UNIT – II

TRANSFORMERS
PART-B
1. Explain the principle of operation of a transformer. Derive its EMF equation.(Nov
2013, May 2014, May 2017, Nov 2017)
A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the transformation of
electric power in one circuit to electric power of the same frequency in another circuit.
The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit, but with a proportional increase or
decrease in the current ratings.
The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two
circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two
coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a
path of reluctance. The working principle of the transformer can be understood from the
figure below.

As shown above the transformer has primary and secondary windings. The core laminations
are joined in the form of strips in between the strips you can see that there are some narrow
gaps right through the cross-section of the core. These staggered joints are said to be
‘imbricated’. Both the coils have high mutual inductance. A mutual electro-motive force is
induced in the transformer from the alternating flux that is set up in the laminated core, due to
the coil that is connected to a source of alternating voltage. Most of the alternating flux
developed by this coil is linked with the other coil and thus produces the mutual induced
electro-motive force. The so produced electro-motive force can be explained with the help of
Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction as
e=M*dI/dt
If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flow in it and thus electrical energy is transferred
magnetically from the first to the second coil.
The alternating current supply is given to the first coil and hence it can be called as the
primary winding. The energy is drawn out from the second coil and thus can be called as the
secondary winding.
In short, a transformer carries the operations shown below:
1. Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.
2. Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.
3. Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction.
4. The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction.
E.M.F Equation of Transformer:
EMF Equation of transformer can be established in a very easy way. Actually in
electrical power transformer, one alternating electrical source is applied to the primary
winding and due to this, magnetizing current flowing through the primary winding which
produces alternating flux in the core of transformer. This flux links with both primary and
secondary windings. As this flux is alternating in nature, there must be a rate of change of
flux. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction if any coil or conductor links
with any changing flux, there must be an induced emf in it. As the current source to primary is
sinusoidal, the flux induced by it will be also sinusoidal. Hence, the function of flux may be
considered as a sine function. Mathematically, derivative of that function will give a function
for rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time. This later function will be a cosine
function since d(sinθ)/dt = cosθ. So, if we derive the expression for rms value of this cosine
wave and multiply it with number of turns of the winding, we will easily get the expression for
rms value of induced emf of that winding. In this way, we can easily derive the emf equation
of transformer.
Let's say, T is number of turns in a winding,
Φm is the maximum flux in the core in Wb.
As per Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,

Where φ is the instantaneous alternating flux and represented as,

As the maximum value of cos2πft is 1, the maximum value of induced emf e is,

To obtain the rms value of induced counter emf, divide this maximum value of e by √2.

This is EMF equation of transformer.

If E1 & E2 are primary and secondary emfs and T1 & T2 are primary and secondary turns then,
voltage ratio or turns ratio of transformer is,

2. Explain the constructional details and working of core type and shell type
transformers with neat sketches. (May 2013)
Types of Transformers
The types of transformers differ in the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are
provided around the laminated steel core. According to the design, transformers can be
classified into two:
1. Core- Type Transformer
In core-type transformer, the windings are given to a considerable part of the core. The coils
used for this transformer are form-wound and are of cylindrical type. Such a type of
transformer can be applicable for small sized and large sized transformers. In the small sized
type, the core will be rectangular in shape and the coils used are cylindrical. The figure below
shows the large sized type. You can see that the round or cylindrical coils are wound in such a
way as to fit over a cruciform core section. In the case of circular cylindrical coils, they have a
fair advantage of having good mechanical strength. The cylindrical coils will have different
layers and each layer will be insulated from the other with the help of materials like paper,
cloth, micarta board and so on. The general arrangement of the core-type transformer with
respect to the core is shown below. Both low-voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV) windings
are shown.

The low voltage windings are placed nearer to the core as it is the easiest to insulate.
The effective core area of the transformer can be reduced with the use of laminations
and insulation.

2. Shell-Type Transformer
In shell-type transformers the core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings. The
comparison is shown in the figure below.
The coils are form-wound but are multi layer disc type usually wound in the form of pancakes.
Paper is used to insulate the different layers of the multi-layer discs. The whole winding
consists of discs stacked with insulation spaces between the coils. These insulation spaces
form the horizontal cooling and insulating ducts. Such a transformer may have the shape of a
simple rectangle or may also have a distributed form.

