Title: Straight Line

Chapter: Straight Line

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Rectangular cartesian co-ordinate systems :

We shall right now focus on two-dimensional co-ordinate geometry in which two perpendicular lines called
co-ordinate axes (x-axis and y-axis) are used to locate a point in the plane.

O is called origin. Any point P in this plane can be represented by a unique ordered pair (x, y), which are
called co-ordinates of that point. x is called x co-ordinate or abscissa and y is called y co-ordinate or
ordinate. The two perpendicular lines xox and yoy divide the plane in four regions which are called
quadrants, numbered as shown in the figure.
Let us look at some of the formulae linked with points now.

Distance Formula :
In rectangular Cartesian coordinate system
The distance between the points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) is =  x1  x2 2   y1  y2 2 .

Example # 1 : Find the value of x, if the distance between the points (x, 8) and (4, 3) is 13
Solution : Let P(x ,8) and Q(4, 3) be the given points. Then PQ = 13 (given)
(x  4)2  (8  3)2 = 13  (x – 4)2 + 25 = 169  x = 16 or x = – 8

Self practice problems :

(1) Show that four points (0, –1), (6, 7) (–2, 3) and (8, 3) are the vertices of a rectangle.
(2) Find the co-ordinates of the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (8, 6), (8, –2) and (2,
–2). Also find its circumradius.
Ans. (2) (5, 2), 5

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Section Formula :
If P(x, y) divides the line joining A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n, then;
m x 2  n x1 m y 2  n y1
x= ;y= .
m  n m  n
m m
Notes : (i) If is positive, the division is internal, but if is negative, the division is external.
n n
(ii) If P divides AB internally in the ratio m : n & Q divides AB externally in the ratio m : n
then
P & Q are said to be harmonic conjugate of each other w.r.t. AB.
2 1 1
Mathematically,   i.e. AP, AB & AQ are in H.P.
AB AP AQ

Example # 2 : Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (2, 5) and
(– 3, 7) in the ratio 2 : 3 (i) internally and (ii) externally.
Solution : Let P (x, y) be the required point.
(i) For internal division :

 6  6 14  15   29  (2, 5) (–3, 7)
(x, y) =  ,  =  0, 5 
 2  3 2  3   
(ii) For external division
3
2
P A B
 6  6 14  15  (x, y) (2, 5) (–3, 7)
(x, y) =  ,  = (12, 1)
 23 23 
Example # 3 : Find the co-ordinates of points which trisect the line segment joining (2, – 3) and (4, 5).
Solution : Let A (2, –3) and B(4, 5) be the given points. Let the points of trisection be P and Q. Then
AP = PQ = QB =  (say)
 PB = PQ + QB = 2 and AQ = AP + PQ = 2
 AP : PB =  : 2 = 1 : 2 and AQ : QB = 2 :  = 2 : 1
So P divides AB internally in the ratio 1 : 2 while Q divides internally in the ratio 2 : 1

(2, –3) (4, 5)

So P divides AB internally in the ratio 1:2 while Q divides internally in the ratio 2: 1
44 56 8 1
 the co-ordinates of P are 
1  2
,
1  2  =  3 , 3 
   
 8  2 10  3   10 7 
and the co-ordinates of Q are  ,  = , 
 1 2 1  2   3 3 
8 1  10 7 
Hence, the points of trisection are  ,   and  , 
3 3  3 3

Self practice problems :

(3) In what ratio does the point (4, 1) divide the line segment joining the points
(1, –2) and (5, 2).
(4) The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in order are (–2, 0), (4, 2) and (5, 3) respectively.
Find the co-ordinates of the fourth vertex.
Ans. (3) 3 : 1 internally (4) (–1, 1)

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The ratio in which a given line divides the line segment joining two points :
Let the given line ax + by + c = 0 divide the line segment joining A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2) in the ratio m : n, then
m a x1  b y1  c
 . If A & B are on the same side of the given line then m/n is negative but if A & B are
n a x2  b y2  c
on opposite sides of the given line, then m/n is positive

