INDEX

1. Theory 03 - 11

2. Exercise - 1 12 - 18

3. Exercise - 2 18 - 19

4. Exercise - 3 19

5. Answers Key 20
 Chapter 06
THEORY 3

GASEOUS STATE

INTRODUCTION
Any substance that has mass and occupies space is called Matter.
Matter is composed of atoms or molecules. The arrangement of
these building blocks gives matter’s various states, physical and
chemical properties. The force of interaction between these particles
give matter its physical properties based on which matter can be
classified into solid, liquid or gases. The force of interaction between
atoms molecules is highest in solids and least in gases. Ion-dipole attractions between Na+ and H2O
In this unit, we will learn more about these two physical states of molecules and Cl– ion and H2O molecules
matter particularly liquid and gaseous states.
1.3 Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions
1. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES A non-polar molecule may be polarized by the presence of an ion
near it, i.e., it becomes an induced dipole. The interactions between
The forces of attraction existing among the molecules of a substance
them are called ion-induced dipole interactions.
(gaseous, liquid or solid) are called intermolecular forces.
Dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole and dispersion forces are
collectively called as van der Waals forces. Ion-dipole and ion-
induced dipole forces are not van der Waals forces. Further, hydrogen Ion-induced dipole attractions
bonding is only a special type of dipole-dipole attraction shown only
between NO3 ion and I2 molecule
by limited number of elements.
The different types of intermolecular forces are : For example, in the presence of nitrate ion (NO3 ) , iodine molecule

1.1 Dipole-Dipole Interactions  

(I2), which is non-polar, gets polarized as ( I  I) as shown in fig.
These forces of attraction occur among the polar molecules. Polar
molecules have parmanent dipoles. The positive pole of one molecule 1.4 Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions
is thus attracted by the negative pole of the other molecule. A non-polar molecule may be polarized by the presence of a polar
HCl in which chlorine being more electronegative acquires a slight molecule (dipole) near it, thereby making it an induced dipole. The
negative charge whereas the hydrogen end becomes slightly interactions between them are then called dipole-induced dipole
positively charged. The dipole-dipole interactions then take place interactions.
among the HCl molecules :

Dipole-induced dipole attractions

For example, noble gases get polarized in the presence of polar
Dipole- Dipole attractions molecules.
1.2 Ion-Dipole Interactions 1.5 London Forces or Dispersion Forces
This is the attraction between an ion (cation or anion) and a polar At any instant of time, the electron cloud of the molecule may be
molecule. For example, when NaCl is dissolved in water, the polar distorted so that an instantaneous dipole or momentary dipole (i.e.,
water molecules are attracted towards Na+ ion as well as towards a dipole for a short while) is produced in which one part of the
Cl– ion. molecule is slightly more negative than the rest. The momentary
dipoles induce dipoles in the neighbouring molecules. These are then
attracted to each other. The forces of attraction between the induced
 GASEOUS STATE 4

momentary dipoles are called London dispersion forces. 2. The molecules of the gas undergo random motion colliding with
each other and the walls of the container
3. Laws of classical mechanics are applicable on the molecules.

4. STATE OF A GAS AND STATE VARIABLES

“State” of a gas means the physical condition of the system. Certain
variables are used to represent physical condition of the gas which
Forces of attraction between momentary dipoles and are termed as state variables.
induced
There are majorly three variables for a given sample of a gas, i.e.
dipoles (London forces) in helium atoms Pressure, Volume and Temperature (P, V and T). When the values of
2. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES VERSUS THERMAL these three parameters are fixed for a gas, we say it to be in a fixed
state.
ENERGY
4.1 Pressure
Whether a substance will exist as a solid or a liquid or a gas is the
A force is exerted on the walls of the container due to the collisions
result of competition between :
of the atoms/molecules. This force averaged per unit area is called
(i) intermolecular forces, i.e., the forces of interaction between the pressure.
the molecules of that substance which try to bring the molecules
4.1.1 Measurement of Pressure of a Gas
closer, and
The most common instrument used to measure the pressure of a
(ii) thermal energy possessed by the molecules due to temperature
gas is called a barometer. Another instrument used to measure
which results into the movement of the molecules and hence
pressure is manometer.
tries to keep them apart.
4.2 Volume
In case of rigid containers, the volume of the gas is same as the
volume of the container it is kept in. However, for containers which
can expand (e.g. balloon), the volume of the gas is determined by the
other two state functions and moles of the gas taken.
3. IDEAL GAS 4.3 Temperature

An ideal gas is a hypothetical concept of matter and is treated as a Temperature is a measure of the amount of heat contained in the
standard of comparison while studying the various states of matter. gas. When the temperature of the gas equals the surrounding
There are various assumptions associated with an ideal gas. The temperature, no heat flows in or out of the gas and the gas is said to
most notable of these assumptions are: be in a state of Thermal Equilibrium.

1. Volume of the molecules are infinitely small and the force of 4.3.1 Measurement of Temperature
interaction between the molecules is zero The instrument used to measure the temperature of a gas is called
a thermometer. There are three units used in measuring temperature
viz. oC, oF and K.

