III II

EEE 15

eea [Link]
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i
in
this
Superposition theorem
Norton The venin theorem

In this course we will learn about how electrical

machines work
Vab Ubc Vca Line voltage line to line voltage

Van Von Von phase voltage line to neutral voltage

a b Va Vco
e
sequence
Vb VC 120
WE V e 120 VC 240
WIL

T I line V3 I phase Y Fine I phase

V Line V phase Vine N Uphase
 I s

jII A

a
Ip E
is

Powercalculation

g
93
S6
be Ex
9

For Y configuration P 3 card

up Ip
now Y Ip IL P 3 CSD
My I
Vi V3Up
up ve P B N Ir ego
 s R

O
P

Power factor
Igatpuri case

Apparent power

voltage
voltage
leading
lagging

5 a
leading power factor ant
Zani current Leading
ragging P F current lag
 121141111L

gymerrator
Single phase Three phase

transformer
Transformers are electrical devices that can be
used either to increase voltage or to decrease
the voltage stepping up voltage stepping down

High voltage Is low voltage total power remains

small current high current constant

Np Number of Turns
in primary coil
Ns No of turns in
secondary coil

Na V4
I
Np Ns Vp Vs Step down
NPC Ns Wpcvs Step up
NP Ns up Vs Unity Transformer
Why do we need Transformers to reduce Transmission
Line Loss

W
Émj
240 V
zuxio w

I
I 24411 100 7 Amp YY
power loss ER

Loss in transmission line

1pipy
P
If current
is high loss
is more so
To reduce loss
voltage is increased
and current is
decreased
 Why is power loss pair not P
Ir

In
EadayllawofmageticInduction
Magnetic Flun change
20 Induced voltage
loft 2221
Transformer AZOTH
magnetic Flux change
22 A C current At
at art direction change
72 MMM
Operating Principle of a Transformer

je

Ep

Es
ftp.E
we n

Ns
If
construction

core made up of soft iron steel laminated sheet

Fero magnetic materials
conductor Electric wires
Insulated

why do we use Fero magnetic core in a transformer

instead of Air or other medium

Fero magnetic core at Reluctance oar

[Link] magnetic
flux at waste 322221

i G
P
E
E
B 5,83
Q Why core is laminated
To reduce Eddy current and thus reduce heat loss

eddy current magnetic field a perpendicular

air Igor zip

circular
Redungeddecurrent
Eddy current I
I
i if Rf Id
Idk
To increase r we can follow the
following procedure
we know R p Ad Rf
Raf
Bigger
cross
section area
Theis cow
Resistance and
High Eddy current d
small A
High R
Besides So small I
The core is made
of laminated sheets This lamination
provides Electrical Insulation between the two adjacent
sheets
 Q Why core is made up of Iron
Sol
They have excellent magnetic permeability
which focuses magnetic lines of force and
thus reduce Energy loss

Hysteresis loss is less

Hysteresis loss

Magnetic fl un
y
saturation pain

114 Hysteresis
It Magnetic Force

for
Magnetomotive
B A curve
P i cure
graph pro carrom or Broom magnetization at
Tory Want energy loss 27
The Hysteresis loss in an iron core is the energy
required to accomplish the reorientation of domains
during each cycle of the AC current applied
to the core.

so not emo material use 20.10212 coz material

at Hysteresis Loop at area cat 257

rear less energy waste

Ika
Iron or Ferro magnetic material at B A curve at area
War KW OTHER THE Transformer core a use ME I
 Ed
My construction of a transformer

Radiator
fin
83
Entry

Transformer oil cooling 972735297

main 8157 THE Transformer Tank A2
core 9 WTF Insulation AT RTE HE
Wto core can tank to 1892 short circuit
or 271

oil heat absorb

apt expand Mer
and radiator fin at 2mbar environment 0
heat release ME Ayr 212
natural conduction
High voltageside a insulation
Bushing one type of
insulator form must
conductor az P L VA Barons
Tank at 272W insulation
D 29372927

3 phase transformer a 4 Bushing Y connection

3 u T n
 20625N Disk 0101 Corn insulation

High voltageside a insulation Art

WTF OTE Low voltage side a zoo
OR H V side a disk Oriyt Nor amp

High voltage side y

Transformer
Bushing VT IL
so Bushing a disk out for
for better Insulation
Bok thin size
Low voltage side vice versa
V2 If current era
s
wire at
so current
É tu worm cross section area can