A strong rigid mechanical bracing must be given to the cores and coils of the transformers.
This will help in minimizing the movement of the device and also prevents the device from
getting any insulation damage. A transformer with good bracing will not produce any
humming noise during its working and will also reduce vibration.
A special housing platform must be provided for transformers. Usually, the device is placed in
tightly-fitted sheet-metal tanks filled with special insulating oil. This oil is needed to circulate
through the device and cool the coils. It is also responsible for providing the additional
insulation for the device when it is left in the air.
There may be cases when the smooth tank surface will not be able to provide the needed
cooling area. In such cases, the sides of the tank are corrugated or assembled with radiators on
the sides of the device. The oil used for cooling purpose must be absolutely free from alkalis,
sulphur and most importantly moisture. Even a small amount of moistures in the oil will cause
a significant change in the insulating property of the device, as it lessens the dielectric strength
of the oil to a great extent. Mathematically speaking, the presence of about 8 parts of water in
1 million reduces the insulating quality of the oil to a value that is not considered standard for
use. Thus, the tanks are protected by sealing them air-tight in smaller units. When large
transformers are used, the air tight method is practically difficult to implement. In such cases,
chambers are provided for the oil to expand and contract as its temperature increases and
decreases. These breathers form a barrier and resist the atmospheric moisture from contact
with oil. Special care must also be taken to avoid sledging. Sledging occurs when oil
decomposes due to over exposure to oxygen during heating. It results in the formation of large
deposits of dark and heavy matter that clogs the cooling ducts in the transformer.

The selection between the core and shell type is made by comparing the cost because similar
characteristics can be obtained from both types. Most manufacturers prefer to use shell-type
transformers for high-voltage applications or for multi-winding design. When compared to a
core type, the shell type has a longer mean length of coil turn. Other parameters that are
compared for the selection of transformer type are voltage rating, kilo-volt ampere rating,
weight, insulation stress, heat distribution and so on.

3. Draw the phasor diagram of transformer when it is operating under load(Nov 2017)
(May 2014)(May 2017)
(or)
Draw and explain the phasor diagram of a transformer under leading, lagging and
unity power factor. Phasor diagram should indicate primary and secondary
parameters. (Nov 2020)
Theory of Transformer on Load
Theory of Transformer on Load but Having No Winding Resistance and Leakage
Reactance
Transformer on load, which means load is connected to the secondary terminals.
Consider, transformer having core loss but no copper loss and leakage reactance. Whenever
load is connected to the secondary winding, load current will start to flow through the load as
well as secondary winding. This load current solely depends upon the characteristics of the
load and also upon secondary voltage of the transformer. This current is called secondary
current or load current, here it is denoted as I 2. As I2 is flowing through the secondary, a self
mmf in secondary winding will be produced. Here it is N 2I2, where, N2 is the number of turns
of the secondary winding of transformer.
This mmf or magneto motive force in the secondary winding produces flux φ 2. This φ2 will
oppose the main magnetizing flux and momentarily weakens the main flux and tries to reduce
primary self induced emf E 1. If E1 falls down below the primary source voltage V1, there will
be an extra current flowing from source to primary winding. This extra primary current I2′
produces extra flux φ′ in the core which will neutralize the secondary counter flux φ 2. Hence
the main magnetizing flux of core, Φ remains unchanged irrespective of load.
So total current, this transformer draws from source can be divided into two components, first
one is utilized for magnetizing the core and compensating the core loss i.e. I o. It is no-load
component of the primary current. Second one is utilized for compensating the counter flux of
the secondary winding. It is known as load component of the primary current.
Hence total no load primary current I1 of a electrical power transformer having no winding
resistance and leakage reactance can be represented as follows

Where θ2 is the angle between Secondary Voltage and Secondary Current of transformer.
Theory of Transformer On Load, With Resistive Winding, But No Leakage Reactance
Now, consider the winding resistance of transformer but no leakage reactance. So far we have
discussed about the transformer which has ideal windings, means winding with no resistance
and leakage reactance, but now we will consider one transformer which has internal resistance
in the winding but no leakage reactance. As the windings are resistive, there would be a

voltage drop in the windings.

We have proved earlier that, total primary current from the source on load is I1. The voltage
drop in the primary winding with resistance, R1 is R1I1. Obviously, induced emf across
primary winding E1, is not exactly equal to source voltage V1. E1 is less than V1 by voltage
drop I1R1.

Again in the case of secondary, the voltage induced across the secondary winding, E 2 does not
totally appear across the load since it also drops by an amount I 2R2, where R2 is the secondary
winding resistance and I2 is secondary current or load current.
Similarly, voltage equation of the secondary side of the transformer will be

Theory of Transformer on Load, With Resistance As Well As Leakage Reactance in

Transformer Windings
Now we will consider the condition, when there is leakage reactance of transformer as well as
winding resistance of transformer.
 Let leakage reactance’s of primary and secondary windings of the transformer are X1 and
X2 respectively.
Hence total impedance of primary and secondary winding of transformer with resistance R1
and R2 respectively, can be represented as,

