Norms for High-Rise Appartment

Prepared by Group 2
FAR (Permissible in Residential Zones)

Source:

For high rise

buildings, norms of
Bhopal
Development Plan
2031 shall be
applicable.
FAR (Permissible in Residential Zones)

Source: NBC- National Building Code

Norms for Development- Marginal Open Space
Minimum Plot Size

For plots above 2000 sqmt the Ground Coverage shall be 30%.
COS (Community Open Space)
In any residential development, the community open spaces (COS) shall be reserved for
recreational purposes if the developed plot is of area 1000 [Link]. or more as per the regulations
Note;
in table below:
These COS shall be
planned out in clusters
or pockets of not less
than 200 sqm for plots
bigger than 2000 sqm,
with minimum 10m
length of one side.

For plots above 2000 sqmt

the Ground Coverage shall
be 30%.
COS (Community Open Space)
MOS around COS- Note;
1. The building line shall be at least 2 meters away from the boundary of COS.
2. Such MOS shall be required in addition to the minimum area required for COS as per These COS shall be
Previous table. planned out in
clusters or pockets of
Permissible Activities in COS-
not less than 200 sqm
1. Pavilion, gymnasia, Gazebo (single storied structure up to 25 sqm. of built up area which
for plots bigger than
may be used as pavilion or gymnasia, may be permitted. Such area may be excluded from
2000 sqm, with
Floor Area Ratio (FAR) calculations. Where the area of COS is more than 2000 sq. mts in
minimum 10m length
one place, built up area of the gymnasia may be extended upto 75 [Link].)
of one side.
In case of EWS or LIG
General requirements for Community Open Space plot-
1. Each COS and the structure on it shall be accessible by Means Of Access. housing scheme, the

2. The length of COS shall generally not exceed 2.5 times the average width. However, minimum area of COS
depending on the configuration of the site, common open spaces of different shapes may shall be 10% of the
be permitted, as long as the COS serves the purpose of the immediate community area of the plot.
contiguous to the open space.
Means Of Access
a) A building shall abut on a street or streets or upon spaces directly connected from the street by a hard surface approach
road, width of approach road is not less than 9 meters.

b) If there are any bends or curves on the approach road, a sufficient width shall be provided at the curve to enable the fire
appliances to turn, the turning circle being at least of 9.0 m radius.

c) The approach road to the building and open spaces on its all sides up to 6 m width and the layout for the same shall be done
in consultation with Chief Fire Officer.

d) There shall be a space of 6 m all around up to 40m height and after that a space of 9m all around should be provided
Entrances
a) Where entry to the plot is through a slip road the gate width shall not be less than
6 m for entry of the firefighting appliance.

b) Main entrances to the premises shall be of adequate width to allow easy access to
the fire engine and in no case it shall measure less than 6 m.

c) The entrance gate shall fold back against the compound wall of the premises,
thus leaving the exterior access way within the plot free for movement of fire service
vehicles. If archway is provided over the main entrance the height of the archway
shall not be height less than 5m.
Horizontal Circulation
a) Every doorway shall open into an enclosed stairway, a horizontal exit, on a corridor or passageway providing continuous and
protected means of egress.

b) No exit doorway shall be less than 1m in width.

c) Revolving door shall not be provided as a means of fire exit.

d) Exit corridors and passageways shall be of width not less than the aggregate required width of exit doorways leading from them

in the direction of travel to the exterior.

e) The minimum width of a corridor in a residential building shall be 1.0 m for single loaded and 1.8 m for double loaded and in all
other buildings shall be 1.5m.
f) Where stairways discharge through corridors and passageways, the height of corridors and passageways shall be not less

than 2.4 m.

g) The footpath in open spaces are generally 1.8 meters wide.