I Wor INA am thick Bushing

War Disk 227
Bushing length or

Breather Absorbs moisture

Buchholez Relay Safety device

Transformer burst az sound our armor

mainly Az relay a circuit breaker a sound
IIe types of Transformers

Da Equivalent circuit of an Ideal transformer

jet E
[Link]

i
same side ammo
FA t

different side
It
3mn
 N Ir

es
mutual flush
this is a magnetically
coupled circuit
because are

É EF connected by that
Pm mutual flush

Ct
p
doesn't matter
Zi common
Iggy primary
MERI
side na Zi measure
 a
Eat
again T Ep a
Turns
Ratio
Vp AVS
Zi Ep a

i
Zi at Zz

air
M
so a wr equivalent
circuit armor cont
Up ans
Fifa L
secondary fog orzo or

gtd so Ray
ciscos
primary side can

Fig Equivalent circuit

referred to Primary meanssecondary
impedance converted
Go 1 Input a Mmo Vp
to primary

2 current 20
Ip
3 Impedance spoon at 2720
4 Impedence It across a voltage za aus
Referred to secondary
primary co F are Ray 65scar
or

FP

VP HIII

Zs YEP Zz
É atEp
Zz atZs
primary side a or ur impedance
Brno orcas at Bay 99 Ngor
MD Equivalent circuit of Real Transformer
While Real Transformer we have to consider
modelling
1 Flux leakage
2 Hysteresis loss
3 Eddy current loss
4 Magnetization current

O
 of Om t Pup
where
Ip total average primary flux
m Mutual flush Flush
component
linking both primary and secondary
coils

Pup primary leakage fl un

Because not all the flan passes through

the core

Now UpLt Np If
NpGf Pmt Pap

Np 491 Np

i
upLt ep t t eep t

epit np 991 transformer

For Real
s We can say up t yep
supplied voltage 72725
05M
Leakage Risto waste
277
start from video 1 0041
chapman 109 page
Notes

Ie
FaGncurrent
also 1 Im magnetizing
current
supplied Io Noloadcurrent
f
current Ip F load current
Ih te core loss
current
Ip
Eagerest

Ten

i IÉ

Resistance
or snobs coil at
Rp
Resistance R Represent
no
Inductor Flux leakage er represent
mm no
again

Inte ITEM
Zine
T
Magnetization current At
line a Ito car

And

Is

ED
I
 if we ignore the leakage flush for a moment

Vp t I ep t

so we can write Vp t N
If
dot Vp t dt
Ip
i
I Nt Sup it dt
let Vp t Um ca wt

i of fumes wt dt
I
If [Link]

I Yg
sin cot

as we can see from graph

voltage leads p by 90 degree
again Pa I I and 0 in same phase

voltage also leads I by 90

Goand we can see this behaviour
in an IInductory

That's why we draw an inductor to represent Im

II Transformer circuit Referred to Primary

Emin in
pining

Fig Refer to primary

referred to Primary means secondary

impedance converted
Go 1 Primary Input a Mmo Vp
to primary

2 Primary current 20 Ip
3SecondaryImpedance spoon at 2720
4 Secondary Impedence go across a voltage za aus
g Secondary Impedence go across a current Iya

Referredtosecondary

it
mitzming

Refer to Secondary
Referred to secondary
primary side
I
a Ip

secondary unchanged
Referred to Referred to
primary secondary
171 The core loss current Representation

current

Jigen
Fig Equivalent circuit

II Determining the values of components in the

Transformer model

1 Open Circuit Test

2 Short circuit test

opencircuittestin
one transformer winding is open circuited
other winding connected to Full Rated line
voltage
measurement normally done on Low voltage
side
 a_ why the measurement is done on Low voltage
side

Some 1Easy to work with

2 First of all we use voltmeter to measure the
voltage It we try to measure from the high
voltage side it would be expensive to make
a voltmeter that will be able to measure that
much high voltage

3 Aagain we know if we try to measure from

High voltage side the current will be so small that
the Ameter needed to measure such low current
is very much
expensive
But on the Low voltage side the current is higher
But as it's an open circuit test the only current
flowing through the circuit is no load current
which is really easy to measure

But Lab a errant transformer use 28.2 22 Arsht High

voltage side 93 voltage Apr poor step up Moor so

we can measure voltage from any side

 open circuit test procedure Re 3 Xm A2
value corner
admittance Y Imptedence Z

or
Ye I
now wattmeter actually measures only
Ioc
the Real power
oh lot Resistance Re
And Real power
20 I
1 I BIM

so
Poe Voc Inte
and Re Not
Inte
Now Xm
Emt
ANT OTTO Tarr voltage 92 Resistor at across a current
AME FA 371 OTE inductor g across a current
voltage at ma 90 Lag act

v
now Ioi Im't Inte
i Im Toilet
too
Im mm
Itm
Impedence parallel a man

EE Eet Fm
v1
I'M Ioc

Ye Ee I Em
d
Excitation
Branch
Admittance

as we know IZEF
YI Me
I
If
Magnitude
Angle 22020.0 555

Poc Voc Ioc COSO

co so
I III D co
wife
Power Factor
PF current lagging
minus [Link]