Pressure relations Temperature relations Volume relations

1 atm = 1.0132 × 105 Pa 1.8 T (0C) = T (0F) – 32 1 L = 1000 mL

1 bar = 105 Pa T (K) = T (0C) + 273.15 1 m3 = 1000 L
76 cm Hg = 1 atm =760 mm Hg 1 mL = 1 cc
1 torr = 1 mm Hg 1 dm3 = 1 L
1 kPa = 1000 Pa

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5. IDEAL GAS LAW P

  constant
T
There are four laws which relate the state variables of a gas in two
states. These four laws are : Each line of pressure vs temperature graph is called isochore.
5.1 Boyle’s Law (Pressure – Volume Relationship)
It states that at constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed amount
(i.e. number of moles n) of gas varies inversely with its volume.
This is known as Boyle’s law. Mathematically,
1
p  (at constant T and n)
V
PV = constant
 p 1V 1 = p 2 V 2

5.4 Avogadro Law (Volume - Amount Relationship)

It states that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions
of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
Mathematically
V  n where n is the number of moles of the gas.

6. IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Graph of pressure, p vs. Volume, V of The above laws can be combined together in a single equation which
is known as ideal gas equation.
a gas at different temperature
Each curve corresponds to a different constant temperature and is 1
At constant T and n; V  Boyle’s Law
known as an isotherm. p
5.2 Charles’s Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship)
At constant p and n; V  T Charles’s Law
It states the pressure remaining constant, the volume of a fixed
At constant p and T; V  n Avogadro Law
mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
nT
Thus, V 
p

nT
 VR
p

where R is proportionality constant. On rearranging the equation

we obtain
pV = n RT
This equation is called ideal gas equation.

pV
Each line of the volume vs temperature graph is called isobar.  R
nT
5.3 Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure-Temperature Relationship)
R is called gas constant. It is same for all gases. Therefore it is also
It states that at constant volume, pressure of a fixed amount of a called universal gas constant.
gas varies directly with the temperature. Mathematically,
Values of R :
pT
(i) R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1, (ii) R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1.

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(iii) R = 2 cal K–1 mol–1. n 3 RT

p3 
If temperature, volume and pressure of a fixed amount of gas vary V
from T1, V1 and p1 to T2, V2 and p2 then we can write where n1 n2 and n3 are number of moles of these gases. Thus
expression for total pressure will be
p1V1 p V
 nR and 2 2  nR pTotal = p1 + p2 + p3
T1 T2
RT RT RT
p1V1 p 2 V2  n1  n2  n3
  V V V
T1 T2
RT
This equation is alos known as combined gas law.  (n1  n 2  n 3 )
V
7. VARIATION OF THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION On dividing p1 by ptotal we get
Ideal gas equation can be rearranged as follows :
p1  n1  RTV
 
n p p total  n1  n 2  n 3  RTV

V RT
n1 n
m   1  x1
Replacing n by , we get n1  n 2  n 3 n
M
where n = n1 + n2 + n3
m p
 x1 is called mole fraction of first gas.
MV RT
Thus, p1 = x1 ptotal
d p
 (where d is the density) Similarly for other two gases we can write
M RT
p2 = x2 ptotal and p3 = x3 ptotal
 pM  dRT Thus a general equation can be written as

8. DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES pi = xi ptotal

It states that the total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive 9. GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION
gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases
Diffusion is a process of intermixing of gases. This is a natural
i.e., the pressures which these gases would exert if they were
tendency of any gas to occupy the whole volume available to it. So
enclosed separately in the same volume and under the same
even without pressure difference gases mix with each other. If the
conditions of temperature. In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted
pressure difference is increased the diffusion process becomes
by the individual gas is called partial pressure. Mathematically,
faster.
pTotal = p1 + p2 + p3 + ..... (at constant T, V)
Effusion is flow of a gas through small openings due to pressure
where pTotal is the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases difference that is it is a case of fast diffusion.
and p1, p2, p3 etc. are partial pressures of gases.
Partial pressure in terms of mole fraction
Suppose at the temperature T, three gases, enclosed in the volume
V, exert partial pressure p1, p2 and p3 respectively. then,

n1RT
p1 
V

n 2 RT (a) Diffusion is mixing of gas molecules by random motion under

p2 
V conditions where molecular collisions occur.

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(b) Effusion is the escape of a gas through a pinhole without It is possible to show that though the individual speeds are changing,
molecular collisions. the distribution of speeds remains constant at a particular
According to Graham’s Law the rate of diffusion depends on temperature.
pressure and molecular weight of a gas. Rate of Diffusion is directly If a molecule has variable speed, then it must have a variable kinetic
proportional to Partial Pressure of the gas and inversely proportional energy. Under these circumstances, we can talk only about average
to the square root of molar mass of the gas. That is, greater the kinetic energy. In kinetic theory it is assumed that average kinetic
pressure faster is the movement of molecules and heavier the energy of the gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute
molecules, slower are their movement. temperature.
Rate of diffusion  P (partial pressure) The important mathematical results from this Theory are ;
K.E. per mole = 3/2 nRT
Also,  1/ M
K.E. per molecule = 3/2 kT
Therefore we can write:
where R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 and k = R/NA = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K
Rate, r  P/ M
11. REAL GASES
Rate of diffusion may be defined in various ways. It may be number
of moles transferred per unit time, Volume transferred per unit In case of real gases two of assumption taken for ideal gases become
time, distance travelled per unit time and even pressure drop per invalid or restricted only to some particular conditions.
unit time. While comparing the rates of two gases, we should take (i) We assumed that there are no interactions between molecules
similar definitions of rate, it may be n/t, V/t or d/t. of an ideal gas.
r2 P2 M1 (ii) We assumed that volume of the molecules of a gas is negligible

r1 P1 M2 as compare to entire volume of gases.