We have already established the voltage equation of a transformer on load, with only
resistances in the windings, where voltage drops in the windings occur only due to resistive
voltage drop. But when we consider leakage reactance’s of transformer windings, voltage drop
occurs in the winding not only because of resistance, it is because of impedance of transformer
windings. Hence, actual voltage equation of a transformer can easily be determined by just
replacing resistances R1 & R2 in the previously established voltage equations by Z1 and Z2.
Therefore, the voltage equations are,

Resistance drops are in the direction of current vector but, reactive drop will be
perpendicular to the current vector as shown in the above vector diagram of
transformer.
[Link] the method of calculating the regulation and efficiency of a single
phase transformer by OC and SC tests. (May 2012)
OPEN CIRCUIT (OCC) TEST.
Open circuit test is conducted on the transformer for the following purposes
1. I. To determine the shunt parameters in the equivalent circuit
2. II. To determine core loss
3. III. To determine the magnetizing current (Im)
During this test, the rated voltage is supplied to one of the winding while the other winding is
kept open. Normally LV side is provided with the rated voltage and the LV side is kept open.
If the transformer is used at voltages other than the rated voltage, then the test should be
conducted at that voltage. The meters are connected to the transformer as shown in the circuit
diagram. After applying the voltage the meter readings are noted. The ammeter reading
corresponds to the no load current Io and the watt meter reading corresponds to the core loss
or iron loss Pi.
Pi = Po (Iron loss)
Shunt parameters in the equivalent circuit can be calculated from the following formula.
Yo = Gi - jBm
Yo = I o / V i
Vi2 Gi = Po
Hence,
The conductance Gi = Po / Vi2
The susceptance Bm = √ (Yo2 - Gi2)

SHORT CIRCUIT (SC) TEST

Short circuit test is conducted to determine the following

I. The full load cu- loss (Copper loss).
II. Leakage reactance and equivalent resistance.
In short circuit test supply arrangements are made at the HV side and the LV side is short
circuited. The voltage needed for the short circuit test is 5 - 8% of rated voltage of the
transformer.
Since the test on the HV side requires less current than that on the LV side supply is provided
on the HV side. The supply voltage is gradually raised from zero till the transformer draws its
full load current.
Voltage = Vs; current = Isc; Power input = Psc
The iron loss during the short circuit test is negligible due to very low excitation voltage.
Therefore power drawn will be sufficient to satisfy the copper loss.
Hence the watt meter reading corresponds to the full toad copper loss.
Psc = Pcu (Copper loss)
Z = V sc / I sc
= √ (R2 + X2)
Equivalent resistance R = Pcu/ I sc2
Equivalent reactance X = √ (Z2 - R2)
Since the iron loss is neglected the shunt branch in the equivalent circuit can also be neglected.
 Voltage Regulation at Lagging Power factor:

Voltage Regulation at Leading Power factor:

Transformer Efficiency.

Efficiency can be calculated by determining core losses from open-circuit test and copper
losses from short-circuit [Link] efficiency of a transformer at a particular load and power
factor is defined as the ratio of power output to power input.

It may be noted that the efficiency is based on power output in watts and not in volt-
amperes, although losses are proportional to volt-amperes. Hence at any volt-ampere
load, the efficiency depends on power factor, being maximum at unity power factor.

[Link] an expression for saving of copper when an auto transformer is used.

(Nov2011, Nov 2014, Nov 2015)
 In Ordinary Transformer consists of two windings called primary winding and secondary
winding. These two windings are magnetically coupled and electrically isolated. But the
transformer in which a part of windings is common to both primary and secondary is
called Autotransformer.

The primary and secondary windings of a two winding transformer have induced emf in them
due to a common mutual flux and hence are in phase. The currents drawn by these two
windings are out of phase by 180◦. This prompted the use of a part of the primary as
secondary. This is equivalent to common the secondary turns into primary turns.
The common section need to have a cross sectional area of the conductor to carry (I2−I1)
ampere. Total number of turns between A and C are T1. At point B a connection is taken.
Section AB has T2 turns. As the volts per turn, which is proportional to the flux in the
machine, is the same for the whole winding, V1: V2 = T1: T2
When the secondary winding delivers a load current of I2 Ampere the demagnetizing ampere
turns is I2T2. This will be countered by a current I1 flowing from the source through the T1
turns such that, I1T1 = I2T2
A current of I1 ampere flows through the winding between B and C. The current in the
winding between A and B is (I2 − I1) ampere. The cross section of the wire to be selected for
AB is proportional to this current assuming a constant current density for the whole winding.
Thus some amount of material saving can be achieved compared to a two winding
transformer. The magnetic circuit is assumed to be identical and hence there is no saving in
the same.
To quantify the saving the total quantity of copper used in an autotransformer is expressed as a fraction of
that used in a two winding transformer as:
Copper in autotransformer / copper in two winding transformer
= (( T1 − T2 ) I1 + T2 (I2 − I1 )) / T1I1 + T2I2
Copper in autotransformer / copper in two winding transformer
= 1 – ( 2T2I1 / (T1I1 + T2I2 ))

But T1I1 = T2I2 so,

The Ratio = 1 – (2T2I1 / 2T1I1) = 1 – ( T2/T1 )
This means that an autotransformer requires the use of lesser quantity of copper given by
the ratio of turns. This ratio therefore the savings in copper.
As the space for the second winding need not be there, the window space can be less for an
autotransformer, giving some saving in the lamination weight also. The larger the ratio of the
voltages, smaller is the savings. As T2 approaches T1 the savings become significant. Thus
autotransformers become ideal choice for close ratio transformations.