Example # 4 : Find the ratio in which the line joining the points A (1, 2) and B(– 3, 4) is divided by the line
x + y – 5 = 0.
Solution : Let the line x + y = 5 divides AB in the ratio k : 1 at P
 3k  1 4k  2 
 co-ordinate of P are  , 
 k 1 k 1 
Since P lies on x + y – 5 = 0
3k  1 4k  2 1
 + –5=0  k=–
k 1 k 1 2
 Required ratio is 1 : 2 externally. .
Aliter : Let the ratio is m : n
m (1 1  1 2  5) 1
 =– =–  ratio is 1 : 2 externally.
n 1 ( 3)  1 4  5 2

Self practice problem :

(5) If the line 2x– 3y +  = 0 divides the line joining the points A (– 1, 2) & B(– 3, – 3) internally in
the ratio 2 : 3, find .
18
Ans.
5
Slope Formula :
If  is the angle at which a straight line is inclined to the positive direction of xaxis, &
0°  < 180°,  90°, then the slope of the line, denoted by m, is defined by m = tan . If  is 90°, m
does not exist, but the line is parallel to the yaxis. If = 0, then m = 0 & the line is parallel to the
x-axis. If A (x1, y1) & B (x2, y2), x1  x2, are points on a straight line, then the slope m of the line is given
 y  y2 
by : m =  1 .
 x1  x 2 

Example # 5 : What is the slope of a line whose inclination with the positive direction of x-axis is :
(i) 30º (ii) 90º (iii) 135º
Solution : (i) Here   = 30º
1
Slope = tan  = tan 30º = .
3
(ii) Here  = 90º
 The slope of line is not defined.
(iii) Here = 135º
 Slope = tan  = tan 135º = tan (180º – 45º) = – tan 45º = – 1.

Example # 6 : Find the slope of the line passing through the points :
(i) (2, 7) and (– 3, 4) (ii) (6, 9) and (–2, 7)
Solution : (i) Let A = (2, 7) and B = (– 3, 4)
47 3  y 2  y1 
 Slope of AB = =  Using slope  
3  2 5  x 2  x1 

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 79 1
(ii) Let A = (6, 9), B = (–2, 7)  Slope of AB = =
2  6 4

Self practice problems :

(6) Find the value of x, if the slope of the line joining (1, 5) and (x, –7) is 4.
(7) What is the inclination of a line whose slope is
(i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) –1 (iv) –1/ 3

Ans. (6) –2 (7) (i) 0º, (ii) 45º, (iii) 135º, (iv) 150º
Condition of collinearity of three points :
Points A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if
 y  y2   y 2  y3 
(i) mAB = mBC = mCA i.e.  1 =  
 x1  x 2   x 2  x 3 
x1 y1 1
(ii)  ABC = 0 i.e. x2 y2 1 = 0
x3 y3 1
(iii) AC = AB + BC or AB ~ BC
(iv) A divides the line segment BC in some ratio.

Example # 7 : Show that the points (–2, –1), (2, 7) and (5, 13) are collinear.
Solution : Let (–2, –1) (2, 7) and (5, 13) be the co-ordinates of the points A, B and C respectively.
7 1 13  7
Slope of AB = = 2 and Slope of BC = =2
22 52
 Slope of AB = slope of BC
 AB & BC are parallel
 A, B, C are collinear because B is on both lines AB and BC.
Self practice problem :
1 1
(8) Prove that the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear if + =1
a b
Area of a Triangle :

If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle ABC, then its area is equal to 
x1 y1 1
1
  ABC = x2 y2 1 , provided the vertices are considered in the counter clockwise sense. The
2
x3 y3 1

above formula will give a  ve area if the vertices (xi, yi), i = 1, 2, 3 are placed in the clockwise sense.

Note: Area of n-sided polygon formed by points (x1, y1) ; (x2, y2); ........;(xn, yn) is given by
1  x1 x 2 x 2 x3 x xn xn x1 
   ............... n1  .
2 y
 1 y 2 y 2 y 3 y n 1 y n yn y1 
Here vertices are taken in order.