Graham’s Law can be applied to diffusion and effusion both. In case of real gases, we cannot ignore the molecular interactions
any more.
10. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES There are two types of forces of interaction :
Assumptions or postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases Long Ranged attractive forces & Short Ranged repulsive
are given below. These postulates are related to atoms and molecules forces
which cannot be seen, hence it is said to provide a microscopic When the molecules of a real gas are far apart, the interactive forces
model of gases. are negligible. When the molecules are brought closer to each other
(i) Gases consist of large number of identical particles (atoms or attractive forces start to develop and when the molecules are too
molecules) that are so small and so far apart on the average close they start repelling each other. The following curve represents
that the actual volume of the molecules is negligible in the variation of potential energy of a system of two molecules of a
comparison to the empty space between them. real gas with distance between them.
(ii) There is no force of attraction between the particles of a gas
at ordinary temperature and pressure.
(iii) Particles of a gas are always in constant and random motion.
(iv) Particles of a gas move in all possible directions in straight lines.
During their random motion, they collide with each other and
with the walls of the container. Pressure is exerted by the gas
as a result of collision of the particles with the walls of the
container.
(v) Collisons of gas molecules are perfectly elastic. This means
that total energy of molecules before and after the collision
remains same.
(vi) At any particular time, different particles in the gas have different
speeds and hence different kinetic energies.

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12. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR L2 atm L

(i) Unit of a  ;b
mol 2 mol
The deviation from ideal behaviour can be measured in terms of
compressibility factor (Z). (ii) a  Relates to the forces interacting between the gas
molecules and modifies the pressure term.
Z = Vm(real)/Vm(ideal)
(‘a’ is high if the gas molecules have more attractive
1. At very low pressures, there are no interactions between the forces)
molecules of the real gas and Z = 1.
(iii) b  Relates to the volume occupied by the gas molecules
2. At low or moderate pressure, there are attractive forces and takes into account the fact that the space actually
dominant due to which a real gas is compressed to a greater occupied by the molecules themselves is unavailable
volume than expected, therefore Z < 1. for the molecules to move in and is given by :
3. At high pressures, repulsions dominate and it is tough to b = 4 × volume of 1 mol of gas molecules.
compress the real gas so it is compressed to smaller volume
than expected thus Z > 1. (iv) For a given gas Van der Waal’s constant ‘a’ is always
greater than ‘b’.
Z is always 1 for ideal gases.
(v) The gas having higher values of ‘a’ can be liquefied
For real gases Z = PV/nRT. easily.
12.1 Variation of Z with P and T 13.1 Applicability of Vander waal’s Equation
The graph of compressibility factor, Z, with pressure for an ideal Under the conditions of high temperature and low/moderate pressure
gas is a straight line. However, for real gases the value of Z is <1 and also under very low pressure Z = 1 and the above equation
for low pressures and then Z becomes >1 as pressure increases
becomes PVm = RT.
and keeps on increasing. On increasing the temperature the graph
tends more towards Z=1 i.e. ideal gas. 13.2 At Low/Moderate Pressure
The volume correction factor can be ignored and Z<1 where the
attractive forces dominate. The equation becomes:

 a 
Z  1  
 Vm RT 
13.3 At High Pressure
The volume correction factor cannot be ignored but the pressure
correction factor can be ignored. Z > 1 and the equation is:
P (Vm – b) = RT

 Pb 
 Z  1  
It can be concluded from the above graphs that real gas follows  RT 
ideal behavior at low pressure and high temperature. This does not
mean that if you keep on increasing the temperature a real gas will 14. LIQUEFACTION OF GASES
convert to ideal gas. There is a characteristic temperature at which The phenomena of converting a gas into liquid is known as
a gas follows ideal behavior most closely; this is called Boyle’s liquefaction. The liquefaction of gas is achieved by controlling P
temperature. and T as follows:
13. VANDER WAAL’S EQUATION Increasing Pressure : An increase in pressure results in an
increase in attraction among molecules.
This equation was formulated taking into account correction factors
Decreasing Temperature : A decrease in temperature results in
for pressure and volume into the ideal gas equation.
decrease in kinetic energy of molecules.
 P  an V   V  nb   nRT
2
2 Behaviour of carbon dioxide near liquefaction temperature :
T. Andrews studied the behaviour of CO2 in the neighbourhood of
Constants a and b are called vander waals constants and their value
its liquefaction temperature.
depends on the characteristic of a gas.
Charateristics of Vander Waals Constant :

