General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy

Weed Problems
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy

Weed Problems
The Term weed' was firstly used by Jethrotull.
❖ Weed is such undesirable plant grown in association
with crop which snatches major parts of nutrients,
water, light, place and CO, available to the crop.
❖ Due to tough competition crop suffers adversely and
the production is reduced.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Followings are the main points :
❖ Unwanted plant.
❖ Plant growing where it is not required i.e. a plant out
of place.
❖ Extremely noxious, useless. unwanted or poisonous
plant.
❖ Any plant or vegetation excluding fungi interfering
with the objectives or requirements of people.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Thus weed may be defined as unwanted and undesirable
plant which interferes with the utilisation of land and
water resource and adversely affects human welfare.
Criteria of to be a weed :
Whether a plant is weed or not depends upon
1.)Characteristics and habit of plant
2.) Relative position
3.) Time of occurrence of plant.
Therefore all plants may become weeds in a particular
situation.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Classification of weed :
A. On the basis of site of predominance :
A) Obligate weeds : such weeds are grown only in
association with man and his [Link] is never
found in wild form e.g. Chenopodium, Anagallis etc.
B) Facultative weeds : such weeds are grown both as
wild and in cultivated habitats e.g. Argemone
mexicana, Euphorbia hirta.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy

B. On the basis of Dependence on Host :

a.) Total Root parasite/Holo root parasite [Link]
b.) Total sterm parasite/Holo stem parasite e.g. cuscuta
c.) Semi-root parasite e.g. striga
d.) Semi-stem parasite e.g. Loranthus (birdvine)
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
On the basis of Botanical or Morphological characters
a) Grasses : Cylindrical and hollow stem having nodes
and internodes, Leaf emerges from node. fibrous root,
graminae family e.g. Echincochloa, Phalaris etc. Most of
the weeds belong to this group.

b) Sedges :Triangular stem, no node, very large internode

and leaf at top, Cyperaceae family, no branch ,usually
three leaves at top, pith present e.g. Cyperus (Motha).
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
c) Broad leaf : broad leaf alternately arranged on stem
cylindrical stem, usually tap root e.g. all dicot weeds like
Camellina, Chenopodium album (Bathua).
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
D. On the basis of season :
D1) Kharif Weeds : e.g.
i) Amaranthus viridis (junglee chauiai)
ii) Boerhavia . iffusa (Vishkhopra)
iii) Cassia occidentalis (Kasaundhi)
iv) Cyperus rotundus (Motha)
v) Euphorbia thymiloia(Chhoti duddhi)
vi) Euphorbia dracunculoides/Titali)
vii) Digera arvensis (Lahsua)
viii) Datura festoosa
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
D2) Rabi weeds : e.g.
➢ Anagallis arvenis (Krishna nil)
➢ Argemone mexicana(Satyanashi)
➢ Convolvulus arvenis (Hiran Khurti)
➢ Chenopodium album (Bathua)
➢ Desmodium trifolium(Tinpatia)
➢ Cuscuta reflexa
➢ Asphodelus tenuifolius (Vanpyaji)
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
[Link] basis :
E1) Relative weed e.g. rice in wheat field.
E2) Absolute weed e.g. Such weeds are due to its
characteristics Cyperus rotundus.
E3) Rogue :The off type crop variety in the field of
certain crop Vàret. is called rogue.

E4) Mimicry weeds : Such weeds are similar in external

morphology eg with the crop e.g. Phalaris in wheat field
and wild rice in the rice field.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
E5) Volunteer weeds :Such weeds are grown from the
fallen seeds of previous or preceeding crop in the field.

