DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HOSPITAL APPOINTMENT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

BY

MICHAEL AYOBAMI PRECIOUS

MATRIC NO.: 17/3560

A PROJECT WRITTEN AND SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES, CALEB UNIVERSITY, IMOTA,

LAGOS. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE ([Link].) IN COMPUTER SCIENCE.

AUGUST, 2021

i
 DECLARATION

I, MICHAEL AYOBAMI PRECIOUS, with matric number 17/3560, solemnly declare that this

project is entirely my work and composition. The work contained here, is original and assembled

by me and has not been submitted in institution for any degree. All references made to works of

other persons have been acknowledged accordingly.

_____________________________ ______________________________

SIGNATURE DATE

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 CERTIFICATION

We certify that the work contained here was researched and compiled by MICHAEL AYOBAMI

PRECIOUS, in the Department of Computer Science, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Caleb

University, Lagos. The research work is considered adequate, in partial fulfilment of the requisite

for the award of [Link]. in Computer Science.

_______________________ ________________________

Dr. Olumoye Mosud Date

Project Supervisor

______________________ ________________________

Dr. Olumoye Mosud Date

Head of Department

______________________ ________________________

Dr. Olutola Bob-Soile Date

Dean of COPAS

____________________ ________________________

External Examiner Date

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 DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this project to God almighty the giver of wisdom. I also dedicate this to

my parents who has been of great help to me right from the beginning and always encourage me

and to my siblings for being there for me whenever I needed help.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My great gratitude to God for grace and strength during my course of working on this project.

To my parents Mr. and Mrs. Michael, for their love and support in every way; throughout the

period of the project and my programme at Caleb University. I really love you both so much.

I also wish to appreciate my supervisor Dr. Olumoye Mosud, for his constructive mentoring, both

as a lecturer and project supervisor. Thank you so much for every instruction, guidance, and

correction, sir. God bless you.

Lastly, to my friends and colleagues who helped in several ways.

Thank you all.

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 ABSTRACT

The current system desired efficiency and patient satisfaction for optimal performance. The

outpatient of most clinics in developing countries are faced with plethora of issues. These include:

overtime for doctors and nurses during clinic sessions, long waiting time for patients, and peak

workloads for counter personnel. The quality of health care delivery has been threatening by

overtime and peak work load. This project focuses on developing a system to improve upon the

efficiency and quality of delivering a web-based doctor appointment system to reduce waiting

time. In this project, a doctor appointment and scheduling system is designed using HTML, CSS

and JavaScript for the frontend, Ajax framework for handling client-server request and PHP and

MYSQL for the backend.

Keywords: Patient, Appointment, Scheduling, PHP.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page i

Declaration ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

Table Of Content vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 3
1.4 Significance of the Study 3
1.5 Research scope 3
1.6 Structure of the Project 4
1.7 Definition of Terms 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Concept of Hospital Appointment Management System 8
2.3 Global View of Hospital Appointment Management System 10
2.4 African Perspective on Hospital Appointment Management System 14
2.5 Nigerian Perspective on Hospital Appointment Management System 16
2.6 Review of Related Literature 18

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2.7 Types of Models Used in Software Development: Reason for adopting Agile 20
2.8 History of Oak Hospital 21

CHAPTER THREE: SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 22

3.1 Methodology of The Study 22

3.2 Method of Data Collection 22
3.3 System Analysis 23
3.3.1 Analysis and Problems of the Existing System 23
3.3.2 Justification for The New System 23
3.3.3 Description of The New System 24
3.3.4 Requirements Analysis 24
3.3.5 Analysis of The New Model 25
3.4 System Design 28
Design Goals 28
System Architecture 29
Hardware/Software Platform 30
Database Design 30
3.5 Coding 34

CHAPTER FOUR: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS 35

4.1 System Implementation 35

4.2 Installation Requirements 36
4.2.1 Hardware Requirements 36
4.2.2 Software Requirements 37
4.3 Prototype of Design 37
4.3.1 How to Install the Hospital Appointment Management System 41
4.4 Results 41
How to Access the Hospital Appointment Management System 42

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 i. Login Page 42
ii. Sign-Up 42
iii. Admin Page 42

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44

5.1 Summary of Research Findings 44

5.2 Research Conclusion 44
5.3 Contribution to Academic Knowledge 45
5.4 Recommendation for Further Study 45

References 46

Appendix 48

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The health industry is a pivotal and vital component of people's lives worldwide. Therefore, any

inaccuracy in the healthcare services could lead to a malfunction or end of life. Information and

communication have recently been widely utilized in order to improve various healthcare

operations and services. A doctor's hospital appointment is one of the automated clinical services.

Health care providers are encouraged to lower operating costs while enhancing service quality.

Preventive medicine has been created to prevent diseases, decrease demand for emergency services

and hospital stays for patients. There can be no underestimation of the importance of Hospital

Scheduling in health care. The hospital planning process is complex and plays an important role

in healthcare. The scheduling of the hospital carries on several responsibilities from assigning

resources and allocating operating chambers to patients in need of examinations and on-demand

appointments with Family Physicians working in primary care clinics. The Oak Hospital will

promote patient and doctor satisfaction with a suitable scheduling schedule and is therefore an

important element in the hospital. The efficacy of medical provision depends exclusively on the

effectiveness of the scheduling system of the hospital. It decreases practitioners' medical error and

also reduces the number of patients who are unsatisfied. Talking systems were widely employed

to cut waiting times and congestion in waiting rooms for patients. Such solutions can improve

access and reduce costs, as well as staff and patient unhappiness arising from unsatisfied

scheduling limitations. The basic purpose of optimum planning of hospitals is to establish a

nomination technique under uncertain circumstances to which a specific measure of performance

1
is optimized. Termination planning system is a planning system for appointments of patients,

facilities and providers. It is utilized for minimizing waiting times, planning priority and

optimizing resource utilization.