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15. LIQUID STATE

Intermolecular forces are stronger in liquid state than in gaseous
state.
1. Properties of liquids : Molecules in liquids are so close that there
is very little empty space between them and under normal
conditions liquids are denser than gases.
2. Molecules of liquids are held together by attractive
intermolecular forces. Liquids have definite volume because
molecules do not separate from each other.
3. Molecules of liquids can move past one another freely, therefore,
liquids can flow, can be poured and can assume the shape of
Observations : the container in which these are stored.
1. Above 48° C, all isotherms are smooth hyperbolic 4. Vapour pressure of a liquid at any temperature may be defined
2. At “T” above 31.01°C, but below 48°C the PV isotherms are as the pressure exerted by the vapour present above the liquid
badly distorted. in equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.
3. The gas shows signs of condensation, and suffers an appreciable Factors Affecting Vapour Pressure
change in the volume, even when the Two important factors on which the vapour pressure of a liquids
pressure remains virtually unchanged. depends are :
4. After the condensation is complete (at c'), the change in volume (a) Nature of the liquid : If the intermolecular forces of attraction
with an increase in pressure is very small. in the liquid are weak, the molecules can easily leave the liquid
5. Inside the dome-shaped curve, the liquid and the vapour exist in and come into the vapour phase and hence the vapour pressure
equilibrium. is higher.
14.1 Critical Conditions for Liquefaction of Gases (b) Effect of temperature : As the temperature of a liquid is
increased, the vapour pressure of the liquid increases.
Critical Temperature, TC
Boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the
The characteristic temperature of a real gas above which it cannot
vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the external pressure
be liquefied.
(i.e., the atmospheric pressure).
TC = 8a/27Rb When the external pressure is normal atmospheric pressure (i.e.,
Critical Pressure, PC 760 mm), the boiling point is called the normal boiling point.
It is the minimum pressure required for liquefaction to take place at When the external pressure is equal to 1 bar, the boiling point is
critical temperature called standard boiling point of the liquid.
PC = a/27b2 Some Applications of Effect of External Pressure on Boiling
Critical Volume, VC Point
It is the volume occupied by one mole of a gas under critical (i) Obviously, if the external pressure is higher, more heat will be
temperature and pressure. required to make the vapour pressure equal to the external
pressure and hence higher will be the boiling point. That is why
VC = 3b
in hospitals, surgical instrumnts are sterilized in autoclaves in
NOTE which boiling point of water is raised by using a weight to cover
the vent.
The compressibility factor at critical point is constant for
(ii) Similarly, if the external pressure is decreased, the boiling point
all gases and has a value of 0.375.
is lowered. This is the reason that a liquid boils at a lower
For liquefication of real gases, we can do either of the following: temperature on the top of a mountain (where pressure is low)
 Increase the pressure on the gas than on the sea shore. That is why at hills, use of pressure
 Decrease the temperature of gas but temperature is the cooker is essential for cooking food.
dominant factor and pressure assumes a secondary role.

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5. Surface tension is a characteristic property of liquids which du du

F (where, is velocity gradient; the change in velocity with
arises due to the fact that the molecules of the liquid at the dz dz
surface are in different situation than those in the interior of the distance)
liquid. du
F  A.
Surface tension of a liquid is defined as the force acting at right dz
angles to the surface along one centimetre length of the surface. du
Thus, the units of surface tension are dynes per cm (or Newtons  F  A
dz
per metre, i.e., N m–1 in the S.I. system).
‘  ’ is proportional constant and is called coefficient of viscosity..
Some Important Results Viscosity coefficient is the force when velocity gradient is unity and
(i) Spherical shape of drops: the lowest energy state of a liquid the area of contact is unit area. Thus ‘  ’ is measure of viscosity..
will be when the surface area is minimum. Surface tension tries SI unit of viscosity coefficient is 1 newton second per square metre
to decrease the surface area of the liquid to the minimum. The (N s m–2) = pascal second (Pa s = 1kg m–1s–1). In cgs system the
drops of a liquid (or the bubbles of a gas) are spherical because unit of coefficient of viscosity is poise.
for a given volume, a sphere has minimum surface area.
1 poise = 1 g cm–1s–1 = 10–1kg m–1s–1
(ii) Fire polishing of glass: Sharp glass edges are heated to make
them smooth. This is because on heating, the glass melts and (i) Greater the viscosity, the more slowly the liquid flows. Hydrogen
takes up rounded shape at the edges which has minimum surface bonding and van der Waals forces are strong enough to cause
area. high viscosity. Glass is an extremely viscous liquid.

(iii) Rise of a liquid in a capillary tube: This rise is obviously due (ii) Viscosity of liquids decreases as the temperature rises because
to the inward pull of surface tension acting on the surface which at high temperature molecules have high kinetic energy and
pushes the liquid into the capillary tube. can overcome the intermolecular forces to slip past one another
between the layers.
(iv) Effect of nature of the liquid on surface tension: Surface
tension is a property that arises due to the intermolecular forces 16. MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE OF A GAS
of attraction among the molecules of the liquid. Greater are the
intermolecular forces of attraction, higher is the surface tension The pressure of a gas can be measured by various methods. Mostly
of that liquid. it is measured in terms of heights of liquid column. We know that a
liquid exerts pressure on the bottom of a container or a tube due to
(v) Effect of temperature on surface tension: The surface
gravity.
tension of liquids generally decreases with increase of
temperature and becomes zero at the critical temperature (where Suppose there is a liquid of density  filled in a tube (cross sectional
the meniscus between the liquid and the vapour disappears). area A) up to a height h and there is vacuum above it.
The decrease in surface tension with increase of temperature Then :
is obviously due to the fact that with increase of temperature, Volume of the liquid = A × h
the kinetic energy of the molecules (and hence the speeds of
Mass of the liquid = × A × h
molecules) increases and, therefore, the intermolecular attraction
decreases. Force applied at the bottom = weight of the liquid
6. Viscosity is one of the characteristic properties of liquids. =  × g ×A× h
Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow which arises due to Pressure = F/A = gh
the internal friction between layers of fluid as they slip past one
If a tube filled with a liquid is kept at an angle  then only the
another while liquid flows.
vertical component of weight is taken.
The type of flow in which there is a regular gradation of velocity in
Pressure = gh × sin
passing from one layer to the next is called laminar flow.
A common arrangement to measure pressure of a gas is called
If the velocity of the layer at a distance dz is changed by a value du
“Barometer” as shown in the figure.
then velocity gradient is given by the amount
du/dz. A force is required to maintain the flow of layers. This force A mercury barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure by
is proportional to the area of contact of layers and velocity gradient determining the height of a mercurry column supported in a sealed
i.e. glass tube.

