MEN31001
MEN310 Heat
HeatTransfer
Transfer
Lecture 9
2D Steady-state Conduction
Method of Separation of Variables
Conduction Shape Factors
Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rates
Aejung Yoon
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Consider a long, prismatic sloid in which there is 2D conduction.
Adiabats: no heat can be conducted across a heat flow line
The Method of Separation of Variables
Consider the system of the figure shown below.
y
Governing equation:
B.C.s
T = T1 at x = 0, L
0 x T = T1 at y = 0
T = T2 at y = w
Introducing the transformation
T - T1
q=
T2 - T1
we get the transformed differential equation
¶ 2q ¶ 2q
2
+ 2 =0
¶x ¶y
and the boundary conditions
q ( 0, y ) = 0, q ( L, y ) = 0,
q ( x, 0 ) = 0, q ( x, W ) = 1
We can assume a solution of the form
Substituting this form into the governing equation yields
d2X d 2Y
Y 2
+X 2 =0
dx dy
Dividing by , we obtain
1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y
- 2
=
X dx Y dy 2
Identifying this separation constant as , we then obtain
d2X 2
2
+ l X =0
dx
d 2Y 2
2
- l Y =0
dy
The general solutions are
X = C1 cos l x + C2 sin l x
Y = C3e - l y + C4 el y
Hence the general form of the 2D solution is
q ( x, y ) = ( C1 cos l x + C2 sin l x ) ( C3e - l y + C4 el y )
Applying B.C.s, we obtain the final solution as
np y
n +1 sinh
2 ¥ ( -1) + 1 np x L
q ( x, y ) = å sin
p n =1 n L sinh np W
L
FIGURE 4.3 Isotherms and heat flow lines for 2D conduction in a rectangular plate
The Conduction Shape Factor
The heat transfer rate may be expressed as
where is a shape factor
is the temperature difference between boundaries.
A two-dimensional conduction resistance may be expressed as
Shape factors for 1D plane, cylindrical, and spherical walls (Table 3.3)
may also be defined as
The Dimensionless Conduction Heat Rate
For conduction from objects (T1) embedded in an infinite medium (T2),
the heat transfer rate may be expressed as
where is a dimensionless conduction heat rate
is the surface area of the object
is a characteristic length
Example : Electric wire with insulation
Example : Electric wire with insulation
Known: D, d, k, h
Find: Rt¢, cond and Rt¢, cond (2 D )
Assumptions:
(1) Steady-state
(2) Constant properties
(3) Uniform T1 and T2
(4) Negligible radiation exchange
Analysis:
k 0.35 d
rcr = = = 23 mm ® tcr = rcr - = 21 mm
h 15 2
For the concentric wire,
ln éë rcr ( d 2 )ùû
Rt¢, cond (1D ) = = 1.0 m × K W
2p k
Example : Electric wire with insulation
Analysis:
For the eccentric wire, Case 7 of Table 4.1
z = 0.5tcr = 0.010m
2 2 2
-1 æ D + d - 4 z ö
cosh ç ÷
1 è 2 Dd ø = 0.91 m × K W
Rt¢, cond ( 2 D ) = =
S ¢k 2p k
The maximum resistance is associated with the concentric wire case; For
this application, eccentricity of the wire relative to the coating provides
enhanced thermal performance relative to the concentric wire case.
Example: Dimensionless conduction heat rate
Problem : Based on the dimensionless conduction heat rates for cases
12–15 in Table 4.1b, find shape factors for the following objects having
temperature T1 , located at the surface of a semi-infinite medium having
temperature T2 . The surface of the semi-infinite medium is adiabatic.
(a) A buried hemisphere, flush with the surface.
(b) A disk on the surface. Compare your result to Table 4.1a, case 10.
(c) A square on the surface.
(d) A buried cube, flush with the surface.
Find: Shape factors between object at T1 and semi-infinite medium at T2.
Assumptions: (1) Steady-state (2) Semi-infinite medium, (3) Constant
properties, (4) Surface of semi-infinite medium is adiabatic
Analysis: Cases 12-15 of Table 4.1 all pertain to objects buried in an
infinite medium. Since they all possess symmetry about a horizontal
plane that bisects the object, they are equivalent to the cases given in this
problem for which the horizontal plane is adiabatic. 12
*
q¢¢ =
q T -T
= qss* k 1 2 ® S =
q q *
A 2
= ss s = ss
q ( 4p As )
As 2 Lc k (T1 - T2 ) Lc 2
12 2 12
(a) S = qss* (p As ) = qss* (p × p D ) =pD
2 12
2 2 æ pD ö
(b) S = çp × ÷ = 2 D This agrees with Table 4.1(a), Case 10
p è 2 ø
2 12
(
(c) S = 0.932 p × 2 D )
= 0.932 2p D = 2.34 D
12
(
(d) S = 0.961 ép 2 D 2 + 4 D × 2 D ù = 5.39 D
ë û )
The height of the “whole object” is d=2D