React JS is a new JavaScript MVC framework that Facebook has developed for creating well-

designed, structured and engaging single-page apps (SPA). It emphasizes best practices such as

the testing and development of templates and declarative two-way binding data. The context is

used to build dynamic and rich spa (Single page Application). The framework includes numerous

main libraries and optional ones. The purpose of this work is to reduce waiting times and ensure

effective utilization of clinical resources via appointing and scheduling systems. As a prototype of

OAK Hospital appoints scheduling system, the suggested system will be deployed.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

There are concerns in the hospital appointment that include: increasing waiting times, waiting

patients, cancellation by the outpatient, loss of meeting history and information on these issues,

crowded hospital and the loss of precious resources. Hospital services are available at the hospital.

The paper suggests a hospital management system because of all these issues to lower the hospital

population, the waiting time for patients, meet history, and keep all patient information safe.

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1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of this research is to design a scheduling system for hospital appointments with Oak

hospital as a case studies utilizing online tools and development technology; the purpose of the

project is as follows.

1. To design, I used CSS and SQL for data base connection, data storage and HTML

application development.

2. To develop the PHP and JavaScript application backend

3. To design an efficient and user-friendly experience system for patients.

4. To Implement the system that has been built.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is of important significance as it will ease the burden of the old appointment method,

providing benefits to the organization and serving as an advancement in the hospital and

healthcare system.

1.5 RESEARCH SCOPE

This research will focus on the creation of new appointments and additional information, as

applicable, will be examined by the student, with the OAK HOSPITAL case study. The

investigation, application creation and testing will be limited to its case study and Caleb

University.

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1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT

This report is broken into five chapters. Chapter one is the initial chapter, chapter two is the

literature review, chapter three is the system analysis and design, chapter four is the system

implementation and result and chapter 5 is the summary, conclusion and recommendation. The

references, appendix, source code and screenshots are the other elements of the documentation.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Management: Coordination of the organization's entire resources through the planning,

organization, management and control process

2. Scheduling: Scheduling is the method by which work and workloads are organized,

controlled and optimized in a production or production process. The programming is

intended for allocating resources for plants and machinery, for manufacturing process

planning and purchasing equipment.

3. Systems: a computer's physical component for performing a specific activity.

4. Data: numbers, texts or images in the form appropriate to store or process information in

a computer.

5. Information: means full material derived through organization and interpretation of

computer data in a particular manner.

6. Input: data entered in a storage or processing computer.

7. An emergency is a situation in which health, life, property and the environment are directly

at risk.

8. Output: Computer-generated information after processing.

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9. Information system: a number of inter-related elements collecting, processing, storing and

distributing information in an organization to support decisions and controls.

10. COMPUTER: Computer is an electronic device that accepts input data, processes data

and provides user information as output.

11. SOFWARE: -Software consists of associated programs built by the manufacturer to

govern and allow the computer to do a specific activity.

12. HARDWARE: Hardware is a physical aspect of a computer that has the feeling that the

software is in charge of doing a certain duty.

13. DATABASE: Database is an organized database of the collection of connected data.

14. PROGRAMMING: programming is a codified command that computers comprehend and

follow.

15. APPOINTMENT: an arrangement at a given time to meet someone.

16. TECHNOLOGY: Technology is a knowledge branch that is responsible for the invention

and application of technology and its connections to life, society and the environment,

using industrial art, technical engineering, applied sciences and pure science.

17. ALGORITHM: a series of logical rules established throughout the application design

process. Using the 'blueprint,' the logic principles were converted to computer instructions

that detailed which step to take.

18. APPLICATION: the ultimate integration of data matching software and hardware.

19. DATA MATCHING DATABASE: Structured records or data collection which can be

kept on a computer system.

20. DATA CLEANSING: proactive detection and adjustment of the data quality problems

affecting the ability of an agency to use its data effectively.

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21. DATA INTEGRITY: quality, completeness and complaints with the aim of data makers,

i.e., 'suitable for purposes.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the efforts of several authors and developers on this issue across time.

However, for improvement and reference purposes their works will be cited in this chapter.

The appointment schedule/management can be defined across-the-board as a service facility for

consumers to obtain service from the facility for reserving or assigning arrival times and dates.

Consequently, the management of hospital appointments is to allocate and monitor the schedule

of patient entry by a hospital to control the working flow and to achieve the greatest pleasure for

the patient.

The design and execution of the hospital appointment management system is designed to meet the

challenges of the patient reservation manual method. As a result of a manual system commonly

used for hospitals and healthcare Centre, patients wait for long periods, often receiving little to no

information on the nature of the lines and, because the hospital does not have the time and

resources to meet their medical requirements at the time, patients must eventually return to their

homes. In a basic investigation at a health Centre running Covid 19 patient tests, it was discovered

that a minimum of 40 people had to be waited at the Centre for at least 1/2 hour per test, and that

very little information was provided as to how long they would wait and how soon. The people to

be tested at Covid-19 were another day in the same medical Centre only 20, most likely as other

prospective patients believed the waiting period would be as long as prior days.

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The above-mentioned issues will be addressed by a systematic and efficient hospital appointment

system, schedules distributed fairly and time management effectiveness and patient satisfaction as

a priority. The adoption of a hospital appointment scheme enables the hospital to plan and be

equipped to handle the number of patients expected on a certain day. The hospital can therefore

direct the patient flow from the busy days to the less busy.