[Link] following test data were obtained on a 20 KVA, 50 Hz, 2000/200 V distribution
transformer:
OC test with HV open circuited: 200V, 4A, 120W
SC test with LV short circuited: 60V, 10A, 300W
 Draw the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the HV and LV sides
respectively.
Given Data:
W0 = 120 W V1 =200V I0 = 4A
Wsc =300 W Vsc = 60V Isc =10A (May 2011, Nov 2016)
Formula:
Take K = E1/E2= I2/I1
From O.C. test data find
i) Y0 = I0/V1 mho
ii) G0 = W0/V12 mho
iii)Bm = √(Y02-G 2 0 mh
o
These values refer to primary side since the test is carried n LV (i.e. 200 V side)
From S.C. test data find
i)
Zsc (or) Z02= Vsc / Isc Ω
ii)
Rsc (or) R02= Wsc / Isc2 Ω
iii)
Xsc (or) X02 =√ Zsc2 - Rsc2 Ω
Equivalent circuit referred to the HV
side:
G0(HV) = G0/K2 mho
Bm(HV) = Bm /K2 mho
Equivalent circuit referred to the HV side:
Rsc(LV) = R01= Rsc/ K2 Ω
Xsc(LV) = X01 = Xsc/ K2 Ω
Solution:
K = 10
From O.C. test data find
i) Y0 = 2*10-2 mho
ii) G0 = 0.3*10-2 mho
iii)Bm = 1.98*10-2 mho
From S.C. test data find
i)
Zsc (or) Z02= 6 Ω
ii)
Rsc (or) R02= 3 Ω
iii)
Xsc (or) X02 =5.2 Ω
These values are on HV side; therefore refer them to LV side to obtain equivalent
circuit i) Rsc(LV) = R01= 0.03 Ω
iii)
Xsc(LV) = X01 = .052 Ω

7. A 3 phase transformer bank consisting of three 1-phase transformers is used to step-

down the voltage of a 3-phase, 6600 V transmission line. If the primary line current is 10
A, calculate the secondary line voltage, line current and output kVA for the following
connections:
Y/Δ and Δ/Y. the turn’s ratio is 12. Neglect losses
Given Data:
Line voltage = 6600 V
 Primary Line current = 10 A
Turn ratio K = 12
Formula:
a) Y/Δ Connection:
i)
VPY = VLine/√3 Volts
ii)
VP∆ =VL∆ = VPY/K Volts
iii)
IP∆ = K*ILine Amps
iv)
IL∆ = √3 IP∆ Amps
v)
Output KVA = √3 VL∆ IL∆ /1000 KVA
b) Δ/Y Connection:
i)
IP∆ = ILine/√3 Amps
ii)
ILY = K IP∆ Amps
iii)VPY = VLine/12 Volts
iv)VLY = √3 VPY Volts
v)
Output KVA = √3 VLY ILY /1000 KVA
Solution:
a) Y/Δ Connection:
vi)
VPY = 6600/√3 Volts
vii)
VP∆ =VL∆ = 317.55 Volts
viii)
IP∆ = 120 Amps
ix)
IL∆ = 207.84 Amps
x)
Output KVA = 114.3 KVA
b) Δ/Y Connection:
i)
IP∆ = 10/√3 Amps
ii)
ILY = 69.28 Amps
iii)VPY = 6600/12 Volts
iv)VLY = 925.6Volts
v) Output KVA = 114.3KVA

