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 A STUDY ON FUZZY MATHEMATICS IN ASTRONOMICAL SCIENCE

[Link]
Assistant Professor of Mathematics
DR Umayal Ramanathan College for Women

Abstract
To develop the theory of Astronomical Science, Mathematical Science plays a vital role. An
initial use of Mathematics in Astronomy is counting entities, sources or objects in the sky. Also
Mathematics is used to calculate the distance between objects in the sky. Now a day dimensional
analysis and astronomical units also need Mathematics. In this work, some of the research works
on Mathematics for astronomy are studied and analyzed.

Keywords Fuzzy Logic, Astronomical Science

Introduction
Astronomical Science is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses
mathematics, physics and chemistry to explain their origin and evolution. Mathematical Science
has covered very vast area of astronomical science. Astronomers gather data from a galaxy and
they have to squeeze out every tiny bit of useful information from each observation. This is why
astronomers need to know mathematics.. Geometries, Trigonometry, Calculus, Partial
Derivatives, and Statistics are main divisions of Mathematical Science to enhance the growth of
modern astronomical science. Also, In order to test the theories of astronomical equations,
astronomers need to use Mathematics to manipulate the equations. So, Mathematical Science
makes an effective influence in the research works on Astronomical Science. In this work, we
review and analyze the papers utilizing fuzzy logic in astronomical science.

How do astronomers use math in their jobs?

Astronomers use math all the time. One way it is used is when we look at objects in the sky with
a telescope. The camera that is attached to the telescope basically records a series of numbers -
those numbers might correspond to how much light different objects in the sky are emitting,
what type of light, etc. In order to be able to understand the information that these numbers
contain, we need to use math and statistics to interpret them. Another way that astronomers use
math is when we are forming and testing theories for the physical laws that govern the objects in
the sky. Theories consist of formulas that relate quantities to each other. In order to be able to
test these theories and use them to make predictions about what we will observe in the sky.
Source:[Link]
astronomer/913-how-do-astronomers-use-math-in-their-jobs-beginner

Fuzzy Mathematics and Astronomy

Fuzzy Mathematics has several methods to solve Problems with an imprecise of data and to
obtain an accurate conclusion.
In 1965, Professor [Link] produced a research paper entitled “Fuzzy Sets”[8]. After that
the extension was applied to almost all domains of classical Mathematics to make new
disciplines such as fuzzy algebra, fuzzy topology, fuzzy geometry, fuzzy database and fuzzy
decision making etc. In particular, Fuzzy arithmetic of fuzzy numbers is used in astronomical
science.
The Greek Astronomer Hipparchus who lived in the second century founded trigonometry and
calculated the first trigonometric tables in order to predict regular astronomical phenomena. He
developed a method to measure the ratio of distances between the earth, the moon and the sun.
In 1911, American Associates for the Advancement of Science published a research entitled
“The influence of Astronomy in Mathematics” authored by [Link]. Throughout this Paper,
the interrelationship between astronomy and Mathematics was clearly explained. Subsequently
an in-depth research works were produced by the enormous improvement of modern
mathematical areas such as fuzzy systems, soft sets, Picture fuzzy sets, etc.
In May 2016, the book entitled “Fuzzy Logic in this 50 th year” was published. Under the heading
of Fuzzy Sets in Earth and Space Science, the use of fuzzy set theory in Space science was noted.
Turkish Journal of Electronical Engineering and computers science published a paper
“Application of fuzzy logic on astronomical images focus measure”. In this paper, astronomical
observations are analyzed. Focus accuracy is an essential tool which affects the quality of astro
observations. Automatic focusing is necessary for celestial imaging systems. In this research
work fuzzy logic is used to transform images because of its imprecise and incomplete data. High
quality astronomical images are need for astronomical research because it is highly accurate
scientific work. The focus measure (FM) operator is used to determine the focus levels of a
sequence of images. These images are acquired at varying distances between a camera lens and a
scene object. Several focus measures are defined to determine the focus levels of sequence of
images. The operators rely on different criteria such as gradient, correlation, statistics etc.
The Principal objective of this paper is to propose new operator using fuzzy logic as an image
transform. A modified measure based on image transformation is proposed. Fuzzy logic is used
to enhance the contrast of the images and used as an image transformer due to its ability to deal
with imprecise data.
The motivation is to obtain a simplistic operator with a better performance. The most common
operators depend on summing the pixel sharpness estimation. However, the histogram focus
measure relies on computing the difference between the maximum and minimum gray-levels. In
this method, the difference between the maximum and minimum gray-levels is calculated.
FM = max {k/PK > 0} - min {k/PK > 0}, where k is the gray-level, and PK is the relative
frequency. To overcome some drawbacks of existing method, new operator is proposed with
some modification in the existing histogram focus measure for randomly selecting samples (Si )
from the image.. The modified histogram focus measure is expressed as in following equation,
where N is the number of samples.
FM = max { k/ PK > 0} - median{ max(x,y) in Si {I(x; y)}} i = 1,2,3,…..N
To obtain improved performance, it is applied to the fuzzy logic output, as shown in Figure.