Example # 8 : If the co-ordinates of two points A and B are (2, 1) and (4, –3)respectively. Find the co-
ordinates of any point P if PA = PB and Area of PAB = 6.

Solution : Let the co-ordinates of P be (x, y). Then

PA = PB   PA2 = PB2   
  (x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = (x – 4)2 + (y + 3)2  x – 2y = 5 ....(i)

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 x y 1
1
Now, Area of PAB = 6  2 1 1 =±6  4x + 2y – 10 = ± 12
2
4 3 1
 4x + 2y = 22 or 4x + 2y = –2  2x + y = 11 or 2x + y = –1
27 1
Solving 2x + y = 11 and x – 2y = 5 we get x = ,y= .
5 5
3 11
Solving 2x + y = –1 and x – 2y = 5, we get x = ,y=– .
5 5
 27 1   3 11 
Thus, the co-ordinates of P are  ,  or  ,  
 5 5 5 5 
Self practice problems :

(9) The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its vertices are (2, 1) and (3, –2). The third vertex lies on
y = x + 3. Find the third vertex.

(10) The coordinates of A, B, C are (6, 3), (–3, 5) & (4,–2) respectively and p is any point
x y2
(x, y).Show that the ratio of the areas of the triangles PBC and ABC is
7
 7 13   3 3
Ans. (9)  2 , 2  or   2 , 2 
   

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 EXERCISE – I
Part - I : Subjective Questions
1. (i) Prove that the points (2a, 4a), (2a, 6a) and (2a + 3a , 5a) are the vertices of an equilateral
triangle whose side is 2a.
(ii) Find the points which trisect the line segment joining the points (0, 0) and (9, 12).

1 
2. (i) In what ratio does the point  , 6  divide the line segment joining the points (3, 5) and (– 7, 9)?
2 
(ii) In which ratio P(2a – 2, 4a – 6)) divides Q (2a – 3, 3a – 7) and R(2a, 6a – 4).

3. (i) Find the value of  such that points P(1, 2), Q(– 2, 3) and R( + 1, ) are not forming a triangle?
(ii) Find the ratio in which the line segment joining of the points (1, 2) and (– 2, 3) is divided by the
line 3x + 4y = 7
(iii) Find the harmonic conjugate of the point R (5, 1) with respect to points P (2, 10) and Q (6, – 2).

4. A and B are the points (3, 4) and (5, – 2) respectively. Find the co-ordinates of a point P such that PA =
PB and the area of the triangle PAB = 10.

5. Find the area of the quadrilateral with vertices as the points given in each of the following :
(i) (0, 0), (4, 3), (6, 0), (0, 3) (ii) (0, 0), (a, 0), (a, b), (0, b)

Part - II : Only One Option Correct Type

1. Mid point of A(0, 0) and B(1024, 2048) is A1. mid point of A1 and B is A2 and so on. Coordinates of A10
are.

(A) (1022, 2044) (B) (1025, 2050) (C) (1023, 2046) (D) (1, 2)

2. If the points (k, 2 – 2k), (1 – k, 2k) and (–k –4, 6 – 2k) be collinear, the number of possible values of k are
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 3

3. Given a ABC with unequal sides. P is the set of all points which is equidistant from B & C and Q is the
set of all point which is equidistant from sides AB and AC. Then n(P  Q) equals :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) Infinite

4. A line segment AB is divided internally and externally in the same ratio (> 1) at P and Q respectively and
M is mid point of AB.
Statement-1: MP, MB, MQ are in G.P.
Statement-2 AP, AB and AQ are in HP.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1

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 (C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false

5. Find the area of the triangle formed by the mid points of sides of the triangle whose vertices are (2, 1), (–
2, 3), (4, – 3)
(A) 1.5 sq. units (B) 3 sq. units (C) 6 sq. units (D) 12 sq. units

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 Answer Key
Part - I : Subjective Questions
1. (ii) (3, 4) (6, 8)
2. (i) 1:3 internally (ii) 1:2
3
3. (i) (ii) 4 : 1 internally (iii) (8, – 8).
2
4. (7, 2) or (1, 0)
5. (i) 15 (ii) |ab|

Part - II : Only One Option Correct Type

1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (A)

Solution
Part - I : Subjective Questions

1. (i) AB= BC = CA = 2a hence triangle is equilateral.