 Vertical Circulation (Staircase)
a) A staircase shall not be arranged round a lift shaft.

b) The staircase shall be ventilated to the atmosphere at each landing and a vent at the
top; the vent openings shall be of 0.5 sq.m in the external wall and the top. If the staircase
cannot be ventilated, because of location or other reasons, a positive pressure 50 Pa shall be
maintained inside.

c) For Residential Projects, minimum width of staircase shall be 1 meter.

d) The minimum width of treads without nosing shall be 0.25m for staircase for residential
buildings. The maximum height of riser shall be 0.19m in the case of residential buildings.

e) The maximum travel distance for Type 1&2 construction is 30 meters.

f) In case of single staircase, it shall terminate at the ground floor level and the access
to the basement shall be by a separate staircase. However, the second staircase may
lead to basement levels provided the same is separated at ground level by either a
ventilated lobby with discharge points at two different ends or through enclosures with fire
resistance rating door or through a fire protected corridor.
Vertical Circulation (Lifts)
a) All the floors shall be accessible for 24 hours by the lifts. The lifts provided in the buildings shall not be considered as a means
of escape in case of emergency. In a dual line arrangement (lifts opposite to each other) the lobby may be between 1.5
times to 2.5 times the depth of one car. For in-line (single line) arrangements the lobby may be typically half of the above
recommendations.

b) The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery shall be installed there in.

c) Suitable arrangements such as providing slope in the floor of lift lobby shall be made to prevent water used during
firefighting, etc., at any landing from entering the lift shafts.
Basements
a) Basement shall be permitted within the setback lines subject to clearance from
local bodies/departments concerned, Municipal Corporation and Fire Department.
Where there are no setbacks, basement should be permitted after leaving 2 m and
where there is setback, it should be after leaving required 6 m from plot boundary.

b) Each basement shall be separately ventilated. Vents with cross-sectional area

(aggregate) not less than 2.5 percent of the floor area spread evenly round the
perimeter of the basement shall be provided in the form of grills or breakable stall
board lights or pavement lights or by way of shafts. Alternatively, a system of air
inlets shall be provided at basement floor level and smoke outlets at basement ceiling
level.

c) In multi-story basements, intake ducts may serve all basement levels, but each
basement level and basement compartment shall have separate smoke outlet
duct or ducts.

d) At least minimum clear height of 2.4 meters as measured from the floor to the
underside of the beam shall be required.
Ramps
a) The ramp to basement and parking floors shall not be less than 7.2m wide for
two way traffic and 4 m wide for one way traffic, provided with Gradient of 1:10
for cars and 1:15 for heavy vehicles. At curved portions of the ramp or for circular
ramps the slope should not be more than 1:12

b) Ramp may also be provided in setback area which can be sloped considering
unhindered movement of fire Engine and in no case the gradient shall be less than
1: 10.

c) Ramps shall lead directly to outside open space at ground level or courtyards
or safe place.
 DESIGN REQUIRMENT
Residential REQUIRMENT
DESIGN REQUIRMENT
SITE REQUIRMENT
DESIGN REQUIRMENT
Parking Requirements
50 per cent of the open spaces required around buildings may be allowed to be utilized for parking
spaces, provided that minimum distance of 3.6 meters around the building shall be kept free.

Each off-street parking space provided for-

(I) Motor vehicles (car) shall not be less than 13.75 square meters area

Note :- Area for each car space :-

(i) Basement - 32-35 Sq.m.
(ii) Stilts - 28-30 Sq.m.
(iii) Open - 23-25 Sq.m.

(II) Scooters shall not be less than 1.25 square meters

(III) Cycles shall not be less than 1.00 square meter

Concluding,

**ECS - Equivalent car space

**DU- Dwelling Unit

For buildings of different occupancies, off-street parking

space for vehicles shall be provided as-
 Parking Norms
In providing the parking, care has to be taken that minimum 25% of the open space is left
for landscaping (soft surface) and is not accounted for into parking calculations.

Parking space shall provided with adequate vehicular access to a street and the area of
drive, aisles and such other provisions required for adequate maneuvering of vehicle shall
be inclusive of the parking space stipulated in these rules.

A certain percentage of the total parking spaces should be reserved for visitors, disabled
persons, emergency vehicles, and other designated uses.

Parking spaces shall be paved and cleanly marked for different types of vehicles.
In the case of parking spaces provided in basement, at least two ramps of adequate width
and slope shall be provided, located preferably at opposite ends.
Parking Provisions for Handicapped People
For parking of vehicles for handicapped people the following provisions shall be made:-

(a) Surface parking for two car spaces shall be provided near entrance for the physically handicapped persons with
maximum travels distance of 30.0 meter from building entrance;

(b) The width of parking bay shall be minimum 3.6 meter;

(c) The information stating that the space is reserved for wheel chair users shall be conspicuously displayed;

(d) Guiding floor material shall be provided or a device which guides visually impaired persons with audiable
signals or other devices which serves the same purpose shall be provided.
Landscaping
Green Cover: 10-20% of the total plot area, should be of green cover on the site which
includes lawns, gardens, and landscaped areas.