E6) Noxious weeds :Such weeds are declared

undesirable ,extremely noxious and poisonous by the
law [Link]
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Crop - weed Competition :
❖ Weeds are the naturally grown plant which are able
to extract nutrients & water from the soil and are
component enough to harvest light energy.
❖ In the growing plants, leaf area index (LAI) and root
dernsity in crease which lead to mutual interference
in the utilisation of growth factors.
❖ The population of weeds crossing over the threshold
level increases the competition for growth factors
resulting in reduction of crop production.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
The weed and crop compete for such common growth
factors whose availability is less In the normal cases the
weed competes with the crop mainly for nutrients, water
,light, place and CO, but in some instances weeds show
the alleopathic effect on crops.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
(i) For Nutrients:
❑ Naturally grown weeds absorb more nutrients from
the soil than the crop. Nutrient analysis of weed and
crop shows that the concentration of nutrients is far
more in weeds than the associated crop.
❑ In the beginning of the crop growth, weed absorbs
excess nutrients because majority of the annual weeds
complete its life cycle within 50-60 days where as the
crops take 100-130 days
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ It is experimentally proved that in the highly infested
rice field with Echinochloa, there is the uptake of 60
80 of the available nitrogen from the soil by weeds
itself. In some cases Weed takes up nutrients directly
from the host plant.
❑ Some weeds activate denitrification, for example,
Nutsedge releases a type of organic scented chemicals
in the soil which increases the population of
dentrifying bacteria and thus leaves very less amount
of nitrogen for the crop.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
3) For Water :
❑ There is a tough competition between crop and weed
for water in unirrigated and dryland areas. In such
area, scarcity of soil . water is the most common
feature. The water uptake is comparatively more by
weeds.
❑ The amount of water required to produce unit amount
of dry matter is called transpiration ratio. The
transpiration ratio of weed is comparatively high.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ It means in comparison to crop, to produce one tonne
biomass of weed requires more water than that of
crop. Under dryland areas soil water is absorbed
quickly by weeds depriving the crop of water and the
crop suffers adversely.
❑ The weed is capable to extract soil moisture even
available at above 0.3 atmospheric metric tension.
Therefore weed thrives well at permanent wilting
point of the crop (PWP for most of the Crop is 15
atm).
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ The transpiration ratio of Cynodon dactylon is around
813 compared to 450 for Bajra and 430 for sorghum.

❑ Amaranthus de pletes water frorn deep soil layers and

maintains its higher leaf water potential and turgor
potential than cotton through out the growth period.
Water hyacinth transpires 140-170% more water in
comparison to normal evaporation from the open
water surface. Therefore weed control is utmost
important in dryland or barani agriculture.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
(iii) For Light :
❑ The vast growth and rapid biomass producion of weeds
cause shading and smothering effect on the associated
crop.
❑ Majority of photosynthetically active radiations
(PAR)is harvested by weeds which results in reducing
photosynthesis in the crop.
❑ Thus it reduces the life of the smothered and shaded
crop.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ In the groundnut, weeds like Celosia argentia and
Amaranthus viridis cause shading effect and interfere
in harvesting of light.
❑ It is reported that Amaranthus hybridis reduced the
photon flux density by 90% reaching the cotton
canopy at mid-day.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
(iv) For CO2: When weed infestation is more,
competition for CO, may set in. Most of the weeds are C,
plants therefore weeds deplete CO to a very low
concentration in comparison to crops.
v) Allelopathic effect : Some of the weeds releases
Some chemicals which have allelopathic effect on crops.
Such weeds are Agropyron repens, Sorghum halepense,
Lantana camara, Abutilon theophrasti, Cyperus rotundus,
Euphorbia maculata, Ambrosia psitostachya. etc.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ The extracts from the rhizomes of Ambrosia reduce
germination and seedling growth f several crops like
wheat, oats, tomato and luceme.
❑ Exudates of roots of wild oat at 2 and 4 leaf stage
are toxic to wheat crop.
❑ The extract from Abutilo theophrasti decreased water
status of soyabean and this induced water shortage in
soyabean, leads to stomatal closure and breaking
down of chlorophyll.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ The critical period for crop weed competition is around
30 days for most of the crops. The average annual loss
due to weeds is 30-40% in different crops.
❑ The rapid and vast growth of the crop reduces the
length of this critical period. Such crops are sorghum,
maize, sunflower and cowpea etc.
❑ The length of the critical period for dwarf varieties is
shorter and for taller traditional varieties is longer.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Characteristics of weed :
1. They thrive well even under adverse conditions.
2. They spread vegetatively.
3. Able to regenerate lost parts.
4. Compete with cultivated plants.
5. Produce enormous number of seeds.
6. Its seed remain viable tor many years.
7. Al seeds of weed mature simultaneously.
8. Some weed seeds have hairy appendages.
9. Weeds have allelopathic effects on crops.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
10. It produces seeds in flushes.
11. Seed production through apomixis. spore etc.
12. Weed seeds have dormancy either inherited or induced.
Multiplication and Dissemination :
Weeds are prolifc with high fecundity. It multiply
profusely by:
(a)Bearing seeds or
(b) Propagules or by
(c) Both
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy

Weeds are dissenminated by three ways –

a)Weed seeds either fall near the mother plant or
b) Travel a long distance and short distance or
c) Travel with agricultural crops.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Most of weeds travel by various agencies –
(a) Structural modification like saccatie fruits, winged,
parachute fruits, plumed fruits, hook or spiny appendages.
b) Introduction from outside like Johnson grass (Sorghum
halepense).
(c) Impurities in crop seeds and in feed stuff.
(d) Threshing and cultivating machines spread rhizomes.
(e) Manuring with partially decomposed FYM &compost.
(F) Wind e.g. canada thistle seeds disseminate by wind.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
(g) Water/irigation.
(h) Animals [Link].
(i) Human activities e.g. Phalaris minor.