F  A (A is the area of contact)

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Open-end manometers for measuring pressure in a gas-filled bulb.

In (a), the pressure in the bulb is lower than atmospheric, so the
Another arrangement to measure gas pressure is called “U-tube
mercury level is higher in the arm open to the bulb, in (b), the
manometer”.
pressure in the bulb is higher than atmospheric, so the mercury
level is higher in the arm open to the atmosphere.

SUMMARY
• Ideal gas Law’s :
Distribution) :
Boyle’s Law : PV = constant  P1V1 = P2V2
3RT 2RT
u RMS  u MP 
Charles’ Law : V/T = constant  V1/T1 = V2/T2 M M
8RT
u AVG 
M
Gay Lussac’s Law : P/T = constant  P1/T1 = P2/T2
uMP : uAVG: uRMS = 1:1.128:1.224
Avogadro’s Law : V  n
• Compressibility Factor, Z = Vreal/Videal
• Ideal Gas Equation : PV = nRT
• Vander waal’s Equation :
Variation of ideal gas equation: PM = RT
(P+an2/V2)(V-nb) = nRT
• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure : Pressure due a gas in a
• At low/moderate pressure : (P + an2/V2) V = nRT and Z
gas mixture PA = XAPTOTAL an
= PV/nRT = 1 
VRT
• Graham’s Law of diffusion :
• At high pressure: P(V-nb) = nRT and
rate of diffusion  Pressure/ M
Z = (1+Pb/RT)
• Molecular distribution of speeds (Maxwell Boltzmann

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Gaseous (a) 319oC (b) 592oC

(Exercise – 1) (c) 128oC (d) 60oC

6. Which is correct curve for Charle’s law, when the curve
1. Which of the following statements is not correct about
is plotted at 0.821 atm pressure for 10 mol ideal gas?
the three states of matter i.e., solid, liquid and gaseous?
(a) Molecules of solid possess least energy whereas
those of gas possess highest energy
(a) (b)
(b) The density of solid is highest whereas that of gases
is lowest
(c) Gases and Liquid possess definite volume
(d) Molecules of a solid possess vibratory motion
(c) (d)
2. Which of the following curve does not represent Boyle’s
Law?
7. At constant volume, for a fixed number of moles of a gas,
the pressure of the gas increases with increase in tem-
(a) (b) perature due to :
(a) Increase in the average molecular speed
(b) Increase rate of collision amongst molecules

(c) (d) (c) Increase in molecular attraction

(d) Decrease in mean free path

3. A certain sample of gas has a volume of 0.2 litre mea- 8. Which in not correct cure for gay-lusacc’s law?

sured at 1 atm pressure and 0oC. At the same pressure

but at 273oC, its volume will be :
(a) 0.4 liter (b) 0.8 liter (a) (b)
(c) 27.8 liter (d) 55.6 liter
4. Among the following curves, which is not according to
Charle’s Law?

(c) (d)

(a) (b)
9. Three flasks of equal volumes contain CH4, CO2 and Cl2
gases respectively. They will contain equal number of
molecules if :
(c) (d) (a) The mass of all the gases is same
(b) The moles of all the gas is same but temperature is
5. At what temperature, the sample of neon gas would be different
heated to double its pressure, if the initial volume of gas is (c) Temperature and pressure of all the flask are same
reduced by 15% at 75oC?

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(d) Temperature, pressure and masses same in the (a) 8.314 JK-1 mol-1
flasks. (b) 0.0821 atm L mol-1 K-1
10. Which is incorrect curve for Boyle’s law? (c) 0.8314 b L K-1
(d) 2 cal K-1
15. At 0oC and one atm pressure, a gas occupies 100 cc. If
(a) (b) the pressure is increased to one and a half-time and tem-
perature is increased by one-third of absolute tempera-
ture, then final volume of the gas will be :
(a) 80 cc (b) 88.9 cc
(c) (d)
(c) 66.7 cc (d) 100 cc
16. 10 gm of a gas at 1 atm and 273 K occupies 5 litres. The
11. “Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and
temperature at which the volume becomes double for the
pressure contain equal number of particles.” This state-
same mass of gas at the same pressure is :
ment is a direct consequence of :
(a) 273 K (b) -273oC
(a) Avogadro’s law
(c) 273oC (d) 546oC
(b) Charle’s law
17. Which of the following curve does not represent gay
(c) Ideal gas equation
lusacc’s law?
(d) Law of partial pressure
12. A 2.24L cylinder of oxygen at 1 atm and 273 K is found to
develop a leakage. When the leakage was plugged the (a) (b)
pressure dropped to 573 mm of Hg. The number of gas
that escaped will be
(a) 0.025 (b) 0.050
(c) (d)
(c) 0.075 (d) 0.09
13. Which of the following curve is correct for an ideal gas?
18. Densities of two gases are in the ratio 1 : 2 and their
temperatures are in the ratio 2 : 1, then the ratio fo their
respective molar mass at certain pressure is :
(a) (b)
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 :1 (d) 4 : 1
19. Two separate bulbs contain ideal gas A and B. The den-
sity of gas A is twice that of gas B. The molecular mass
(c) (d) of A is half that of gas B. The two gases are the same
temperature. The ratio of the pressure of A to that of gas