8. Obtain the equivalent circuit of a 200/400 V, 50 HZ, 1-phase transformer from the
following test data
O.C test: 200 V, 0.7 A, 70 W –on L.V side
S. C test: 15 V, 10 A, 85 W –on H.V side (May 2013)
W0/V12 mho
iii)

v) Bm = √(Y02-G 20 mh
o
vi)
I0 = Im +Iw Amps
Where, Im = I0 sinΦ0, Iw = I0cos Φ0, cos Φ0 =W0/V1 I0
vii)
R0 =V1/Iw Ω
viii)
X0 = V1/Im Ω
These values refer to primary side since the test is carried n LV (i.e. 200 V side)
From S.C. test data find
i)
Zsc (or) Z02= Vsc / Isc Ω
ii)
Rsc (or) R02= Wsc / Isc2 Ω
iii)
Xsc (or) X02 =√ Zsc2 - Rsc2 Ω
These
i)
Z ’values
= Z ’ =are
Z on=K2
HV Zside;
Ω therefore refer them to LV side to obtain equivalent circuit
sc 01 02
02
ii)
R ’ = R ’ = R01 =K2 R02 Ω
iii)Xscsc’ = X ’ 02= X01 =K2 X02 Ω
02

iv)
I2’ =I02/K = Isc/K Amps
v)
V2’ =V02*K Volts
Solution:
 K = 0.5
From O.C. test data find
i) Y0 = 0.0035 mho
ii) G0 = 0.00175 mho
iii)Bm = 0.0030 mho
iv) I0 = Im +Iw Amps
Where, Im = 0.35 A, Iw = 0.606A, cos Φ0 =0.5
v) R0 =571.43 Ω
vi) X0 = 330Ω
These values refer to primary side since the test is carried n LV (i.e. 200 V side)
From S.C. test data find
i)
Zsc (or) Z02= 1.5 Ω
ii)
Rsc (or) R02= 0.85 Ω
iii)
Xsc (or) X02 =1.23 Ω
These
i) Z ’ =values
Z ’ = Zare =0.375
on HV Ωside; therefore refer them to LV side to obtain equivalent circuit
sc 01
02

ii) Rsc’ = R02’ = R01 =0.2125 Ω

iii)Xsc’ = X ’ = X01 =0.3075 Ω
02

iv)
I2’ =20 Amps
v)
V2’ =200 Volts

[Link] the condition for parallel operation of Transformer. Also explain the effect of load
sharing due to impedance variation between transformers during parallel operation. (Apr 2015)
(May 2016)

For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, two or more
transformers may be connected in parallel with the existing transformer. The transformers
are connected in parallel when load on one of the transformers is more than its capacity.
For parallel connection of transformers, primary windings of the Transformers are
connected to source bus-bars and secondary windings are connected to the load bus-bars.
Various conditions that must be fulfilled for the successful parallel operation of
transformers:
1. Same voltage and Turns Ratio (both primary and secondary voltage rating is same)
2. Same Percentage Impedance and X/R ratio
3. Identical Position of Tap changer
4. Same KVA ratings
5. Same Phase angle shift (vector group are same)
6. Same Frequency rating
7. Same Polarity
8. Same Phase sequence
Performance of two or more single phase transformers working in parallel can be com-
puted using their equivalent circuit. In the case of poly phase banks also the approach is
identical and the single phase equivalent circuit of the same can be used. Basically two
cases arise in these problems. Case A: Ideal case Case B: when the voltage ratio of the
two trans-formers is the same and Case C: when the voltage ratios are not the same.
These are discussed now in sequence.
Case A: Ideal case
E= no load secondary voltage of each transformer in parallel
V2 = Terminal voltage at secondary side of each transformer.
I = IA+IB
V2 = E- IAZA = E- IBZB = E- IZAB
IA = I*ZB/(ZA+ZB) IB = I*ZA/(ZA+ZB)
 Case B: Equal Voltage Ratio
EA = EB = E
IA = I*ZB/(ZA+ZB) IB = I*ZA/(ZA+ZB)
SA = S*ZB/(ZA+ZB) SB = S*ZA/(ZA+ZB)
S  Apparent Power
Case C: Unequal Voltage Ratio
Here there will be flow of circulating current IC.
IC = E A – E B / Z A + Z B
EA = IAZA+ V2 EB = IBZB+ V2
V2 =IZL= (IA+IB) ZL
IA = EA ZB +( EA- EB) ZL/ ZAZB+ ZL(ZA+ ZB) IB = EB ZA +( EB- EA) ZL/ ZAZB+ ZL(ZA+ ZB)

[Link] in detail about the various types of connection in three phase transformers. Give the
importance of tertiary winding. (May 2016)

Three-Phase Transformer Connections:

There are only 4 possible transformer combinations:
 Delta to Delta - use: industrial applications
 Delta to Wye - use : most common; commercial and industrial
 Wye to Delta - use : high voltage transmissions
 Wye to Wye - use : rare, don't use causes harmonics and balancing problems.
 Open Delta or V-connection.

