.6 0.00 117.2 0.00 117.2 0
20 13.6 0.00 126 0.00 243.2 0
30 13.07 0.00 133.35 0.00 376.55 0
40 13.33 0.00 134.65 0.00 511.20 0
50 13 0.00 131.65 0.00 642.85 0
60 16.05 0.00 145.25 0.00 788.1 0
70 13.35 0.00 152 0.00 940.1 0
80 11.6 0.00 129.75 0.00 1069.85 0
90 16.92 0.00 142.6 0.00 1212.45 0
110 13.82 0.00 307.4 0.00 1519.85 0
120 14.95 0.00 143.85 0.00 1663.7 0
130 14.33 0.00 146.40 0.00 1678.03 0
140 14.08 0.00 142.05 0.00 1820.08 0
150 13.75 0.00 139.15 0.00 1959.23 0
160 14.82 0.00 142.85 0.00 2102.08 0
170 13.8 0.00 143.25 0.00 2245.33 0
180 16.62 0.00 152.25 0.00 2397.58 0
190 21.34 0.00 189.7 0.00 587.28 0
200 14.12 0.00 177.3 0.00 2764.58 0
205 29.21 0.00 108.32 0.00 2872.90 0
215 23.4 0.00 263.05 0.00 3135.95 0
225 27.02 0.00 252.1 0.00 3388.05 0
235 14.42 0.00 207.2 0.00 3595.25 0
245 8.73 0.00 115.75 0.00 3711.00 0
250 4.42 0.00 65.75 0.00 3776.75 0
265 3.91 0.00 41.65 0.00 3818.4 0

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4.10.1 Using trapezoidal rule:

Volume of earthwork = {[(A1+An)/2]+A2+A3+…..+An-1}*d

Where, A1, A2 ................ An are the total area

Volume of earthwork = 117.2+126+…,+41.65
Total volume of earthwork using trapezoidal rule = 3818.4m3

4.11 : Calculation Of Restoration Capacity Of The Reservoir:

Reduced Level Area in m2

(Water Level) = 882.020 1134.81
FTL 883.235 1297.4036

883.735 1822.2145

883.985 1972.1201

(FTL+1)884.235 2100.179

Restored volume = ((A1+A2)/2)*H m3

Where,
A1=Area of tank at present full tank level (RL=886.640)
= 1297.403 m2
A2 = Area of tank at proposed full tank level (RL 887.640)
=2100.17m2
H = Rise in full tank level = 1m
Restored volume (V) = ((A1+A2)/2)*H

= ((1297.40+2100.17)/2)*1

= 1698.78 m3

Remarks: The proposed restoration capacity of the reservoir is found to be 1698.78 m3

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4.12 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Dr. B.C. Punmia and Dr. Pande. B. B. Lal ―Irrigation and Water Power

Engineering‖, Laxmi Publications, 2009.

2. S.R. Sahasrabudhe, ―Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures‖, SK

Kataria & Sons Publications, 2011.

3. Santosh Kumar Garg, ―Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures‖,

Khanna Publishers, 2006.

4. Dr. B.C. Punmia, ―Surveying‖, Laxmi Publications, 2005.

5. Dr. B.C. Punmia, ―Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering‖, Laxmi

Publications, 2005.
6. K. Subramanya, ―Engineering Hydrology‖, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,

2008.

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CHAPTER-5

TOWN / LAYOUT
PLANNING

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TOWN PLANNING
• Introduction
Township refers to an urban or rural settlement which consists of group of people living within
close vicinity. The group of people shares the privilege of the common utilities available within
the community, making such allowances more accessible, economically. The design of such
township is a process encompassing a number of civil egg aspects. The main objective is to gain
the practical knowledge about

• Feasibility studies

• Governmental approvals – environmental impact assessment

Scientific planning and design of various infrastructures of the layout like Residential units,
Commercial units, Water supply lines, Sewerage lines, Roads networks, Rain water harvesting
units etc.
In order to promote public health, safety and general social welfare of the communities it is
necessary to apply reasonable limitations of the use of land and buildings. This is to ensure that
the most appropriate economical and healthy development of the proposed city or townships or
layout or any other purposes takes place in accordance with the land use plan i.e. Comprehensive
development plan (CDP). For these purposes classification of land in to various uses or
developments that are permissible in to following zones.
Residential

• Commercial

• Industrial

• Public and Semi public

• Utilities and Services

• parks and open spaces, playground (including public recreational area)

• Transportation and communication

• Agricultural land and water sheet

For the above said purposes land shall be non-agricultural land i.e. the agricultural land converted
in to non-agricultural land as per the land acquisition act. After completion ofthe above procedure
the land can be used for the above said zones.