2.2 CONCEPT OF APPOINTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The concept of the project is focused on the scheduling and management of healthcare

appointments. The hospital personnel track and manage appointments with the software system,

govern work flow and prevent long waiting time for patients. The concepts of the hospital

appointment management system include the following:

Scheduling: Scheduling can be described as the process of resource assignment for a period of

time. The scheduling challenges vary from computer systems and networks to production facilities

and healthcare appointments. Many of these issues are overcome either by human operation or the

use of heuristics designed specifically for the context, Jeffery (2017). The schedule of

appointments according to Akman (2019) may be divided into three:

Single Batch Process: Decisions are held until all appointment applications are received for a given

time period in this scheduling process. Used usually in surgery, this procedure enables for entire

scheduling information to be obtained in an almost perfect or perfect solution using heuristics or

discrete optimization methods.

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Unit Process Appointment: The procedures are assumed to occur one at a time in this appointments

schedule model and are scheduled upon arrival. This is the case when the request is received. This

approach is not likely to be the perfect solution, but if the distribution of the request types for

appointments is learned they can be estimated.

Periodic Process Appointment: In this model schedule of appointments, requests are stored

temporarily in a predetermined size buffer and scheduled once the buffer is complete. This

suggests that the ideal solution can be closer approached by considering optimal or near optimal

solutions at each planning stage.

Online Appointment System: An online appointment system is a web system by means of which

a user can access the website (the hospital), and plan services appointments, whether it is a guest,

customer, or patient. Furthermore, users(patients) can also provide the service provider with

additional information, make him better aware of their current position and comprehend their

service requirements. This advance booking method also allows doctors sufficient time and

information in the case of a hospital environment to arrange the resources required to take care of

each patient upon arrival. The web-based appointment system might significantly boost patient

satisfaction with pre-registration and efficiently minimize overall wait time in comparison with

the typical queuing method Nazia, (2017).

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2.3 GLOBAL VIEW OF HOSPITAL APPOINTMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Online planning schedules have numerous names; online planning, software programming,

application booking, etc. Time schedule management systems are one of the most popular web

apps allowing individuals to securely and simply book online reservations and service requests via

a laptop, tablet, smartphone or computer or any other Web-related device.

Everyone can also easily access the appointment management system by utilizing the URL

provided by the service facility or using the website option "Book Now." Without employee

interaction, the application system automatically confirms and records bookings on the system

once the time and date is chosen. The appointment system offers capabilities such as automated

SMS and message reminders sent to registered patients or individuals prior to their planned

reservation. The following are some of the many advantages of the healthcare online appointment

management system:

Time-Saving: The personnel spend less time organizing appointments and phone reservations, so

that they can make more urgent and important use of their free time. Patients can also save time,

because the system removes the need for long waiting hours in the hospital and does not take care

of it.

Consider, for example, a large medical Centre with 100+ appointments every day manually. The

support personnel of the administrative authorities handle every call, which takes about 3 to 4

minutes to make a telephone call. The medical facility might save a considerable amount of time

to take on additional urgent work by moving to an online booking system.

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Monetary Savings: During the reduced services and employees, the time saved by the facility can

automatically translate into monetary savings. The designation management system lowers the

need in the process of manual appointment planning for additional resources.

24-Hour Convenience: An individual must arrange an appointment during office hours over the

telephone calls and people must therefore work on their telephone bookings around the clock.

Customers or patients can book an appointment at any time using the online appointment

management system. More than 35% of all appointments were booked after business hours

because customers opted later to arrange the appointment, possibly not finding time during their

own working time. By using a scheduling system online, customers may book without the

additional stress of their facilities personnel at their convenience.

Online Payment: A secure payment system is required for all services. Since the online

appointment system is safe and the data is protected, individuals may easily pay online. Offering

free consultation fees or reductions in the after-consultation period, encourages individual patients

each time to reserve an appointment using the on-line appointment management system.

Healthcare providers employ the newest technologies and are up-to-date to improve quality. A

new step forward in bringing a health facility to the future is regarded the online appointment

schedule system.

Centralized information system: enhance patient management and efficiency in online systems.

Some scheduling solutions for online appointments also involve management of patient records.

The organisation can provide a single site for storing, update, manage and analyze patient

information.

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Recording, reporting and analysis of this data can assist in the efficient management of a patient's

case file. Regularly registered patient information, along with the history of inspections and

accompanying medical examinations, can be used to make educated and carefully examined health

care decisions. It can reduce the amount of paperwork and the time it takes to access physical files.

Redundancy is also evaluated in patient data inputs for the same patient. In addition, patient records

may be updated at each appointment to give patient information in a single spot for easy and speedy

access. This is especially significant when a patient consults two individual practitioners in the

same facility. Save time and ensure integrated and complementary services Overall, the system

provides a standard interface for various medical staff to obtain information about one patient.

This has played a major role in strengthening the patient care process Sanjana, Sanjana (2020).A

recent research of appointment registration systems that make it easier to receive hospital services

evaluates, with regard to its use, its advantages and its limitations, and its contribution to the

Turkish health sector, the Central Physicist Appointment System (CPAS). Data were collected

over the course of six years from the Ministry of Health and utilized to measure CPAS utilization

as opposed to conventional hospital queues. The data indicated that 22.1% of patients who

registered using the appointment system in the first year, up to 34.6% in the sixth year. With time,

there has been a decline in the waiting time before to the consultation and in the overall hospital

stay.

Improve efficacy and efficiency of the nature of services supplied is an important part of the

delivery of health services. The extended waiting time leading to congestion of the waiting room

and short consultation times are one of the most recurrent complaint from patients. Termination

management systems are critical factors for the achievement of desired operational excellence,

improved service quality and patient happiness. Their best-known work is the Bailey-Welch Term

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Scheduling, according to which two patients should be scheduled at daily starting and others

spaced equally during the day. These systems have been subjects for study and literary examination

by academics and professionals from Welch and Bailey since the 1950's. A study at the Xi-jing

hospital in China demonstrated a remarkable boost in the quality of service and patient satisfaction

with service delivery using online appointment scheduling. Mardiash et al. (2013) proposed the

use of appointment system models to minimize waiting times in Indonesian public hospitals.