The primary and secondary windings of a transformer can be connected in different

configuration as shown to meet practically any requirement. In the case of three phase
transformer windings, three forms of connection are possible: “star” (wye), “delta” (mesh)
and “interconnected-star” (zig-zag).The combinations of the three windings may be with the
primary delta-connected and the secondary star-connected, or star-delta, star-star or delta-
delta, depending on the transformers use. When transformers are used to provide three or more
phases they are generally referred to as a Polyphase Transformer.
Transformer Star and Delta Configurations
 Symbols are generally used on a three phase transformer to indicate the type or types of
connections used with upper case Y for star connected, D for delta connected and Z for
interconnected star primary windings, with lower case y, d and z for their respective
secondaries. Then, Star-Star would be labelled Yy, Delta-Delta would be labelled Dd and
interconnected star to interconnected star would be Zz for the same types of connected
transformers.
Transformer Winding Identification
Connection Primary Winding Secondary Winding
Delta D D
Star Y Y
Interconnected Z Z
Advantages of Star and Delta Connections:
Transformers for high voltage operation with the star connections has the advantage of
reducing the voltage on an individual transformer, reducing the number of turns required and
an increase in the size of the conductors, making the coil windings easier and cheaper to
insulate than delta transformers.
The delta-delta connection nevertheless has one big advantage over the star-delta
configuration, in that if one transformer of a group of three should become faulty or disabled,
the two remaining ones will continue to deliver three-phase power with a capacity equal to
approximately two thirds of the original output from the transformer unit.
Star-Delta Turns Ratio

Likewise, for a delta–star ( Dy ) connected transformer, with a 1:1 turns ratio, the transformer
will provide a 1:√3 step-up line-voltage ratio. Then for a delta-star connected transformer the
turns ratio becomes:
Delta-Star Turns Ratio

Then for the four basic configurations of a three-phase transformer, we can list the
transformers secondary voltages and currents with respect to the primary line voltage, VL and
its primary line current IL as shown in the following table.
Three-phase Transformer Line Voltage and Current
Primary-Secondary
Line Voltage Line Current
Configuration
 Delta – Delta

Delta – Star

Star – Delta

Star – Star

Where: n equals the transformers “turns ratio” (T.R.) of the number of secondary windings
NS, divided by the number of primary windings NP. ( NS/NP ).
Importance of Tertiary Winding:
 To supply the substation auxiliaries at a voltage different from those of primary and
secondary winding.
 Static capacitors or synchronous condensers may be connected to the tertiary
winding for reactive power injection for voltage control.
 A Delta connected tertiary reduces the impedances offered to the zero sequence
current thereby allowing large earth fault current to flow for proper operation to
protective equipment. Further, it limits voltage imbalance when load is unbalanced.
It also permits third harmonic currents to flow their by reducing 3 rd harmonic voltages. In this
case, it is called as stabilizing winding

11. Find all day efficiency of a transformer having maximum efficiency of 98% at 15 KVA at
UPF and loaded as follows:
12 hrs – 2KW at 0.5 p.f. lag
6 hrs – 12 KW at 0.8 pf lag
6 hrs – at no load.

Given Data:
ηmax = 98% at 15KVA , UPF
Loading conditions:
12 hrs – 2KW at 0.5 p.f. lag
6 hrs – 12 KW at 0.8 p.f. lag
6 hrs – at no load.
Formula:
i)
ηall day = output in kWh /input in kWh for 24 hrs
ii)
Input = Output/η Watts
iii)Losses = Input – Output Watts
iv) Cu loss at any X KVA = (X/KVA)* Full load Cu loss Watts
v) At ηmax, Cu loss = Iron loss
Solution:
O/P = 15*1 = 15 KW ( since, P(KW) = VI(KVA) cosΦ, therefore KW = KVA cosΦ,
since here cosΦ = 1 ( UPF))
I/P = 15/.98=15.306 KW
Losses = 306 W
Cu loss at full load 15 KVA = 153 W = Iron loss
Convert KW load into KVA
Therefore, 2KW at 0.5 p.f. lag = 4 KVA
12 KW at 0.8 p.f. lag = 15 KVA
Cu loss at 4 KVA = 10.9 W
 Cu loss at 15 KVA = 153 W
Cu loss in 12 hrs = 12*10.9 = 131 Wh
Cu loss in 6 hrs = 6*153 = 918 Wh
Total Cu loss in 24 hrs = 131+918 = 1.05 KWh
Total Iron loss for 24 hrs = 153*24 = 3.67 KWh
Output in 24 hrs = 96 KWh
Input in 24 hrs = 100.72 KWh
ηall day = 95.3%

[Link] transformers A and B are connected in parallel to a load of (2+j 1.5) Ω. Their impedances
in secondary terms are ZA= (0.15+j0.5) Ω and ZB= (0.1+j0.6) Ω. Their no-load terminal voltages
are EA = 207∟0̇ V and EB = 205∟0̇ V. Find the power output and power
factor of each transformer.