Weed Control :
(a)Preventive method
(b)Curative method : (i)Eradication, (ii)Control
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
(A) Preventive method :
Has two dimensions -
Time : to prevent the infestation prior to weed
germination.

Space: to prevent the introduction or spread to new areas.

Preventive method has following measures
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
a) Crop management practices are :
1. Use of vigorous and fast growing varieties.
2. Proper placement of fertilizer.
3. Better imigation practices.
4. Proper crop rotation.
5. Higher plant population.
6. Effective prevention of weed seed production both in
cropped and non-cropped area.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy

(b) Use of weed free crop seeds :Following procedures

are adopted
1. Clearing and testing.
2. Separating crop seeds by separators.
3. Employing clean [Link].
4. Using well decomposed weed free FYM and
compost. Adopting measures to prevent carrying of
weed seeds and propagules.
5. Seed certification.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Weed Laws: There is no weed law in India except
Karnataka which declared Parthenium hysterophorus as a
noxious weed.
(B) Curative Remedial Method :
(B1)Eradication methods; are
• Destroying the [Link] the initial stage of introduction
and before it produces any propagules or enforces its
regenerative capacity i.e. at an early growth stage.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
• Degenerating the buried dormant but viable seeds by
fumigation. flooding. heating & other method

(B2) Control Methods

• Cultural methods.
• Biological methods.
• Chemical methods
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
a) Cultural methods :
• Mechanical/Physical methods.
• Cropping and competitive/Ecological method.
(I) Mechanical or physical methods-
(a) Hand weeding : Two to four hand weedings for
most of the field crops. The interval between two
hand weedings is 15-20 days.
(b) Dredging : With the help of mechanical force to
remove weeds along with their roots and rhizome.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Chaining : Floating aquatic weeds are removed by
chaining. Other physical methods are - Hand hoeing,
Digging, Spudding, Tillage, Mowing, Mulching,
Flooding, Clipping, Buming, Chilling.
(ii) Cropping and competitive/crop husbandry or
ecological method: (a) Selective stimulation of
crops. (b) Bushing cultivation : Ploughing of field in
the standing crops to control weeds & reduce over
crowding.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy

(c) Stale seed bed technique : weeds are allowed to

germinate by wetting or rain and they are tilléd before
sowing rice.
(d) Crop rotation.
(e) Summer fallowing.
(f) Competitive cropping.
(g) Clean cultivation.
(h) Suitable time and method of planting crops.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
(b) Biological method : by employing crop plants,
parasites, predators and pathogens

(i) Cropping and competition.

(ii) Use of parasites ,predators & pathogens: Before the

release of such agents "starvation tests" are conducted
regarding the safety of non-target flora in and around
the area under a specific habitat.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Insects : lst attempt to control weeds by insects in 1920s
to control Lantana camara a prickly shrub introduced in
Hawaiian islands around 1860.
❑ In Australia :Lantana camara was controlled by two
beetles viz. Octotoma scabripennis and Vroplata
giraldi.

❑ In Argentina :To control opuntia, Cactoblastis

cactorum and Doctylopius opunita (from USA) were
used.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ Sri Chandrashekhar Lohumi discovered a bug (1975)
that destroys flowering weed Lantana in Nainital.

❑ Pricky pear weed (Opuntia) by Dactylopius indicus

and D. tomentone in Maharashtra and TN.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ Parthenium (Congress weed )was successfully
controlled t Zygogramma biocolorata when it was
introduced in 1983 from Mexico: by IIHR
Bangalore.

❑ Aligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) aquatic

weed by Agasicles hugronhula.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ Fungi : Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes/by
Rhizoctina blight Eichhomia rassipes by Alzernaria
eichhonia! (Water hyacinth was first introduced in
India as onamental plant in l896 from Brazil.)

❑ Opuntia [Link] Fusarium.