14. In the equation of state of an ideal gas PV = nRT, the B is :

value of the universal gas constant is not correct: (a) 2 (b) 1/2
(c) 4 (d) 1/4

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20. Volume of the air that will be expelled from a vessel of water’s surface, Where the temperature is 25oC and pres-
300 cm3 when it is heated from 27oC to 37oC at the same sure is 1.0 atm. Calculate the final volume of the bubble if
its initial volume was 2 mL.
pressure will be :
(a) 14 mL (b) 12.72 mL
(a) 310 cm3 (b) 290 cm3
(c) 11.31 mL (d) 15 mL
(c) 10 cm3 (d) 37 cm3
27. Argon is an inert gas used in light bulbs to retard the va-
21. V versus T curves at constant pressure P1 and P2 for an
porization of the filament. A certain light-bulb containing
ideal gas are shown in fig. which is correct?
argon at 1.25 atm and 18oC is heated to 85oC at constant
volume. Calculate its final pressure
(a) 1.53 atm (b) 1.25 atm
(c) 1.35 atm (d) 2 atm
28. Calculate the volume of O2 at 1 atm and 273 K required
(a) P1 > P2 (b) P1 < P2 for the complete combustion of 2.64 L of acetylene (C2H2)
(c) P1 = P2 (d) All of these at 1 atm and 273 K. 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) ! 4CO2(g) +
22. Two flasks A and B of 500 mL each are respectively filled 2H2O(l)
with O2 and SO2 at 300 K and 1 atm pressure. The flask (a) 3.6 L (b) 1.056 L
will contain : (c) 6.6 L (d) 10 L
(a) The same number of atoms 29. The density of O2(g) is maximum at :
(b) the same number of molecules (a) STP (b) 273 and 2 atm
(c) More number of moles of molecules in flask A and (c) 546 K and 1 atm (d) 546 K and 2 atm
compared to flask B 30. Which one of these graphs for an ideal gas, the arrow
(d) The same amount of gases. indication is incorrectly marked?
23. 2.8 g of a gas at 1 atm and 273 K occupies a volume of
2.24 litres, the gas can not be :
(a) O2 (b) CO
(a) (b)
(c) N2 (d) C2H4
24. At what pressure a quantity of gas will occupy a volume
of 60 mL, if it occupies a volume of 100 mL at a pressure
of 720 mm (while temperature is constant) :
(a) 700 mm (b) 800 mm (c) (d)

(c) 100 mm (d) 1200 mm

25. At 1 atm and 273 K the density of gas, whose molecular 31. An ideal gaseous mixture of ethane (C2H6) and ethane
weight is 45, is : (C2H4) occupies 28 litre at at 1 atm and 273 K. The mix-
(a) 44.8 g/L (b) 11.4 g/L ture reacts completely with 128 gm O2 and H2O. Mole
(c) 2 g/L (d) 3 g/L fraction at C2H4 in the mixture is :
26. A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the (a) 0.6 (b) 0.47
temperature and pressure at 8 C and 6.0 atm, to the
o
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.8

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32. A certain hydrate has the formula MgSO4.xH2O. A quan- 37. The atmospheric pressure on Mars is 0.61 kPa. What is
tity of 54.2 g of the compound is heated in an oven to the pressure in mm Hg?
drive off the water. If the steam generated exerts a pres- (a) 0.63 (b) 4.6
sure of 24.8 atm in a 2.0 L container at 120oC, calculate (c) 6.3 (d) 3.2
x. 38. Equal volumes of oxygen gas and second gas weigh 1.00
(a) 2 (b) 5 and 2.375 grams respectively under the same experimen-
(c) 6 (d) 7 tal conditions. Which of the following is the unknown gas?
33. Air entering the lungs ends up in tiny sacs called alveoli. (a) NO (b) SO2
It is from the alveoli that oxygen diffuses into the blood. (c) CS2 (d) CO
The average radius of the alveoli is 0.0050 cm and the air 39. For a closed (no rigid) container containing n = 10 moles
inside contains 14 percent oxygen. Assuming that the pres- of an ideal gas fitted with movable, frictionless, weight-
sure in the alveoli is 1.0 atm and the temperature is 37oC, less piston operating such that pressure of gas remains
calculate the number of oxygen molecules in one of the constant at 0.821 atm, which graph represents correct
alveoli variation of log V vs log T where V is in litre and T in
(a) 6 × 10 13
(b) 10 24
Kelvin.
(c) 1.7 × 1022 (d) 1.7 × 109
34. Nitrogen forms several gaseous oxides. One of them has
density of 1.33 g/L measured at 764 mmHg and 150oC. (a) (b)
Write the formula of the compound
(a) NO (b) N2O
(c) NO2 (d) N2O5
35. A compressed cylinder of gas contains 1.50 × 103 g of N2
gas at a pressure of 2.0 × 107 Pa and a temperature of
(c) (d)
17.1oC. What volume of gas has been released into the
atmosphere if the final pressure in the cylinder is 1.80
×105 Pa? Assume ideal behavior and that the gas tem- 40. The intercept on y-axis and slope of curve plotted be-
perature is unchanged tween P/T vs T.
(a) 1260 L (b) 126 L For an ideal gas having 10 moles in closed rigid container
(c) 12600 L (d) 45 L of volume 8.21 L. (P = Pressure in atm and T = Temp. in
36. A high-altitude balloon is filled with 1.41 × 104 L of hydro- K, log10 2 = 30) are respectively:
gen at a temperature of 21oC and a pressure of 745 torr. (a) 0.01, 0 (b) 0.1, 0
What is the volume of the balloon at a height of 20 km, (c) 0.1, 1 (d) 10, 1
where the temperature is – 48oC and the pressure is 63.1 41. A He atom at 300 K is released from the surface of the
torr. earth to travel upwards, assuming that it undergoes no
(a) 1.274 × 105 L (b) 1.66 × 105 L collision with other molecules, how high will it be before
(c) 1.66 × 104 L (d) None of these coming to the rest?