Given Data:
ZL= (2+j 1.5) Ω
ZA= (0.15+j0.5) Ω
ZB= (0.1+j0.6) Ω
EA = 207∟0̇ V
EB = 205∟0̇ V
Formula:
V2 =I ZL = ( IA+IB) ZL
IA = EA ZB+( EA – EB) ZL/ ZA ZB + ZL(ZA+ ZB) IB = EB
ZA-( EA – EB) ZL/ ZA ZB + ZL(ZA+ ZB) PA = V2 IA
cosΦA , PB = V2 IB cosΦB
Solution:
IA = 32.89 – j 26.55 Amps = 42.26∟-38.9˚
IB = 24.58 – j 22.84 Amps = 33.56∟-42.9˚
V2 = 189 – j12.58 Volts = 189.4∟-3.9˚
P.f. angle of transformer A( ΦA) = -3.9˚- (-38.9˚) = 35˚
Therefore , cosΦA = 0.818(lag)
Similarly , cosΦB = 0.776(lag)

Therefore, PA = 6548 W and PB = 4900 W

[Link] circuit explain Sumpner’s test and how to obtain efficiency of a transformer. (Nov 2016,
Nov 2021)

Sumpner's test or back to back test on transformer is another method for determining transformer
efficiency, voltage regulation and heating under loaded conditions. Short circuit and open circuit tests on
transformer can give us parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer, but they can not help us in finding
the heating information. Unlike O.C. and S.C. tests, actual loading is simulated in Sumpner's test. Thus
the Sumpner's test give more accurate results of regulation and efficiency than O.C. and S.C. tests.

Sumpner's Test
Sumpner's test or back to back test can be employed only when two identical transformers are available.
Both transformers are connected to supply such that one transformer is loaded on another. Primaries of
the two identical transformers are connected in parallel across a supply. Secondaries are connected in
series such that emf's of them are opposite to each other. Another low voltage supply is connected in
series with secondaries to get the readings,

The figure shows the connection diagram of the back-to-back test. It requires two
identical transformers T1 and T2. The primary windings of both the transformers are
connected in parallel and being supplied at rated voltage and rated frequency. A
voltmeter (V1), an ammeter (A1) and a wattmeter (W1) are connected to the input side.
The secondary windings are connected in series with phase opposition polarities, which
can be determined by the voltmeter V 2. The range of the voltmeter V 2 should be double
of the rated secondary voltage of the either transformer.
In order to check whether the secondary windings are connected in series opposition or
not, any two terminals (let B and C) are connected together and the voltage being
measured between the remaining two terminals (here A and D) using the voltmeter V 2.
If the voltmeter V2 shows zero reading, then the two secondary windings are in series
opposition and the terminals A and D can be used for the test. If the voltmeter V 2 reads
a value which is approximately equal to the double of the secondary voltage of either
transformer, then secondary windings of both the transformers are acting in same
direction. Then, the terminals A and C being connected together and the terminals B
and D are to be used for the test.
Now, if the primary winding is connected to the supply, the total voltage across the two
secondary windings which are connected in series would be zero. Thus, no current flows
in secondary windings and hence they act as open circuited. Hence, the reading of the
wattmeter (W1) gives the value of iron losses of both the transformers.
A low voltage is applied to the secondary circuit with the help of a regulating
transformer Tr which is also excited by the main supply. The magnitude of this applied
voltage is adjusted till the ammeter A2 reads full-load secondary current. This
secondary current produces a full-load current in the primary windings which flows
through the primary windings and the main busbar (shown by red coloured dotted
lines). Therefore, the transformers act as operating on the fullload, hence the
wattmeter W2 gives the value of full-load copper losses of both the transformers.
The total no-load current of the two transformers is measured by the ammeter A 1.
Therefore, in the back-to-back test, the two transformers are fully loaded, but the
power drawn from the supply is that necessary to supply the losses of both the
transformers.

The readings of the instruments connected in the circuit of the back-to-back test are as
follows −

AmmeterA1reading=Noloadcurrentofbothtransformers=2I0Ammeter𝐴1reading=Noloadcurr
entofbothtransformers=2𝐼0

VoltmeterV1reading=AppliedratedprimaryvoltageVoltmeter𝑉1reading=Appliedratedprimaryv
oltage

WattmeterW1reading=Corelossesofbothtransformers=2PiWattmeter𝑊1reading=Corelosseso
fbothtransformers=2𝑃i

VoltmeterV2reading=TotalvoltageacrossseriesconnectedsecondariesVoltmeter𝑉2reading=
Totalvoltageacrossseriesconnectedsecondaries

AmmeterA2reading=fullloadsecondarycurrentofbothtransformersAmmeter𝐴2reading=full
loadsecondarycurrentofbothtransformers

WattmeterW2reading=Fullloadculossofbothtransformers=2PcuflWattmeter𝑊2reading=Full
loadculossofbothtransformers=2𝑃𝑐𝑢𝑓𝑙

Now, the temperature rise of both the transformers can be determined by operating the
transformers back-to-back for a long time (say 36 to 48 hours) and measuring the
temperature of the oil at periodic intervals of time.