(ii) Let required point is P & Q

 9  2  0 1 12  2  0 
P divides in 1 : 2 P ,   (3, 4)
 1 2 1 2 
 2  9  1 0 2  12  1 0 
Q divides in 2 : 1 Hence Q 
2 1
,
2 1   Q (6, 8)
 

1 
2. (i) Let  , 6  divide the line segment joining the points (3, 5) and (–7, 9) in  : 1
2 

1 7  3
=  =1:3
2  1

(ii)
2a  2a  3 6a  4  3a  7
= 2a – 2 = 4a – 6
 1  1
1 1
= . = .
2 2

1 2 1
3
3. (i) 2 3 1 =0  – 4 + 6 = 0  = .
2
 1  1

 2  1 3  2 
(ii) Let required point is P. coordinate of P  , 
  1  1 

 2  1   3  2 
P lies on given line 3 
  1  + 4   1  – 7 = 0 
   
   – 6 + 3 + 12 + 8 – 7 – 7 = 0  –  + 4 = 0   = 4
(iii) Let R(5, 1) divides line segment joining P(2,10) and Q(6, – 2) in  : 1

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 6  2
5= =3
 1
Hence Harmonic congruent divides in 3 : 1 externaly
 18  2 6  10 
Hence required part is  ,  = (8, -8)
 3 1 3 1 

4. Let coordinates of P(x,y)

given PA = PB   (x – 3)2 + (y – 4)2 = (x – 5)2 + (y + 2)2  4x – 12y = 4
  x – 3y = 1 ...(i)
x y 1
1
3 4 1 = 10  6x + 2y – 26 = ± 20  3x + y – 13 = ± 10
2
5 2 1
 3x + y = 23 ...(ii)
 3x + y = 3 ...(iii)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get (7, 2) ; Solving (i) and (iii) we get (1, 0)

10 0 4 6 0
5. (i) Area = = 15 sq. units
20 3 3 0 0

(0,b) (a,b)

(ii) Given figure is rectangle. Hence area = |ab| sq. units (0,0) (a,0)

Part - II : Only One Option Correct Type

 0  x1 0  y1   x1 y1   1  1
1. A 1 ,    ,   1   x1 , 1   y1
 2 2   2 2  2  2

 x1 y 
  x1 1  y1   
A2 2 , 2    3 x1 , 3 y1   1  1    1  1  x1, 1  1  y1 
 2 2   2 2 2
2   2
2    2
2   2  
2
 
 

 3 x1 3 y1 
 2  x1  1
   7 x , 7 y    1  1  x , 1  1  y 
2
A3 2 , 2  2 3  
1 3 1 1 1
 2 2   23 2   23  
 
 

 1   1  
A 10  1  10  x1, 1  10  y1   1023, 2046 
  2   2  

2. Since A, B, C are collinear

Slope of AB = Slope of BC A(k, 2 – 2k) B(1 – k, 2k) C(– k– 4, 6 – 2k)
2  2k  2k 2k  6  2k 2  4k 4k  6
=  =
k  1 k 1 k  k  4 2k  1 5
1
10 – 20k = (4k – 6)(2k – 1)  (4k – 6)(2k – 1) + 10(2k – 1) = 0 k = ,–1
2

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3.
P lies on line AD; Q lies on EM
(where E is midpoint of BC)  n(P Q) = 2

4.
AP, AB, AQ are in H.P.
AB AB AB
AP – , AB – , AQ – are in G.P.
2 2 2
MP, MB, MQ are in G.P.

1
5. Area of the triangle formed by joining the mid points of the sides of the triangle = (area of the triangle)
4

2 1 1
1 1 1 1
= × –2 3 1 = [2(3 + 3)–(–2 – 4)+ 1(6 – 12)] = × 6 = 1.5 [Link]
4 2 8 4
4 –3 1

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