Ye TO EEL cost per

Do only the Open circuit part

 33 33
rn ratio a 896
open circuit test

P F Cosa
47,33 0 234 Lagging
I
Reason is
O cos 0.234 19995ns
Inductor
i The excitation admittance

EE
Ye L O

Cat 0.234
231 L

0 02972 76 460
3
6.95 10 0.0289 j
 193
i Re
Gao 3M Referred to
Xm
o
2 34 601 884 Secondary
Mat O C Test
cow voltage
side [Link]
So Referred to primary
kn
Rep Rest 93 33.335 143 88 159

Mmp MMS X GI 33 335 34 63 38 4 km

Reg J
neg

NO C

D
 and Meg 002.0271
Short circuit test Reg

Low voltage side short circuited

High voltage side is connected to a variable
source Variac

Measurement normally done on High voltageside

because currents will be lower on that side

High voltage side 9 IDF voltage 6hr27 Rot

Ise Rated current Highest current 32

current wattmeter Pse

crated

p
É

variable It
qÉ
hey

so basically variable voltage change [Link] Art UTA meter

I maximum 217 Rated current our pit 272 Isc
go voltage 278 Use To Power Psc

High voltage sides Test otto short circuit current Ise small
25 so measurement easier
noted one test I Rated voltage
S C Test o Rated current

Now The power factor

P F Cao
II lagging
Negative
I
0 Basically voltage
i 0 051
É auto current 982050
angle
d
2s E
j VELO prize current lassing
07 O negative
Impedence Angle is positive

Now ZSE Reg JReg

Ans Referred to
Zse Rpt a'Rs j Np
Primary
 r
r

side
O c Test v.v
SO
929227
S C
poorly woong
 Eggs

livotDopencircuittestlowvoltagesiden
earnt an voltage 3rd Rated voltage
So Voc 240W or ant Arms on

short circuit Test Rated current a High voltage

again
side 920 371 So
Isc
20
11 2 5 A Question I
8000

0 196 lagsing
I
series Impedence inductors current
lagging So p F lagging
Zs Reg joy YEO
2 CS 0196 195.6278 69
Zs
4 38 9 j 191 for
 i Reg 38 41 Referred to primary
X eg 191 son

minimum
I 38 41 51922
Ise

circuit
so one and s c Teston my main

aus

Il
This equivalent circuit is Referred to

primary
 Referred to secondary 2Mt

Reg Read Res Be

92
4 5mm
jnea a
5441 JIMI
side 28 current
primary a
yr
u n
voltage ta fr

Rep Iggy

j
imminent s

Id
Atere Rep primary

Voltage Regulation
3 phase circuit
atoms
Da the per unit system of measurements

Def the per unit value of any quantity is defined as

the ratio of actual value in any unit to the base
or reference value in the same unit

each electrical quantity is measured as a decimal fraction

of some base level

Quantity per unit

getting
First we select 2 base quantities for a given per unit
system

These Base quantities are voltage and Power

fabpatient Real
power
once these base quantities have been selected all other
base values are related to them by the usual electrical
laws In a single phase system these relationships are

P Q or 5 Vbase Fbase
base

we could select P also

f
Eff
I base

s base I base Nyase

 Now 2 base
YE YEE YI
Z base
YI
week Her Transformer 92 357 Man Power same Transformer
has no effect on the base apparent power of the system

Since voltage transformation occurs in a transformer

therefore Vbase changesat every point of the system

according to its turns ratio

TI Tz
 103
In Region 1 Vase 480 V S base LO KVA 10 VA

I base 19811 20.83 A

p

fig
base
Y 137 23.091

In transformer l step up transformer

voltage Erb

base 10 980 98004

since power is constant in

every point
S base 10 KVA
2

111
i I base 2.083 A

Iggy 2309
2 base r

In Tz step down Voltage decrease 20 D

Sbase IOWA
base 9 1 240 V
 I base
f the 91.67A

Zbakz
46 5 761

TI Tz

no unit
p
as
IT
[Link]
9411

Va p u
Igf 120 PU

Zune a 8.68 107 50.02604 PU

p

Zbasez

Toad pu
1.5 50.86 P V

L
Zbases
 circuit

IG
the sintering
f
M K 7 load 1.50 50.86
PN

e The current flowing in this per unit power system

0 49 50.289
IPU ÉÉ
ap
[Link]
1 50 50.86 0 57 L 30 42

since we are
calculating per unit actual power
P load p u I put R pre 0.572 1 503