[Link] emf per turn of a single phase, 6.6 kV/440 V, 50 Hz transformer is approximately 10V.
Calculate the number of turns in the HV and LV windings and the net cross-sectional area of the
core for a maximum flux density of 1.6 T. (April 2018)
Soln:
B, A is given.
 From B find Ф=BA.
Emf per turn E=4.4f Ф
Calculate N = (primary/secondary voltage)/emf per turn

15. A 40 kVA, 2400/240 V transformer has a core loss Pc=200 W at rated voltage and a
copper loss Pcu = 500 W at full load. It has the following load cycle

% load 0.0 % 50 % 75 % 100 % 110

%
Power - 1 0.8 lag 0.9 lag 1
factor
Hours 6 6 6 3 3
Determine the all-day efficiency of the transformer

Solution:
All day efficiency = (O/P power in KWH for 24 hours/I/P power in KWH for 24 Hours)*100
KW= KVA Cosϕ
Poutput = 40 KVA
For 50% Cosϕ = 1, KW = 20 KW, KWH = 120 KWH
For 75% Cosϕ = 0.8 lag, KW = 24 KW, KWH = 144 KWH
For 100% Cosϕ = 0.9 lag, KW = 36 KW, KWH = 108 KWH
For 110% Cosϕ = 1 lag, KW = 40 KW, = 120 KWH
For determining Culoss = X2 Pcufl Watts
X = fraction of loads( 50%, 75%, 100% and 110%)
Pc = 200 W for any load
Pinput = Poutput + Total Pcu+ Pc KWH for 24 hours

16.A 1 Φ, 100 kVA, 2000/200 V two winding transformer is connected as an autotransformer as

shown in Figure. Such that more than 2000 V is obtained at the secondary. The portion “ab’ is the
200 V winding and the portion ‘bc’ is the 2000 V winding. Compute the kVA rating as an
autotransformer.

Solution:
Iab = 100000/200 = 500 A
Ibc = 100000/2000 = 50 A
For full load operations of autotransformer the terminal currents are:
IH = 500 A
IL = 500+50 = 550 A
Therefore,
 KVAL = 2000*550/1000 = 1100
KVAH = 2200*500/1000 = 1100
A 100 KVA two winding transformer when connected as an autotransformer can deliver
1100 KVA.

[Link] the equivalent circuit of a single phase 1100/220 V transformer on which the
following results were obtained.
1100V, 0.5 A, 55 W on HV [Link] being open circuited.
10V, 80A,400 W on LV side, HV being short circuited. Calculate the
voltage regulation and efficiency for the above transformer when supplying 80 A at
0.8pf lagging.

Given Data:
V1 = 1100 V
V2 = 220 V
V0 = 1100V
I0 = 0.5 A
Pi = 55W
Vsc = 10V Isc
= 80 A Pcu =
400 W
Formula:
Take K = V1/V2 to get equivalent values
OC Test:
Y01 = I0/V1 mho Gi
= P0/V12 mho
Bm = (Y 2 – Gi2)1/2 mho
01

SC Test:
Z02 = Vsc/Isc Ω
R02 = Psc/Isc2 Ω
02

X02 = (Z 02
2
– 2 1/2
) Ω
R
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to HV side
R01 = K2R02 Ω
X01 = K2X02 Ω Z01
= K2Z02 Ω
EE8301- Electrical Machines-I Department of EEE 2020-
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to LV side 2021
Gi’ = Gi/ K2 mho
Bm’ = Bm/ K2 mho
Y01’= Y01/ K2 mho
Voltage Regulation:
Voltage drop = I2(R02cosϕ2+ X02sinϕ2) since lagging pf load
Voltage regulation = V2- Voltage drop/V2
Efficiency:
%η =( V2I2/(V2I2+Pi+Pcu))*100
Solution:
Take K = 5
OC Test:
Y01 = 0.45*10-3 mho
Gi = 0.045*10-3 mho
Bm = 0.45*10-3 mho
SC Test:
Z02 = 0.125 Ω
R02 = .0625 Ω
X02 = .108 Ω
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to HV side
R01 = 1.5625 Ω
X01 = 2.7 Ω Z01
= 3.125 Ω
Equivalent circuit parameters referred to LV side
Gi’ = 0.0018*10-3 mho
Bm’ = 0.018*10-3
mho Y01’= 0.018*10-3
mho
Voltage Regulation:
Voltage drop = 9.184 V
Voltage regulation = 0.958
Efficiency:
%η = 97.45%

[Link]’s College of Engineering 21