Web based appointment systems (WAS) were developed in conjunction with the standard manual

registration approach for patients due to the rapid expansion of Internet. These web-based

technologies have now proven indispensable in preventing trans-infection and the transmission of

coronavirus, reducing the danger of patient cross-infection during manual registration (COVID-

19).

In 2003, the Turkish government launched a Health Transformation Program (HTP) as an

extensive effort to build a better health-care system. The central physician appointment system is

an important project conducted under the HTP (CPAS). This single scheduling system allows

Turks to book prior appointments at a convenient time with their favorite hospital, dental facility

or family physician. In Turkey and in other countries throughout the world, such as Italy, Taiwan,

Canada, Singapore and China, alternative online appointment systems were utilized prior to the

CPAS introduction. But all the state hospitals in Turkey began managing appointment systems

from a single Centre using the CPAS and became the world's first and only system to do so. In

general, there has been a favorable effect on waiting times in Turkey under the Central Medical

Appointment System. Given that waiting times are an essential measure of service quality, the

application of the appointment scheduling system can be concluded that service and access to care

have successfully been enhanced. Küçük et al. (2021).

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2.4 AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE ON HOSPITAL APPOINTMENT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

A system that is available online/web is used for a specified purpose to fulfil a particular task.

According to Chua (2010), The general public's need for a better healthcare system has forced the

health sector to reconsider how to offer care services and the shocking number of appointments

missed. Efficient appointment reservation systems are at the junction of providing effective,

reliable and rapid access to health services. with current technological developments. Traditional

appointment reservation methods are through fax, telephone or email. With the increasing ubiquity

of the internet, the online reservation system for hospitals and health services is being utilized.

Gruca, (2004).

South Africa is one of several countries which continues to seek ways of enhancing the quality of

public health services and of public health facilities. Collective and effective administration of

information and records was at the foundation of the delivery of service. It has been noted that

patients' health information is collected and efficiently managed through the usage of healthcare

appointment management systems that are used to book and manage appointments in order to

receive appropriate medical services; Luthuli & Kalusopa, (2017).

Appointment systems are also effective in enhancing chronic disease treatment. Historically,

health systems in Africa focused on the prevention and treatment of relatively common acute

diseases. Continual access to pharmacological therapeutics and continuing monitoring of

adherence to treatment are necessary to manage chronic diseases, including hypertension, asthma

and diabetes.

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An effective appointment system can help to achieve a number of objectives, crucial for the

treatment of patients with chronic conditions such as predicting and regulating the workforce at a

hospital. It can also be useful in the knowledge and preparation for the daily number of patients

expected.

It is inefficiency, inconvenience and unnecessary that all patients are required to appear early in

the morning and wait long times before being treated. In a Tanzanian health facility, it has been

found that both patients and staff adhere to a system of appointments where patients can choose

the day and time of their visit. The system contributed to the distribution and crowding of

workloads during the day.

In Kenya, clinical personnel have analyzed indicators of attendance that have been made feasible

by the records of the appointment system. It enabled them to monitor their daily level of operation

and how best their methods could be strengthened to support patients.

Timing and adherence indicators are easily estimated from appointment management and can be

used to evaluate chronic care performance and develop continuous improvement initiatives in the

field of quality in regular clinical information systems. As African healthcare advances to treat

chronic diseases, it will require new ways of planning and following routine patients and ensuring

sustained adherence to therapy. A first step to achieve this is practical appointing management

systems. Policy et al., (2013).

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2.5 NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE ON HOSPITAL APPOINTMENT MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM

In a research paper by Chukwunonso (2017), A new procedure has been designed to manage

appointments of patients; various schedule appointments have been used in different periods. This

method worked to enable patient reservations for any time of the appointment but to substitute the

appointment for another, freer time if the period was full. Various compounds have been assessed

and recommended for operational usage depending on the nature of the healthcare setting for

numerous appointments and double-reservations. Felix, Felix (2004). Studies have indicated that

the scheduled scheduling of patient appointments is guided by certain policies; no more than 30

patients are planned and two patients are placed for the first appointment and the others distributed

over a medium time span Klassen, (2004). Another system developed by Mustafa (2015) Allocates

access and explore, build in alphabetical order, and select a doctor from a patient registered with

username and password (whose profile and contact information is also provided). The patient can

also check the work schedule of the health care professional for work and working days and make

an appointment afterwards.

In the health industry it is general knowledge that waiting times are an important factor of patient

satisfaction. In a primary health care Centre in Abakaliki, Ebonyi state evaluated the patient's

perception of the scheduling of hospital appointments in order to reduce waiting time. The

assessment included 305 patients; 36% of whom confirmed a long wait for doctors in the facility

and 64% agreed that management of hospital appointment timing was essential. The assessment

also included 36%. In summary, the findings are that appointment regimes are an excellent way of

controlling the patient rate of consultation and adopting a flexible appointment and management

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system is a strong recommendation for hospitals to enhance service delivery and customer

satisfaction in the Nigerian health care system (Nc & Cj,2017).

In a paper by Journal et al., (n.d.), It was noted that there were concerns with the amount of missed

appointments at the Nigerian health facilities; hence a mixed, efficient system for improved care

and management of patients must be adopted. The study presents a web-based reservation system

of medical appointments as part of the NHP (NHIS). This technology allows patients to examine

the schedule of any available doctor and to book an appointment at a time consistent with the

available time of the doctor. Also, the system provides medical personnel with easy methods for

managing planned appointments and producing appropriate reports as a platform for facilitating

reservation and administration for patients. The system is stable, cost-effective and platform-

independent and developed with PhP, Macromedia Dreamweaver, Apache and MySQL.