❑ Repcated grazing also control weeds. Ducks destroy

floating weeds. Pigs devour underground storage
tissues.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Limitations of Biological control :
❑ The weed must be highly specialised.
❑ It must, in its native habitat be subjected to control by
insect that will thrive in the new environment in
which it has established itself.
 General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
(c) Chemical Control :
❑ The earilest attempt in India was made to control
weeds by herbicides in 1937 in Punjab for controlling
Carthanmus oxycantha by LSing sodium arsenite.
❑ Credit for introducing 2,4D as a herbicide goes to
Marth and Mitchell of USA in 1944.2,4-D was first
time tested in India in 1946.
❑ it was Paraquat which introduced the chemical
concept in weed control in india particularly in tea
plantation.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
❑ Maximum herbicide is used in Tea & coffee
because there only way is to use herbicide.
Classification of Herbicides :
1. On the basis of chemical structure :
❑ Inorganic : First chemical used, Arsenic,Sodium
sulphuric acid, Sodium arsenate, Sodium
chlorate. Borax, Copper sulphate, Copper nitrate
etc.
❑ Organic Herbicides : 16 to 17 group
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Group Herbicides
1. Aliphatics Dalapon, TCA, Acrolein CH3Br
2. Amides & Acetamides all- chlor like Butachlor
3. Benjoics 2, 3, 6-TBA. Dicamba,
4. Bipyridiliurns Paraquat, Diquat (contact)
5. Carbamates Propham, barban, dichlornate
6. Thiocarbamates Butylate, Thiobencarb
7. Dithio carbamates CDEC, Metham
8. Nitriles Bromoxynil, Dichlobenil
9. Dinitro anilines Fluchloralin (Basalin), Pendimethalin,
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy

10. Phenols Dinoseb, DNOC,PCP

11. Phenoxys 2,4,5-T; MCPA, 2,4 -DB;
Dichlorprop
12. Triazines Atrazine, Propazine, Simazine (Soil ap
plied)
13. Ureas All-ron (like Diuron, Monuron,
Isoproturon)
14. Uracils Bromacil, Terbacil
15. Diphenyl ethers Nitrofen (Toke-25)
16. Others. Picloram, Pyrazon
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Common and Trade name of Herbicides
[Link]. Common name Trade name S no. Common name Trade name
1. Acetachlor Hamess 15. CDAA Randox
2. Acetachlor Safener Surpass 16. Cinosultusam Setoff
3. Acifluorfen Blazer 17. Chlorimun Classic,Kloben
4. Alachlor Lasso, Crop star 18. Chlosultorm Glean,Telar
5. Ametryn Evik, Gesapex 19. Cinmethylin Argold,Cinch
6. Anilifos Aniloguard 20. Clrthodin Select
7. Atrazine Aatrex, consequet 21. Clodinafop Topik
8. Barban Carbyne 22. Clomazon Command
9. Benefin Balan, Benfuralin 23. Clopyraid Reclaim, Lontrel
10. Bensuffurm Londax 24. Dalapin Dowpon,Hexapon
11. Bensulide Prefar, Betasan 25. Diallat Avadex

12. Bentazon Basagran, Pledgd 26. Dicamba Banvel, Trooper,

13. Butachlor Machete, .Lambast 27. Dichlobend Casoron, Dyclom
14 Butylate Sutan 28. Diclofop Hoelon, lloxan
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Common and Trade name of Herbicides
[Link]. Common name Trade name S no. Common name Trade name
29. Difenzoausal Avenge 43. Haloxyfop Galant, Verdict,
30. Diquat Aquaclde, 44. Imazethapyr Pursuit, Hammer
31. Dithiopyr Dimension 45. Totril Totril
32. Diuron Karmex 46. Isopropalin Paarlan
33. DSMA Ansar184, Ansar8100 47. Isoproturon Arelon
34. ETPC Eptam 48. Isoxaben Gallery
35. Fenoxaprop Whip, Bugle 49. Lactofen Cobra
36. Fluazifop-butyl Fusilade 50. Linuron Lorex,Linex,
37. Fluchloralin Basalin 51. MCPA Chiptox, Rhomene.
38. Fluometuron Cotoran, Meturon 52. MCPB Thristol, Cantro!
39. Fluoroxypyr Satane, Starrane 53. Mecoprop Mecomec,
Methoxone
40. Glufosinate Basta, Liberty, 54. Metolachlor Dual
41. Glyphosate Roundup, Accord, 55. Metoxuron Dosanex
42. Halosulfuron Permit 56. Metribuzin Sencor, Lexone
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
2. On Selectivity :
a) Selective herbicide : Such herbicide kills only target weeds
e.g. Simazine,Atrazine,2,4-D, MCPA, Butachlor,
Pendimethalin, Fuchloralin, Isoproturon etc.
(b) Non-selective herbicide : Kills all vegetation
(crop+weed both) when comes in contact e.g.
Diquat and Paraquat. However se lectivity depends
on dosage of herbicide.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
On Translocation : :