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Residential zones: After the land acquisition required extent the layout for residentialpurpose
shall be subjected to the following conditions.
a. 52% of the total area shall be earmarked for residential sites
b. 48% of the area earmarked for civic amenities, such as Roads, Playground, Hospitals, Parks
and Play grounds and Public schools, Post office, police station,fire station, Overhead tank,
Library, religious groups etc. Design requirements

➢ Residential Sites – Space for individual plots and mass housing (to cover
approximately 50% of the proposed township area excluding the area for primary
school and primary health care centre).
➢ Civic Amenities – Space for offices, shops etc. (To cover approximately 5% of the
proposed township area excluding the area for primary school building and primary
health care centre).
➢ Park Area: (To cover approximately about 15% of the township area excluding the
area for primary school building and primary health care centre).
➢ Main Roads and internal roads – For accessibility to township area.

➢ Water Supply distribution system with overhead tank (OHT)

➢ Underground drainage (UGD) System for sewage and its connection to STP.

➢ Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) With eventual disposal to natural drain.

• OBJECTIVES:

• To study the necessary approvals and to design the residential layout according
tothe government bylaws.
• To plan and prepare lay out plan of amenities, Road network, and layout of
residentialarea
• To design Water supply system and Sewerage system for proposed residential layout

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• Location of the township site

A small piece of land nearly 28 acres was identified near SS Ghatti, adjacent to
Doddaballapur and Ghatti road which is about 70km from Bangalore. The general
boundary of the township site is as shown in fig 5.1

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• METHODOLOGY:

1. The land for the proposed layout was surveyed using total station and this data was imported
into the computer
2. Planning of the layout amenities. The whole area was divided into plots of various sizes along
with provision of other amenities of the layout such as main roads, arterial roads, parks and
public facilities using CADD and the planning of the layout is carried as per the guidelines of
local authorities. The guiding criteria are there must be adequate space for
• Residential area Commercial
area Recreational area
• Must be according to by- laws

• Planning must takes care of environmental considerations

• All necessary engineering aspect (including slope, aspect etc)Planning should be such that
Resources are optimally used.
• The public space must be located away from the residential areaEasy access for all people to
all amenities provided
3 Referring to the codal provisions the various necessities like water supply, sewerage system
of the residential layout was designed according to civil engineering practices Designing of
these features required inputs such as the slope of the land ,distance,position of the various
amenities of the layout, These inputs were used in the form of different layers containing the
location of the sites, another layer containing the details of the position of Sewerage treatment
plant, water tank etc were overlapped on each other and by using various civil engineering
methodologies the position of the water lines and their diameter were fixed and then mapped
along with their attribute values. The water supply and sewer lines for layout is shown in
figure:-

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• DRAWINGS

The detailed survey was conducted using total station and all the data was transferred
to the computer. Planning of the layout amenities are carried out and the following
drawingsare prepared.

5.6.1 Layout plan superimposing on existing contour map

Layout plan superimposing on existing contour map of the plot proposed to be

[Link] contour map of the township site is as shown in fig 2

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Fig5.2: The contour map of the proposed layout site

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5.6.2 Road network and civic amenities

The drawing contained road network of layout and the civic amenities to be
providedfor the layout is as shown in fig 3

Fig 5.3: Road network and the civic amenities of layout

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5.6.3 Plan of proposed township

➢ The proposed Township has a total Township area of 6223.75 m2

➢ Residential area consists of 35% of total Township area = 2152.54 m2

➢ Civic amenities of area consists of 65% of total Township area = 4071.21 m2.

Fig 5.6 Plan of Proposed layout

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• Systems adopted in the township

1. For the development of areas, the Greenfield were protected i.e., around 13% of
theTownship area consists of parks.

2. Services such as primary school, a primary health care centre, civic amenities
areprovided.
3. Residential sites for Lower, Middle and Higher income group were provided.

4. The Township project site is designed to preserve the storm water i.e., Rain
waterharvesting and Roof top harvesting
5. The excess storm water after filling the GLSR is used for recharging of the ground water.

6. Provision is made for the sewage treatment plant which treats the sewage
produced byEntire Township.

• Bibliography

1. Venugopal T V, Prakash P S, Harkirat Singh, Shivanad P N. Planning and

design ofresidential layout using GIS12th Esri India User Conference 2011
2. Matt Freeman ‗Singapore Masters Land-Use Planning Using GIS

3. ESRI, white papers and product documentation.

4. Dr B C Punmia, Ashok Kr Jain and Arum Kr Jain edition,[2007].

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