It is frequently the case that a big number of these individuals are not treated on time or sometimes

at all in Nigerian general experts and hospitals that teach. The traditional healthcare system in

Nigeria has traditionally regarded time in comparison with patients as more valuable. This archaic

procedure has contributed to the long waiting time of patients because of the increasing idle time

of doctors and the insufficient queuing systems in these facilities. A good queuing model for the

designation system to handle the waiting times problem is proposed in the following paper. The

following article. In view of the factors which influence the performance of appointment systems,

such as pattern and rate of arrival, availability of medical services and preferences, experience for

the employees and access to IT, the research project introduces a flexible ambulatory queuing

model for appointment planning (Pack, n.d.).

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2.6 REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE

Chaitanya, (2014) Develops an appointment schedule decision support system tool to lower the

rate for those who have not appointed. Gowthem, (2014) Suggested a system of intelligent

reserving clinical appointment. In order to be an efficient means to handle appointed appointment

and to be a platform for patients' reappointments, this reservation system incorporated clinical

distributors into simple web accessible services. Chaitanya, (2017) Proposed mobile booking app

for Android appointments for maximum customer ease. Patients book the appointment via their

mobile devices, while the physician is able to identify the quantity of patients that they have to see

all day long.

Diwakar, (2017) introduces a web-based Web Services patient appointment programming

schedule. Kerdvibulvech, (2016), Proposes a dental reservation system on the internet with a view

of save consumers time and effort in a safe and comfortable manner. The administrator simply

keeps up the database on-line, checks requests from the patient, manages schedules and organizes

patient information. Patient bookings and checks their schedules.

Nan, (2010), Proposes 'Dynamic scheduling for patient no shows and cancellations' offered a

dynamic policy framework for reservation and arrangement of patient appointments, which took

into consideration the fact that patients cancel or do not appear at their appointment. Mohd, (2012)

Developed a scheduling system through integration with Smart System methods. This web-based

system was built to handle schedules and reserved time (calendar updates) for academic events,

for example discussions and weekly meetings between students and lecturers.

Wang, (2015) Suggested a framework for patient preferences appointment systems. The system

has been designed to automatically update patients' preferences to improve reservation choices.

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Research studies have over time generated simplified queue models and static planning. Another

attempt to utilize such a mathematical queuing model was developed Gamlin (2003) The patient

doctor waiting time to reduce the time spent waiting.

A other system built for the management of appointment schedules employed a model that

assumed exponentially that arrival times could not be confirmed by date and hence were restricted

by the nature of the appointment schedule. The raw leather (2002). Porta-Sales et al. (2005)

Another such system has been developed, which concept is to contact, filter and schedule

appointments first with the health Centre by qualified nurse, and then by telephone, with the patient

who contacts the care Centre.

Su et al. (2003) Conducted a study with multiple clinics in a private hospital. Each clinic used a

patient appointment model as well as a patient registration model with an average patient load of

20 at each consulting session. These patients permitted for consultation and registration by

specified self-selected providers.

The advantages of seamless operations, better patient care, effective cost control and improved

administration are undoubtedly offered by e-hospital management systems. With some existing

appointment reservation systems, however, a few drawbacks can be recognized. A system for

solving the problem is recommended by sending patients an electronic e-mail, as well as

accessibility to monitor their medical data online to see whether their appointments have been

confirmed or not.

Patient management is essential to preserve the country's health care level. However, it still has to

be properly implemented, with quality. Taking this into consideration, measures have been adopted

such as online registration of patients and appointment schedules to optimize workflow and reduce

19
waiting time. However, these solutions still have disadvantages in terms of priority facility, patient

safety standards and the lack of a booked appointment reminder system. In consideration of the

aforesaid limitations, the study recommends the use of NFC and Android technology to replace

the core of the hospital's waiting time to appointments with an alternative patient's appointment

system. In practice the implementation is performed with the appropriate PHP, NFC and MySQL

databases. Mey, (2013).

2.7 TYPE OF MODELS IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Methodology is crucial to ensure that the development process fulfils its aims and solves complex

problems. Fredrick, Fredrick (2015). Agile Methodology is the software development

methodology used in this study.

Agile Methodology is an iterative, progressive approach that has become, because of speedy

delivery nature, one of the most employed in software developments in recent years. Agile

innovations in software have a life cycle; initially, elicitation of demands. The developer and the

stakeholder will generate the backlog documentation in this step. In order to achieve system

functionality, this backlog is extracted. The next phase is to iterate the project, to develop, test and

respond and release.

2.8 HISTORY OF OAK HOSPITAL

With the vision of life, Oak Hospitals was founded in 2007. Lagos Road, Ikorodu, was formerly

on 198. At 191 Lagos Road, Agric Bus Stop, Ikorodu hospital moved to its current location.

20
Situated near the junction of the town of Ikorodu, the place serves the demographic verse of the

new town. It is a company with consistent quality and size innovation.

The Oak Hospital that has started as a 10-bedded hospital today has 40-bedded rooms, with several

experts, general practitioners, nurses trained, pharmaceuticals, labs, front desk officers, HMO

managers and managers, IT support personnel, household workers, security officers and kitchen

staff. It is definitely a health care community that is ready to address the requirements of patients.

21
 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

3.1 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

Patient’s appointment scheduling system is a system by which a patient may browse a doctor's

website, or simply, and patients can easily arrange appointments via the online software. Patients

can also supply the doctor with extra information, give the doctor a sense of their position and

allow the physician the opportunity to prepare the information essential for the arrival of patients.

A scheduling system enables individuals to arrange their appointments online comfortably and

securely. The web-based appointment system may greatly boost registration satisfaction and

successfully decrease the total waiting time compared with the typical queuing approach. Time to

wait Waiting time refers to the time a patient has to wait for a specific step after this activity is

initiated or requested. It is defined as "the time it lasted from the moment the patient attended the

outpatient clinic when the patient was really prescribed. The overall time spent by a patient from

registration to a physician consultation is also described. PHP is a web application programming

language on the server utilized for data development and transmitting via SQL and MYSQL.