a) Systemic herbicide : Such herbicides move within the

weed ei ther through xylem or phloem and thus affect the
whole systenm ike photosynthesis & [Link] of
the systematic herbicides are selective at recommended
dose e.g. Propanil, 2,4-D, Atrazine, Simazine.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
(b) Contact herbicide : kills the vegetation either weeds
or crops when it comes in [Link] kills the part of the
plant that is in contact with herbicide e.g. Paraquat &
Diquat.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
[Link] the basis of time of application :
(a) Pre-plant applied : such herbicides are applied
before planting of crop in field e. g. Fluchloralin &
Alachlor.
(b) Pre-emergence : applied before emergence of
weeds but post emergence of crops e.g. only
selective herbicides.
(c) Post-emergence: applied after the emergence of
weed (and also crople.g. 2,4-D,Propanil, Diquat,
Paraquat, Dalapon.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
5. On the basis of Method of application :
(a) Foliage : It may be either contact or translocated.
(b) Soil applied : either selective or nonselective.
(c) Aquatic application : e.g. Copper sulphate,2,4-D.
Synergistic Effect
(i) Atrazine +2,4-D (low conc.)
(ii) Paraquat (low)+Pentachlor.
(iii) Atrazine +Alachlor (widely used in com).
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Antagonistic effect : Generally contact +systemic
herbicide combination show antagonistic effect.
i) Dalapon+Atrazine
(ii) TCA+2,4-D.
(iii) TCA+MCPA.
General
GeneralAgriculture
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Short name Full name
1. 2,4-D 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
2. 2,4-DB 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy butyric acid
3. 2,4,5-T 2,4, 5 trichlorophenoxy acetic acid
4. TCA Trichloro acetic acid
5. Propanil 3,4-dichloropropionanilide
(Stam -F34, Rogue)
6. MCPA 2-methyl, 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid
7. MCPB 2-methyl., 4-chlorophencxy butyric acid
8. Dalapon 2, 2- dichloropropionic acid (Sod. Salt
[Link] (propham) Isopropyl N - phenyl carbamate
National Research, centre for weed science at Jabalpur (1988)
lst Director: Dr. Vishnu Mohan Bhan,
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Active ingredient (a.i.) : Chemical in commercial
product that is directly responsible for the herbicidal
activity is called active ingredient. Generally expressed
as % by weight or by volume

The amount of commercial

Product to be required= Recommended dozeX 100
a.i.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Acid Equivalent (a.e.) : Some herbicides are active
organic ac ids like phenoxy acetic acid, picloram&
chloramben. But many of these are generally supplied in
the form of their salts and esters e.g. instead of 2, 4- D,in
acid form, sodium salt or amine salt or ester form is used.
➢ The theoretical yield of parent acid from such a
herbicide formulation is called its acid equivalent. The
acid equivalent of sodium salt of 2,4-D is 92.5%.It
means 2,4-D is 92.5% in sodium salt of 2,4-D and a.e.
is less than a.i.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Q. A product has 80% a.e.; To apply 2 kg a.e./ha What
will be the quantity of fomulation required.
Solution:
• To provide 80 kg a.e. 100 kg formulation is required.
• To provide 2 kg a.e.100/80 x 2 = 2.5 ka/ha
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Q. One has to apply 0.5kg a.i./ha of 80% atrazine then
quantity of atrazine required would be

Solution:
• 80kg atrazine is available in its 100 kg formulation.
• 0.5 kg atrazine is available in its 100 x 0.5-0.62kg/ha.
80
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Orobanche (Broom rape ):Total root parasite on
solanaceous plants like tobacco chilli, Brinjal, Potato. To
control it, a long crop rotation with tobacco crop once in
3 years and preceded by a chilli crop (as a trap) will
reduce the loss due to parasite.
Striga (witch weed ): Semi-root parasite found in
sorghum, maize, sugarcane, sunflower.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy
Herbicides for weed control in different crops.
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy

Keywords:
DAS’ :Days after sowing;
DAT : days after transplanting;
POE : Post-emergence
PE : Pre emergence;
PPI : Pre-plant incorporation
General Agriculture Classes by Agri Toppers Academy