Source: [ 1]
Transformation using fuzzy logic improves the sharpness of the image.
In January 2005, Pierre, Laurent Wendling, Jacky Desachy presented their research work about
“Fuzzy Segmentation and Astronomical Images Interpretation”[6] in International Conference

on Image Analysis and Processing. This paper presents a fast segmentation method using fuzzy
sets theory applied to astronomical images interpretation.
The journal of applied soft computing published a research paper “Astronomical pipeline
processing using fuzzy logic” in Jan 2008 [4]. In this paper the needs of modern astronomy are
discussed and fuzzy logic algorithm have been developed for the problem. In March 2013
Lior Shamir and Robert J. Nemiroff published a research work entitled “A Fuzzy Logic Based
Algorithm for Finding Astronomical Objects in Wide-Angle Frames”[5] through Cambridge
University Press. To make a computer-based analysis of astronomical frames, a quick and
accurate identification of astronomical objects is required. This paper presents a fuzzy logic
based algorithm that estimates needed coordinate transformations in a practical setting. Using a
training set of reference stars, the algorithm statically builds a fuzzy logic model. Use of this
algorithm facilitates real-time monitoring of stars and bright transients, allowing identifications
and alerts to be issued more consistently . The fuzzy logic based transformation formula has been
tested and is in practical use with the Night Sky Live project (NSL).
Conclusion
Recent research works on Fuzzy Mathematics showed the massive applications in all the
divisions of Natural Science. In Particular Astronomical Science and Mathematical Science
are interconnected subjects which produce many of the new findings in astronomy.
REFERENCES
[1] Alaa Hamdy Farag Elnagahy, Islam helmy Application of fuzzy logic on astronomical
images' focus measures, September 2019 Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Sciences 27(5):3815-3822

[2] F. R. Moulton The Influence of Astronomy on Mathematics Science New Series, Vol. 33, No.
845 (Mar. 10, 1911), pp. 357-364 (8 pages)

[3] Irem Otay & Cengiz Kahraman Fuzzy Sets in Earth and Space Sciences Part of the Studies in
Fuzziness and Soft Computing book series (STUDFUZZ,volume 341)
[4] LiorShamiraRobert [Link] Astronomical pipeline processing using fuzzy logic
Applied Soft Computing Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 79-87

[5] Lior Shamir and Robert J. Nemiroff A Fuzzy Logic Based Algorithm for Finding
Astronomical Objects in Wide-Angle Frames Published by Cambridge University Press: 05
March 2013
[6] Pierre, Laurent Wendling, Jacky Desachy, Fuzzy Segmentation and Astronomical Images
Interpretation, Conference paper “International Conference on Image Analysis and
Processing” 01 January 2005.
[7] Toshio Fukushima Mathematics for Astronomy, March 2021 Conference: NAOJ Colloquium
[8] Zadeh L. Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 1965; 8: 338-353.