3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The data gathered in the research came from the main sources and other data sources, including

information collection from journals and periodicals, Internet materials, premium Microsoft

Encarta, seminars, conferences and personal research. The data was acquired using secondary

sources.

22
3.3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The current situation is examined with the available data before the timetable is optimized. The

performance of the schedule, length of appointment, current waiting times and patients' previous

reservations, uneven treatment of surgeons, impunity of patients and no shows are examined. This

analysis is hospital informative. It also determines the most important weekly sessions that allow

the study to focus on those weekly sessions. Finally, these results provide the major reasons for

the period of waiting, so that optimization can focus on those areas.

3.3.1 ANALYSIS AND PROBLEMS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM

Hospitals now use a manual appointment system. The existing system involves many paper forms,

with data shops dispersed over the infrastructure for hospital management. Information is often

incomplete or does not comply with the norms of management. Formats that require an extensive

auditing process to guarantee that no essential information is lost are commonly lost in transit

between departments. In the hospital there are several copies of the same information and data in

various data stores may be inconsistent.

3.3.2 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE NEW SYSTEM

The following justifies why I have embarked on the project:

1. To Automate patient scheduling system in a hospital.

2. Provides sufficient back-up and safekeeping of hospital enquiries

3. To simplify how patients, reach the doctor

23
 4. To minimize hospital numbers by taking part in certain online services

5. Providing industry with greater manpower.

3.3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW SYSTEM

The hospital appointment system is meant to replace your present manual paper system in any

institution. The new system is designed to monitor patient information. Time and date book

appointment with the doctor, meeting objective, etc. These services must be delivered in an

efficient and cost-effective manner in order to reduce the time and resources needed for these jobs

now.

3.3.4 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

The following are required to effectively carry out this project, which majorly is the programming

language as a tool:

CHOICE OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

This project is implemented with the programming languages.

PHP is a general-purpose Web development script language. The PHP Reference Implementation

is now provided by The PHP Group and initially developed by Danish-Canadian programmer

Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994.

24
XAMPP Server: XAMPP is the cross-platform, Apache, MySQL, PHP and Perl acronym which

allows you to create WordPress off-line site, on a local web server, on your PC. This easy and easy

to use solution works on Windows, Linux and Mac - the cross-platform component

REASONS FOR CHOOSING

PHP is open source

PHP development is reliable.

PHP development is less time-consuming

The Code in PHP is flexible and integrative.

PHP is well documented and scalable

PHP is easy to maintain

Good hosting support for PHP

3.3.5 ANALYSIS OF THE NEW MODEL

This work has been based on a modified waterfall model. It was reduced to five different phases

rather than the six major phases of the waterfall model. This is because all needs have been

known and the aim of our software development is to computerize/automate an existing manual

25
functioning system.

Figure: 3.1 Waterfall Model

WATERFALL MODEL

These phases are:

1. Analysis

2. Tool Evaluation and Selection

3. Design

4. Implementation

5. Post-Implementation

26
This is a straighter approach to waterfall. The analysis begins. The following stage, the evaluation

and selection phase of the tool can be used once this phase is done. This methodology differs from

the waterfall model since the design phase is implemented differently than usual and a

development phase is not required as the product is existent. Instead of designing the system itself,

the design phase is concerned further with integrating the product with existing infrastructure and

how the system is filled in.

Analysis phase

During the analysis phase, the high-level needs, aims and objectives of the Hospital will be

identified and the requirements for the hospital will be obtained. In this phase the needs for the

Hospital appointment scheduling system will be made evident. During this phase, interviews,

observations and collecting of pertinent documents were done. At the end of this phase a

comprehensive functional requirements specification which were done. At the end of this phase a

complete functional requirements specification, which outlines all facets of the system were

developed. A series of profiles, which will document the information acquired, which helps not

only the functional requirements specification but also the tool selection and design phase will also

be developed. The profiles to be created are:

a. Organization profile

b. Document profile(s)

c. User profile(s)

Use diagrams of case The aim of the case diagramming technique for waterfalls is to consider and

design the dynamical aspects of a system that help to gather needs while also identifying the

27
external and internal factors influencing the system and showing the interactions between different

actors / users of the system.

3.4 SYSTEM DESIGN

The objective of system design is to define a detailed computer-based solution in particular. This

method defines a system to meet its needs by specifying the architecture, components, modules,

interface, and data. A solid and dependable database for efficient collecting and processing of data

is the main feature considered in designing the new system. The system also aims to provide

specifications which enable the new system to be fully implemented, accurately and specifically.

After a careful review of the existing system the replacement system was designed. The design is

a solution that translates demands in ways that meet them The design of the system comprises

three levels: the physical, logical and architectural.

DESIGN GOAL

The objective of the design is to create a user-friendly application with full functionality for

registration activities, login, patient appointment reservations, doctoral response and above all

security measures, and optimization of the code simultaneously.

28
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

START

Patient Register Account

LOGIN PAGE

If correct

Book Appointment

Doctor’s feedback

End program

Figure 3.2: Program flowchart

29
HARDWARE / SOFTWARE PLATFORM

The Electronic base application will be implemented on any micro-computer configuration with

the following capacities:

1. A hard disk of at least 500 GB

2 4GB RAM memory

3 Pentium IV 1.0 MHz

4 Window 7 operating system (Minimum)

5 PHP programming language

6 Microsoft Azure

DATABASE DESIGN

The overall subject of a database is the integrated management of information. Database is an

inter-related, minimum redundancy data collection which can swiftly and efficiently serve multiple

consumers. Its aim is to make it easy, fast and adaptable for the user to get information. Database

design consists of creating a conceptual database model that addresses an organization's current

and future information storage needs. Its objective is to improve current conditions. By accepting

input from the existing system, the new system is constructed and delivered to the proposed

system.