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(a) 9.53 m (b) 95.3 m (c) 384.7 mmHg (d) None of these
(c) 953m (d) 9.53 × 104 m 47. Consider the following apparatus. Calculate the partial
42. The density of gas A is twice that to B at the same tem- pressure helium after the opening valve. The temperature
perature the molecular weight of gas B is twice that of A. remains constant at 16oC
The ratio of pressure of gas A and B will be :
(a) 1 : 6 (b) 1 : 1
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
43. An open flask containing air is heated from 300 K to 500
K. What percentage of air will be escaped to the atmo-
sphere, if pressure is keeping constraint? (a) 0.164 atm (b) 1.64 atm
(a) 80 (b) 40 (c) 0.328 atm (d) 1 atm
(c) 60 (d) 20 48. Which one of the following relationships when graphed
44. The value of universal gas constant R depends on : does not give a straight line for helium gas?
(a) temperature of gas I. K.E. and T at constant pressure and volume
(b) volume of gas II. P v/s V at constant temperature for a constant mass
(c) number of moles of gas III. V v/s 1/T at constant pressure for constant mass
(d) units of volume and pressure (a) II (b) II and III
45. A manometer attached to a flask contains with ammonia (c) III (d) I
gas have no difference in mercury level in initially as shown 49. Which of the following statements is false?
in diagram. After sparking into the flask. Ammonia is par- (a) Molecules of different gases have the same kinetic
tially dissociated as 2NH3(g) ! N2(g) + 3H2(g) now it have energy at a given temperature.
difference of 6 cm in mercury level in two columns, what (b) The gas equation is not valid at high pressure and
is partial pressure of H2(g) at equilibrium low temperature constant.
(c) The gas equation is not valid at high pressure and
low temperature constant
(d) The gas constant per molecule is known as
Boltzmann’s constant
50. At a definite temperature (T), the distribution of veloci-
ties is given by the curve. The curve that indicates that
(a) 9 cm Hg (b) 18 cm Hg the velocities corresponding to points A, B and C are :
(c) 27 cm Hg (d) None of these
46. A mixture of helium and none gases is collected over water
at 28.0oC and 745 mmHg. If the partial pressure of he-
lium is 368 mmHg, what is the partial pressure of neon?
(Vapour pressure of water at 28oC = 28.3 mmHg)
(a) 348.7 mmHg (b) 377 mmHg

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(a) most probable, average and rot mean square 55. The molecular velocity of any gas is
(b) average, root mean square and most probable (a) Directly proportional to square root of temperature
(c) root mean square, average and most probable (b) Inversely proportional to the square root of tempera-
(d) most probable, root mean square and average ture
51. Dimethyl ether decomposes as (c) Inversely proportional to absolute temperature
CH3OCH2(g) ! CH4(g) + CO(g) + H2(g) (d) Directly proportional to square of temperature
When CH3OCH3 decomposes to 20% extent at certain 56. If Z is a compressibility factor, van der Waals equation at
fixed conditions, what is the ratio of diffusion of pure low pressure can be written as
CH3OCH3 with methane? RT a
(a) Z  1  (b) Z  1 
(a) 0.59 : 1 (b) 1.18 : 1 Pb VRT

(c) 2.36 : 1 (d) 1.77 : 1 Pb Pb

(c) Z  1  (d) Z  1 
RT RT
52. Under identical conditions of pressure and temperature, 4
57. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular
L of gaseous mixture (H2d and CH4) effuses through a
gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of number of their
hole in 5 min whereas 4 L of a gas X of molecular mass
molecule is
36 takes to 10 min to effuse through the same hole. The
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 7 : 32
mole ratio of H2 : CH4 in the mixture is :
(c) 1 : 8 (d) 3 : 16
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
58. The intermolecular interaction that is dependent on the
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 1 : 1
inverse cube of distance between the molecules is
53. If 10–4 dm3 of water is introduced into a 1.0 dm3 flask at
(a) Ion-ion interaction (b) Ion-dipole interaction
300 K, how many moles of water are in the vapour
(c) London force (d) Hydrogen bond
phase when equilibrium is established? (Given : Vapour
59. 0.5 moles of gas A and x moles of gas B exert a pressure
pressure of H2O at 300 K is 3170 Pa; R = 8.314 J K–1
of 200 Pa in a container of volume 10 m3 at 1000 K. Given
mol–1)
R is the gas constant in JK–1 mol–1, x is
(a) 1.27 × 10–3 mol (b) 5.56 × 10–3 mol
2R 2R
(c) 1.53 × 10–2 mol (d) 4.46 × 10–2 mol (a) (b)
4R 4R
54. When r, P and M represent rate of diffusion, pressure
4R 4R
and molecular mass, respectively, then the ratio of the (c) (d)
2R 2R
 RA  60. The volume of gas A is twice than that of gas B. The
rates of diffusion  R  of two gases A and B, is given
 B compressibility factor of gas A is thrice than that of gas B
as at same temperature. The pressure of the gases for equal
1 1 number of moles are
 PA  M A  2  PA  2  M A 
(a)    (b)     (a) PA = 2PB (b) PA = 3PB
 PB  M B   PB   M B 
(c) 3PA = 2PB (d) 2PA = 3PB
1 1
 PA  M B  2  PA   M B 
2 61. An open vessel at 27°C is heated until two fifth of the air
(c)    (d)    
 PB  M A   PB   M A  (assumed as an ideal gas) in it has escaped from the
vessel. Assuming that the volume of the vessel remains