Tree Plantation: Planting trees to enhance air quality and provide shade.

Soft Landscaping: Incorporate a variety of plants to create aesthetically pleasing and

functional outdoor spaces.

Hard Landscaping: Include pathways, seating areas, and decorative elements at a

setback of at least 6m. Materials should be durable and environmentally friendly.

Open Spaces: The NBC encourages providing open spaces like play areas, and
recreational zones for recreation and social interaction.

Sustainable Landscaping Practices are also recommended like,

Green Roofs:
Vertical Gardens
Irrigation Systems
Native Plants
Fire And Saftey
PART 4 - Fire and life saftey NBC vol I ( PART 4)
Residential Building(Group A)- Subdivision A-4 = Apartment House
Based on fire hazard inherent in the buildings and structures
according to occupancy area be demarcated into distinct zones,
called as 'Fire Zones'.
Mainly divided into 4 types of fire zone
Fire Zone No. 1 This shall comprise areas having residential buildings

Type Of Construction

· Restrictions on the Type of Construction for New Buildings

These shall be as follows:
Buildings erected in Fire Zone No. 1 shall conform to construction
of Type 1, 2, 3 or 4
The types of construction according to fire resistance classified
into four categories, namely, Type 1 , Type 2 , Type 3 and Type 4
Construction.
Fire protection measures for high rise buildings

Dry riser of minimum 100 mm dia pipe with hydrant outlets on the floors constructed with a fire service inlet to boost the water in
the dry riser.
Drums of 2 000 litre capacity filled with water with two fire buckets on each floor.
A water storage tank of minimum 20 000 litre capacity.
Openings in Fire Resistant Walls and Floors
For Types 1 to 3 constructions, a doorway or opening in a fire resistant wall on any floor limited to 5.6 m² in area with a maximum
height/width of 2.75 m, having fire rating of not less than 120 min. The openings in the floors shall protected by vertical
enclosures extending above , having a fire resistance not less than 120 min .
Service ducts and shafts
Openings in walls or floors to allow passages of all building services like cables, electrical wirings, plumbing pipes, etc, shall
protected by enclosure in the form of ducts/shafts having a fire resistance not less than 120 min.
The space between the electrical cables/conduits and the walls/slabs shall be filled in by a fire stop material having fire
resistance rating of not less than 120 min.
For plumbing shafts , the shafts shall have inspection doors having fire resistance rating not less than 30 min.
General Exit Requirements
all the exits and exit passageways to exit discharge shall have a clear ceiling height of at least 2.4 m, the height of exit door shall
be at least 2.0 m.
Occupant Load Capacities of means of egress

For determining the exits required, the number of persons Width per person for stairways,level components and
within any floor area or the occupant load shall be based on ramps shall be determined using the capacity factors
the actual number of occupants declared, but in no case less in accordance with Table 4.
than that specified in Table 3. For example, if an exit doorway measures 1 000 mm in
The occupant load of a mezzanine floor discharging to a floor clear width, it would be defined as providing exit
below shall be added to that floor occupancy and the capacity capacity for 1 000/6.5 occupants, that is, 153 persons
of the exits shall be designed for the total occupancy load. (say 150 persons).
The occupant load of each story considered individually. number of such exit doorways, can then be calculated
depending on the occupant load.
Types of exit access and exits

Staircases
The minimum width of tread without nosing shall be
250 mm for staircase of residential buildings. The
maximum height of riser shall be 150 mm for
staircase of residential buildings . The number of
risers shall be limited to 12 per flight.
Internal staircases
Internal stairs shall constructed of non- combustible
materials , having fire resistant rating of minimum
120 min.
minimum width shall be provided for staircases for
Residential (A-1, A-3 and: A-4) = 1.25 m
A handrail shall be provided on one side/both side
of the staircase of width less than 1500 mm. The
projection of handrail(s) in the staircase width shall
not be more than 115 mm. .
FIRE PROTECTION

Fire Detection and Alarm

all buildings above 30 m in height where fire alarm system is provided in accordance to Table 7, detectors shall also be provided
inside the electrical shafts, and lift machine rooms, etc, besides occupancy areas.