The structure and relationships of the patient database appointment were designed on a functional

basis. We used data from a relational MySQL database to store different booing aims, history and

patient investigation. We utilized MySQL Workbench, a visual tool for data modelling and SQL

30
databases development, to design and implement the database structure combined with the

relationships.

Figure 3.3: Database Design

31
 Table 3.1: Blood group

Table 3.2: Booking

32
Table 3.3: Patients

Table 3.4: Doctor

33
3.5 CODING

The system coding was done with PHP and JavaScript, basically, the MySQL server and SQL

database language were combined in PHP and the other interactive elements of the programme.

the backend was achieved. The system is also used in the front-end programming languages with

HTML, CSS and Bootstrap. The Code weighs only 5 MB in total and is optimized for additional

use.

USER OR WEB INTERFACE DESIGN

The websites consist mainly of dynamic web pages. Dynamic indicates that the user interacts more

and more with the website, and the site responds accordingly after only reading the pages. Usually,

a web server offers the built-in and host web pages, the IP address and the domain name of a server.

A total of 26 pages from the PHP home page, the Doctors' website, the Notepad++ Text Editor,

providing both PHP, HTML, and CSS capabilities, are included within the system booking.

34
 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

Two main components – Front end and Backend – consist of the proposed software system. For

designing of the front end or interface of the system, HTML and CSS (client side) are employed.

HTML is the Hypertext Mark Up Language used to construct a web application's front view while

CSS was used to make the web page style.

The backend describes the system's data access layer, server and other computer functions. AJAX

and PHP for scripting were used to create the backend of the system. MYSQL is used for system

database development. Server-side software for Apache has been utilized. In Figure 8, the

registration form was developed to provide properly controlled user details utilizing JavaScript

using the Bootstrap Modal function.

LOGIN MODULE

Bootstrap Modal is created with a seemingly smooth and easy to use pop-up display. The login

form is designed. It gives a single connection to the system for physicians and patients.

BOOKING MODULE

The patient's book appointment menu page shall allow a person to reserve medical appointments

on a calendar basis (availability) with the doctor or scheduler available.

To design by making affordable hardware for the implementation scheme.

35
 1. Configuration of the hardware which will be discussed in the next phase.

2. Handling of online registration information.

3. Continuous updating and upgrading of the developed systems and Infrastructures.

4. The types of network implemented.

4.2 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS

To install the system users needs the following:

1. XAMPP Server

2. Laptop with 4 Gigabyte minimum

3. VS Code

4. Chrome Browser

4.2.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

The web base platform with security can be implemented on any micro-computer configuration

with the following capacities:

1. A hard disk of at least 500GB

2. 4 Gigabyte RAM memory

3. Core i3 MHz

4. Window 7 operating system (Minimum)

Any microcomputer of the above capacity is required to be used, the only important thing is that

PHP is used to design the package resides on the hard disk.

36
4.2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

i. PHP programming language

ii. VS code

iii. XAMPP server

4.3 PROTOTYPE OF THE DESIGN

Hospital appointment system software prototype designs are below:

Figure 4.1: MAIN PAGE

37
Figure 4.2: ADMIN DASHBOARD

Figure 4.3: ADMIN LOGIN

38
Figure 4.4: DOCTOR DASHBOARD

Figure 4.5: DOCTOR LOGIN

39
Figure 4.6: USER DASHBOARD

Figure 4.7: USER LOGIN

40
4.3.1 HOW TO INSTALL THE HOSPITAL APPOINTMENT APPLICATION

The installation process of the application is outlined below:

1. Download XAMPP server

2. Install XAMPP server

3. Install VS Code

4. Configure the XAMPP server.

5. Copy the files and place in C: / XAMPP / htdocs/

6. Open the folder

7. Open the .SQL file

8. Open PHPMYADMIN on XAMPP

9. Name a database

10. Click on SQL

11. Copy the SQL code and paste it then run it

12. Go back to the folder, copy the name.

13. Open your browser,

14. Enter localhost/folder name

15. Run it.

4.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The welcome page module was structured with hypertext markup language, HTML styled with

cascading style sheet, CSS and made dynamic with hypertext pre-processor, PHP. The link to the

login page is included. The Register page is the Link. The details in the login area are used to

41
assess the page's legitimacy. The log page was constructed in a cascading styled hypertext mark-

up language and made dynamic with a preprocessor of hyperlinked text. The centralized system

verifies the authenticity of the input code after inserting a unique patient registration password to

verify that the authorized registrar attempts to access the System; the user will automatically

browse the registration system after it has been validated correctly. The appointment for the patient

with physicians is established on the dashboard where patients can select doctors, wish to be served

and make an appointment. When done, the doctor gets this and immediately begins the

appointment

HOW TO ACCESS THE HOSPITAL APPOINTMENT SYSTEM

LOGIN

Run the script [Link]

Admin Credential

Username: admin

Password: Test@2314

User Credential

Username: username

Password: Test@[Link]

42
Admin Credential

Username: admin

Password: Test@[Link]

User Credential

Username: username

Password: david@[Link]

43
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS

Current landscape of healthcare wanted efficiency and contentment of the patient to perform

optimally. In poor countries, the outpatients of most clinics encounter many problems. This

includes: extra time during the clinics for doctors and nurses, considerable wait time for patients

and maximum counter-staff workload. Overtime and maximum workload threatened the quality

of the provision of health care. It will design a system to make the delivery of a web-based

appointment system more effective and more quality in the process of reducing waiting time. This

document uses the HTML and CSS for the Front, Ajax Framework for managing client-Server

Requests and Sqlite3 and MYSQL for the Backend, to develop a patient appointment and

scheduling system.

5.2 RESEARCH CONCLUSION

Nigeria healthcare system is able to radically modify the nature of its relationships with its patient

and physician by implementing electronic medical records software in general. In this age of

electronic medicine, patients and healthcare practitioners alike have begun to face new obstacles

and are also starting to gain greatly from progress in the field of health information technology.

