COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES: PACKET SWITCHING > in packet switching, message is broken up into packets of fiaed or variable sie Each packet includes a header that contains source address, destination address and other control information, > Unlike circuit switching, in packet sw hing no resources are allocated for a packet in advance. Resources are allocated on demand ona first come fist serve basis > The packets are sent over the network node > At each node, the packet is stored briefly and then routed according to the > These tipes of networks are called store and forward networks. Individual packets ‘may follow different routes to reach the destination.MESSAGE SWITCHING: ADVANTAGES source & destination as in circuit 2. No physical connection is required between t the trafic congestion on network because of store & forward fac n store the message until communication channel becomes available 4. Channels are used effectively and network devices share the data channels.MESSAGE SWITCHINGMESSAGE SWITCHING: DISADVANTAGES 1. As message length is unlimited, each switching node must have sufficient storage butter message 2, Storing & forwarding facility introduces delay thus making message switching ‘unsuitable for real ime applications lke voice and video.MESSAGE SWITCHING > Amessage is a logical unit of information and can be of any length. > Message switching does not establish a dedicated path between the two communicating devices ie. no direct link is established between sender and receiver. Each message is treated as an independent unit > Every complete message is then transmitted from device to device through the > The intermediate node stores the complete message temporarily, inspect it for errors and transmits the message to the next node based on an availabe free channel and its routing informationCIRCUIT SWITCH ce that creates 2 temporary connection between an input > A circuit switch usually has n input lines and m output lines Le. number of input ines and number of output lines may not equal. A circuit switch is shown in figure 2s follows1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING PHASES: CIRCUIT DISCONNECT OR TEARDOWN PHASE > After completion of data transfer, When one ofthe part signal is sent to each switch to release the1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING: ADVANTAGES OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING 1. The dedicated path/circult established between sender and receiver provides 3 guaranteed data rate 2. Once the ctcult is established, data is transmitted without any delay as there is 3. Since a dedicated continuous transmission path is established, the method is suitable for long continuous transmission 4. There is low per-packet overhead as data is forwarded on the basis of time slot or frequency. Also packets do nat include P (and TCP/UDP) header.1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING: DISADVANTAGES OF CIRCUIT SWITCHING 2.10 inefficient in terms of utilization of system resources. As resources are allocated forthe entire duration of connection, these are not available to other connections 3. Dedicated channels require more bandwidth1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING PHASES: DATA TRANSFER PHASE > Actual data transfer between the source and destination takes place after the cated path is set up between them > The data flows are con wous between sender and receiver. There may be periods of silence in between. Generally, all the internal connections a1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING: PHASES Circut establishment or setup phase Data transfer phase1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING PHASES: CIRCUIT ESTABLISHMENT OR SETUP PHASE > in circuit switched network, before actual data transfer takes place, 9 dedicated circuit or path i established between the sender and receiver imunicating devices are A and 0, then a dedicated path will be up from ‘Ato 1.1 toll, tol and il to D first, as shown in igure as follows: Oooo‘TYPES OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES > in amplitude modulation, the amplitude ofthe signal is varied to represent change in signal. The frequency and the phase of signal remain constant1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING is the simplest method of data communication in which a dedicated physical on or path is established between the sending and 1 > In circuit switched networks, a set of switches a connected by physical links. > A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links a shown in figure as follows: Oo ~]PACKET SWITCHING: TYPES There are two different types of packet switching 1. Datagram Packet Switching 2. Virtual Circuit Packet Switching1. DATAGRAM PACKET SWITCHING > in this approach, a message is divided into a stream of packets. Each packet is jeparately addressed > Figure as follows show how a datagram approach is used to deliver four packets from station Ato station 0.COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES: INTRODUCTION ¥ Another technique that can determine how connections are made between the devices and how data movement is handled is switching > Acwitched network consists of series of interlinked nodes called switches. > Switches are hardware and/or software devices that are capable of creating > In a switched network, some of these nodes are connected to the end system or evices like computer or telephone communicating devices are labelled as A, B.C, , E and soon and the switches are labelled a lI IV and V. Each switch connected to multiple linksCOMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES: INTRODUCTION1. DATAGRAM PACKET SWITCHING > Datagram approach can cause the datagrams to arrive at their destination out of ‘order with diferent delays between the packets. > Packets may also be lost or dropped because of lack of resources. ram networks are also referred as connection > The data oF tear down phases. ction state. There are no connection establish2. VIRTUAL CIRCUIT PACKET SWITCHING > inthis approach, a logical connection called virtual crcut is set up between sender and receiver before any data transfer takes pl > This approach preserves the relationship between all the packets belonging to 2 message > Just like circuit switching, vitual circuit approtch has a setup, data transfer and tear down phases > Resources can be allocated during the set up phase, asin circuit switched networks ‘on demand, as in a datagram network. All the packets of a message follow the same path established during the connection >A virtual circuit network is normally implemented in the data link layer, w circuit switched network is implemented in the physical layer and a datagram network in the network layer.2. VIRTUAL CIRCUIT PACKET SWITCHING: SETUP PHASE2. VIRTUAL CIRCUIT PACKET SWITCHING: DATA TRANSFER PHASEADVANTAGES OF PACKET SWITCHING 1. A-witching node can route the packets as and when required nodes do nat have to wait for the Dastl entire message, hence the transmission is very fast. 3. Storage requirement for buffering ets at intermediate nodes is minimal as packets are of small & fixed size. 4. it increases the bandwidth of the network by allowing many devices to communicate through the same network channel f/teal time applications. itis thus more suitable for 5. The method is fast enough for inte burst computer to computer communication 6. can deal with corrupt of lost data by retransmiting the lost or corrupt data 7.1is possible to perform data rate conversion 8 tis also possible to assign priorities to packets and messages.2. VIRTUAL CIRCUIT PACKET SWITCHING: TEAR DOWN PHASEDISADVANTAGES OF PACKET SWITCHING 1. Packets may be lost on their route, so sequence numbers are required to identify 3. Switching nodes for packet switching require lar quantities of packets