0.488 Pu

10 103 VA
Past
Ppu Pactual 0 988

poad
4883.247 tt
d Peine pu Ipt Reine pre

0.5692 x 0.0087

0.00282 PU

103
P2 Peine pu x S base 0.0082 10 VA

28.2 W

Iwate whenonly one device is being analyzed

its own ratings are usually used as the
base for the per unit system

A Transformer 20 kva 8000 290 V 60172

has the following
equivalent circuit referred
to H V side Using Transformer Ratings on the
base values convert it to the per unit equivalent
circuit
RegHer Teeth

Imam38.42 j 1921

m
is
 so1 S base 20 18 VA

base 8000 v since its referred to High voltage

side we took sooo as base valley

2 base
YEE Iff 3200 n

i
Zepp Ex 383
3191 0.012 50.06
I
Regpu degpu
01
Rep u
2g 133

49 68 PU

Mpa Mmg 331Mt j 12 pre

Ignition

512 PU

4112
 III voltage Regulation

Transformer 77
Voltage Regulation
performance
index
d efficiency
used for distribution
of power in Transformers
which work at constant applied

voltage and frequency

sons arena Input voltage OTT
frequency constant

Def change in magnitude of the secondary voltage

as the current varries from no load to the
full load condition while
primary voltage is

kept constant and fined power factor

since in the def there is this term secondary voltage

we will refer the circuit to secondary for better
understanding
The circuit referred to secondary

Regs kegs

mummy and

I
n
voltage regulation t
g
loot
VR

at no load there is no voltage drop in series impedence

so
Ns Vs ME

ur
Eigffxioor
if the circuit is in per unit system

ur
[Link] ffet xioot

for an Ideal Transformer VR 0

Da Transformer Phaser diagram

The effects of the excitation branch on transformer

be ignored So only the series
voltage regulation can

impedence need to be considered

this series
The UR depends on 1 Magnitude of
Impedence
2 phase angle of the current
flowing through the tram
former
 Is Reg Is Dregs Vs

Phaser Diagram

1 laggingload

N
Play a

keg Is
4
Reg Is
Is
III Transformer efficiency

n FI x loot [Link] s
x 100 t

Due to series resistance

Copper loss Pcu
Power loss
f Hysteresis loss
Eddy current loss
core
These loss is
included in
Resistor Re

Now Pout Ns Is co Os

M
É ts ends
 Turns Ratio a 10 Ref to pri
a 23
7
92

Branch values OC Test Ref to

Excitation secondary
Re X m
series elements g c test Ref to primer y
Rey Meg dtr
ref to see
84
if
Doc Ces co lagging
23
c

c o c su
Ye
Y
YE 9.59 10 j 9.08 15
l 3 1
4 9 08 10
ZE 9 54 10 j

1048 Y j 110.13 r

i Rest 1098 21 r Ref to l V side

Ams j mo By Y

again For S C Data

cads Ose es
É
Dse 5.5.43 lagging
 255 43
7sE YÉ VICO
i HE 4 44 56.95 N

4 44 r H V side
i Reg Ret to

Nsp j G us 2

at Res 102 1048 4 105km

So
Rep
Mp at nm 102 X 110 I Il Kr

Is a

[Link]

nemiiep aV II Iy

ÉItÉfn
again 09952
411
0
regs
Neg 1 50 06451
Kms j 110.132 59
 0.09502 j 0.06652
I

1
The full load current on the secondary side of
c
the transformer

65.2A
Is rated EET
Now Was Us Reg Is j neg Is

Ca 0 0.8 O Cat 0.8 lag gin

PF
36 go

Is 65 2 L 36.90

j 65 2 36.9
0.045 X 65 26 36 9 0.0695
YI 23020

234.85 0.40 N

iv r
I toxin
2 IY
 D Co D 0
at p F I

Is 65.220

65 220 X 0.045 j 0.0695 65 220

23020
WE
232 9421.04

vp 2333 21 xin test

a

at D Fa 0.8 Is 65 2636 9
leading

0.045 X 65.2236
9
j 0.0695 65 2 36.9
Nya 23020

229.852 1.27

230 100 0.062

i UR 2235
Phasordiayram
 pÉgox
loot
M
_p

Pca Is Req 65.27 10.095 189 W

Poore 234.8532 52.5W

Y Y

230 65.2 0.8 12000W

i Pout Us Is Cho

j.qX100Y
98.037
ms

[Link]
m

a
Mf 501
 Éosxaro
Teenie
axa
321 j 451

I 2 II
on aus

Chet ref to H V side

Fig Eg

S 103 VA
b 20
base p

base p 8000N

Fbase p
Into 2.5A

8
5
32002
Zbase
Yog
Ref to H V
Zpu 21k

É 78 125

[Link] 3w 0.014 Pu am put 1,4ft

3
Rs 9 34 10
pu If
[Link] IT
 017
Injo

II i 1
Ars