R-Required
NR-Not required
Firefighting pump house
.It is preferable to install the pump house at ground level. Pump house shall be situated so as to be directly accessible from the
surrounding ground level.
Pump house shall be installed not lower than the second basement. shall be well ventilated
No other utility equipment shall be inside Pump room

Fire Extinguishers/Fixed Firefighting Installations

. The extinguishers shall be mounted at a height to enable its quick access.
The requirements of fire extinguishers/yard hydrant systems/wet riser/down-comer installation and capacity of water storage tanks
and fire pumps, etc, shall be as specified in Table 7.
The requirements regarding size of mains/risers shall be as given in Table 8.
Valves in fixed firefighting installations shall have supervisory switch with its signalling to fire alarm panel or to have chain(s), pad
lock(s), label and tamper-proof security tag(s) with serial number to prevent tampering/unauthorized operation.
first- aid hose reels shall be installed in buildings on all the floors. and be connected directly to the riser/down-comer main and
diameter of the hose reel shall not be less than 19 mm.
ADDITIONAL OCCUPANCY WISE REQUIREMENTS

Life Safety
In case of high rise apartments, the minimum exits as specified in [Link].3.1,
the naturally ventilated exit staircases may not require the provision of fire door. However, fire door shall be provided for all other
staircases and pressurized staircases.
Additional Precautions
a) Flammable liquids for household purposes shall be kept in tightly stoppered or sealed containers.
b) No stove or combustion heater shall be located directly under or immediately at the foot of stairs or otherwise so located as to block
escape in case of malfunctioning of the stove or heater.
c) All kitchen exhaust fans, where provided, shall be fixed to an outside wall or to a duct of non- combustible material. The ducts shall not
pass through areas having combustible materials.
d) Stores, engineering workshops, areas of high hazard, etc used for storage of substantial. amount of flammable liquids shall be of 120
min fire resistance rating wall. Such areas shall be provided with fire doors, to be kept closed and shall be posted with a sign on each side
of the door in 25 mm high block letters stating- 'FIREDOOR - KEEP CLOSED'.
 ELECTRICAL
HIGH RISE BUILDING POWER REQUIREMENTS
a.) General lighting & power
Light for general illumination, seeing tasks,
decorative features, hallways and d.) Water pump g.) Central computer system CPU and
stairways, Power for appliances and office Potable and non-potable water supply peripherals Terminals
machines. Water sprinkler
Sewage ejectors
b.) Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning h.) Auxiliaries
Fans
(HVAC) system Blowers Intrusion and hold up control Fire suppression
Air conditioning for temp control and alarm system Background music and
Blowers and fans e.) Communication system PABX telephone paging Noise masking and acoustics
Heaters for humidity control system Intercom

c.) Transport system f.) Automatic doors

Elevators and escalators
Entrance and exit Garage and freight
Conveyors and dumbwaiters
 ELECTRICAL
POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Usually in large installations with private load centers, the practice is to use 208/120-volt for general lighting and power, and 460-volt for
motors.
Three-phase electric motors are normally dual-voltage, i.e. 460/230 volts and using the higher 460-volt rating will result in half-as much
amperage draw, hence smaller wires, lower circuit breaker rating (although higher voltage) and smaller starter unit.

HIGH-RISE BUILDING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

A high-rise building electrical system is composed of hundreds of components, designed and assembled into a safe, functional power
delivery system. The underground service connects the utility system to building's main distribution panel (MDP). Located within the MDP is
the main building over-current device, or main disconnect, as well as individual over-current devices for the system components connected
to the MDP. The MDP may also contain provisions for utility metering, as well as instrumentation for the measurement of system voltage
and current.
Thus, all components of the system must be chosen carefully based on design requirements and must function safely, under normal
operating conditions and also under abnormal conditions, such as short circuits.
ELECTRICAL
 ELECTRICAL
EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEM
The more essential loads of the building are to be supplied with emergency power in cases of main power failure.
Normally, these are the following: Stairways' and hallways' lighting for safety purposes Counter areas for public transactions Water pumps and
fire pumps
One or two elevators to be used by physically handicapped. Computer system Rooms or suites of top executives Power transfer to stand-by
generator can be done manually by double-throw transfer-switch or automatically by automatic-transfer-switch (ATS).
For the latter, it is necessary that the feeder/s or line/s serving the essential loads should not include the non-essential facilities. Separate
emergency lines and panel boards will be provided exclusively for this purpose.