Only because patients have to overcome time delays will the scope and extent of use of the hospital

appointment system be increased.

44
5.3 CONTRIBUTION TO ACADEMIC KNOWLEDGE

Hospital appointment system is a web base programme that plays an important role in the health

sector operations of the hospital. Doctors are scheduled on their illness, or anything, by patients.

The developed system is impactful on these major areas:

1. Assisting patients speed up time wait.

2. Exposing the researcher to different scheduling systems and their operations

3. Exposing the concept of programming and how to build complex applications

5.4 RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTHER STUDY

The new system is successfully tested, implemented and complies with all the requirements given.

The system is more secure, versatile, offers more user feedback, decreases workload, prevents

incorrect data entry and offers more functionality than the current system (manual system). This

programme is to promote and encourage the continuity and improvement of access to medical

faculties as soon as feasible not simply to relieve the working burden of hospital appointments. I

also recommended the following.

i. The hospital should be networked so that when a patient’s health information is

registered his or her record can be accessed at record office and other offices.

ii. System can be used for other appointment management systems.

iii. Lastly, all operators that may likely group to use this system must be computer

literate who have undergone a short training on how to use the system to avoid errors.

45
 REFERENCES

Akman, D. (2019). “System Analysis and Design Methods 5th Edition. Published by Sandra

Donaldson Dewitz,” San-Jose State University

Beynon-Davies P. (2013). “Business Information + Systems.” Palgrave, Basingstoke.

Chaitanya, M. (2014). Database Management System Published by Hoummele Printer Inc.

Chukwunonso, C. S. (2013). Data Processing and Information Technology 10th Edition. Published

by British Library Cataloguing Publication Data.

Fredrick, J. (2015). “Computer Maintenance and Management Published by Mangraw

Publishers Inc.”

Gerald, V. (2010). Database Management System 2nd Edition. Published by Palmohills prints.

Goldsmith, L. (2012). “History from the inside out: Prison life in nineteenth-century

Massachusetts.” Journal of Social History, 31, 109-125.

Iroya, J. (2014). “Information System Development Essentials Published by McGrew-Hill

Companies”

Inc. USA.

Ismail, L. (2015) “System Analysis and Design Method 4th Edition. Published by Palgrave

Macmillan, New York.”

Kroenke, S. (2009). “Management Information System Published by Hoummele Printers Inc”.

Miley, B. (2016). “Visual Basic 6.0 Progamming Made Easy Published by Palmote Mangrills,”

New York.

Michael, V. (2010). “Database Design, Application, Development and Administration,” 5th Edition.

Published by Palgrave Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York.

Paul, B. (2013). “Database Management System 3rd Edition. Published by Palgrave Houndmills,”

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 APPENDIX

<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html>

<head>

<title>Appointment Management System</title>

<link href="css/[Link]" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" />

<link href='[Link] rel='stylesheet'

type='text/css'>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/[Link]">

<script

src="[Link]

<script src="js/[Link]"></script>

<script>

// You can also use "$(window).load(function() {"

$(function () {

// Slideshow 1

$("#slider1").responsiveSlides({

maxwidth: 1600,

speed: 600

});

});

47
 </script>

</head>

<body>

<!--start-wrap-->

<!--start-header-->

<div class="header">

<div class="wrap">

<!--start-logo-->

<div class="logo">

<a href="[Link]" style="font-size:

30px;">Appointment Management System</a>

</div>

<!--end-logo-->

<!--start-top-nav-->

<div class="top-nav">

<ul>

<li class="active"><a

href="[Link]">Home</a></li>

<li><a href="[Link]">contact</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

48
 <div class="clear"> </div>

<!--end-top-nav-->

</div>

<!--end-header-->

</div>

<div class="clear"> </div>

<!--start-image-slider---->

<div class="image-slider">

<!-- Slideshow 1 -->

<ul class="rslides" id="slider1">

<li><img src="images/[Link]" alt=""></li>

<li><img src="images/[Link]" alt=""></li>

<li><img src="images/[Link]" alt=""></li>

</ul>

<!-- Slideshow 2 -->

</div>

<!--End-image-slider---->

<div class="clear"> </div>

<div class="content-grids">

<div class="wrap">

<div class="section group">

49
 <div class="listview_1_of_3 images_1_of_3">

<div class="listimg listimg_1_of_2">

<img src="images/[Link]">

</div>

<div class="text list_1_of_2">

<h3>Patients</h3>

<p>Register & Book Appointment</p>

<div class="button"><span><a href="hms/user-

[Link]">Click Here</a></span></div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="listview_1_of_3 images_1_of_3">

<div class="listimg listimg_1_of_2">

<img src="images/[Link]">

</div>

<div class="text list_1_of_2">

<h3>Doctors Login</h3>

<div class="button"><span><a

href="hms/doctor/">Click Here</a></span></div>

</div>

</div>

50
 <div class="listview_1_of_3 images_1_of_3">

<div class="listimg listimg_1_of_2">

<img src="images/[Link]">

</div>

<div class="text list_1_of_2">

<h3>Admin Login</h3>

<div class="button"><span><a

href="hms/admin">Click Here</a></span></div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="wrap">

<div class="content-box">

<div class="section group">

<div class="col_1_of_3 span_1_of_3 frist">

</div>

<div class="col_1_of_3 span_1_of_3 second">

51
 </div>

<div class="col_1_of_3 span_1_of_3 frist">

</div>

</div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="clear"> </div>

<div class="footer">

<div class="wrap">

<div class="footer-left">

<ul>

<li><a href="[Link]">Home</a></li>

<li><a href="[Link]">contact</a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="clear"> </div>

</div>

</div>

<!--end-wrap-->

52
 </body>

</html>

53