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constant, the temperature at which the vessel has been

heated is
(a) 750 °C (b) 750 K
(c) 500 °C (d) 500 K
62. At 300 K and 1 atmospheric pressure, 10 mL of a hydro
d = Density, P = Pressure, T = Temperature
carbon required 55 mL of O2 for complete combustion,
(a) II (b) III
and 40 mL of CO2 is formed. The formula of the
(c) I (d) IV
hydrocarbon is
64. A mixture of one mole each of H2, He and O2 each are
(a) C4H10 (b) C4H8
enclosed in a cylinder of volume V at temperature T. If
(c) C4H6 (d) C4H7Cl
the partial pressure of H2 is 2 atm, the total pressure of
63. Which one of the following graphs is not correct for ideal
the gases in the cylinder is
gas?
(a) 14 atm (b) 38 atm
(c) 22 atm (d) 6 atm

(Exercise – 2) (a) same as that of oxygen

(b) one-fourth that of oxygen,
NSEJS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
(c) twice that of oxygen,
1. Air has three major components : nitrogen, oxygen, and
(d) four times that of oxygen
argon. Given that one mole of air at sea level is made up
4. Deepa was studying properties of [Link] took a flash
of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, by volume.
and filled it with sulphur dioxide gas, and weighed it at
What is the density of air ? Assume that gases behave in
temperature T and pressure P. The weight of the flask
an ideal manner. (Atomic mass of argon is 40 amu).
containing the gas was found to be W1. She then flushed
(NSEJS – 2016-17)
the flask, cleaned and filled it with methane at the same
(a) 14.62 g/L (b) 1.3 g/L
temperature and [Link] weight of the flask con-
(c) 29 gaL (d) 0.65 g/L
taining oxygen was found to be W2. She repeated the pro-
2. An open vessel contains air at 27°C. The vessel is heated
cess with oxygen under the same conditions and found
till two-fifth of the air in it has been expelled. Assuming
the weight to be W3. The ratio of the weights W1 : W2 :
the volume of the vessel remains constant, find the tem-
W3 is (NSEJS – 2019)
perature to which the vessel has to be heated?
(a) 2 : 1 : 4 (b) 2 : 1 : 4
(NSEJS – 2019)
(c) 4 : 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 2 : 4
(a) 750 K (b) 700 K
5. Which one of the given pressure versus volume plots rep-
(c) 550 K (d) 500 K
resents Boyle’s law?
3. A flask containing SO2 gas was weighed at a particular
temperature and pressure. The flask was then flushed and
filled with oxygen gas at the same temperature and pres-
sure. The weight of SO2 in the flask will be about:
(NSEJS – 2019)

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(a) Line AB (b) Line CD (a) P1 > P2 > P3 > P4 (b) P1 = P2 = P3 = P4

(c) Line EF (d) Line GH (c) P1 < P2 <P3 < P4 (d) P1 < P2 = P3 < P4
6. A plot of volume (V) versus temperature (T) for a gas at 7. Dipole-dipole forces act between the molecules possess-
constant pressure is a straight line passing through the ing permanent dipole. Ends of dipoles possess particles
origin. The plots at different values of pressure are shown charges. The particle charge is
in figure. (NSEJS – 2018)
Which of the following order fo pressure is correct for (a) More than unit electronic charge
this gas? (b) Equal to unit electronic charge
(c) Less than unit electronic charge
(d) Double the unit electronic charge

(a) 3.66 × 10–3 atm

(Exercise – 3)
(b) 3.66 atm.
INJSO AND IJSO
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS (c) 2.44 atm

(d) 1.63 × 10–3 atm

1. When 0.7 L of Hydrogen at 0.8 bar and 1.5 L of oxygen at
3. (A) A hydrocarbon contained 10.5 g carbon per gm of hy-
0.6 bar are introduced in a 1 L vessel at 25°C, the total
drogen. One litre of the hydrocarbon vapours at 127°C
pressure of the gas mixture is______ and 1 atm pressure weighed 2.8g. Help Sakshi to find the
(INJSO 2018) molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.

(a) 0.8 bar (b) 1.24 bar (B) 40 mL of mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases
was placed in a gas burette at 48°C and 1 atm pressure.
(c) 1.46 bar (d) 1.62 bar
A spark was applied so that the formation of water is
2. Help Sachin to calculate the osmotic pressure of 0.9%
complete. The volume of the remaining hydrogen gas
aqueous solution of solute X at 25°c. Molar of the solute
was 10 ml at 48°C and 1 atm pressure Find the initial
is 60g/mol. (R = 0.0820 lit-atm K–1 mol–1)
mole percentage of hydrogen in the mixture.
(INJSO 2014)

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ANSWER KEY

Exercise - 1 : (Basic Objective Questions)

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)

6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c)
26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (a)
36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (d) 45. (a)
46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (a)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (c) 55. (a)
56. (b) 57. (b) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (d)
61. (d) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (d)

Exercise - 2 : (NSEJS Previous Year Questions)

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c)

(Exercise – 3) (INJSO PREVIOUS YEAR)

1. (c) 2. (b)

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