FEEDER: NUMBER & SIZES

Feeder line can either be bus way (bus bar trunking) or insulated conductors or combination of both. The former is more versatile, neat in
appearance, but decidedly more expensive Bus ways are very popular especially for high ampere capacity lines. It can carry up to 7,000 Amp as
compared against wires of 540 Amp maximum per set. Bus ways, however, should not be used in highly corrosive atmospheres as in battery
rooms, in concealed locations, and where it may be subjected to serve mechanical injury as in hoist ways.
For these cases, only insulated conductors in rigid steel conduit will suffice. All feeder runs will terminate in the low-voltage switchgear and will be
protected with appropriately rated circuit breakers or fuses.
There is no limit placed on determining the number of feeders, its maximum load and hence its corresponding circuit protection. This is decided
by the individual's perception as regards flexibility, functionality and economy.
 ELECTRICAL
SUGGESTED STEPS in BUILDING WIRING DESIGN
Prepare an electrical load estimate based on areas of the building and other pertinent data; for
office buildings, the P.E.C. has information on the estimated general illumination load, some other
books can furnish data for other loads.
An estimated load of 0.1 kilowatt per square meter of habitable area may be used to counter
check the estimated load.
Consult the local company as regards the point of service entrance, service voltage, metering
equipment and other requirements for power connections; the same should be done for the
telephone system.
Determine from other designers the exact electrical rating of all equipment,
HVAC, plumbing elevators and escalators, kitchen and electrical designer may be asked for
comparative characteristics of these equipment as regards the electrical supply.
ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL
Plumbing Services
PART 1 - Water Supply NBC vol II ( PART 9 ) section 1
Water supply demand and capacities are calculated based on the typology and occupancy of
the building. Water supply is required for the following

DOMESTIC USE:
150-200 LPHD
(COOKING,
MAINTENANCE
DRINKING,
CLEANING, ETC.)
WATER
SUPPLY
DEMAND

FIRE FLUSHING
FIGHTING 26 45 LPHD
KLD

DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND FLOWCHART

Plumbing Services
PART 1 - Water Supply NBC vol II ( PART 9 )

Distribution of water within a building

The system of water supply in which water is fed directly either from municipal main or through hydro-pneumatic system is called
upfeed system".
" In this system, water is allowed to be drawn by individual consumers from rising mains and the amount of water which goes into
the overhead tank is the residual water after draw off by the various occupants at different floors.

Various systems of water supply practiced for high rise building are -

Direct supply system from mains

Combined distribution system.
Gravity distribution system.
Hydro pneumatic system
Plumbing Services
PART 1 - Water Supply NBC vol II ( PART 9 ) 4.8.4

Hydro pneumatic system

In this system the water supply is made through, hrdro-

pneumatic pressure tank fitted with accessories like non
return valve and pressure relief valves on each zone.
Each zone of height restrictd to 7 storey to 20 m height
whichever is less.
The capacity of the pump selected to cope up with peak
demand required.
Usually set of 3 pumps name as lead pump, supplementray
pump, stand by pump are provided.
Plumbing Services
PART 1 - Water Supply NBC vol II ( PART 9 ) 4.8.3

Gravity distribution system.

This is the most common water distribution system. The

system comprises pumping water to one or more overhead
water tanks. Water transferred to overhead tank(s) is
distributed by gravity to various parts of the building by the
system of piping network.
Plumbing Services
PART 1 - Water Supply NBC vol II ( PART 9 ) 4.1.1

Water Supply for Residences Overhead tank capacity

A minimum of 70 to 100 litre per head per day may be To be calculated as per
considered adequate for domestic needs of urban
Let's consider a residential building with 50 apartments, each
communities.
having an average of 4 residents:
For communities with: 100 to 135 lphd population 20 000 to
1. Total Residents: 50 apartments ×\times× 4 residents = 200
100 000 together with full flushing system.
residents
For communities with population: 150 to 200 lphd above 100
2. Total Daily Water Requirement: 200 residents ×\times× 135
000 together with full flushing system
LPCD = 27,000 liters/day
3. Storage Capacity for 1 Day: 27,000 liters
4. Storage Capacity for 2 Days (Safety Margin): 27,000
liters/day ×\times× 2 days = 54,000 liters
Required Tank Capacity: 54,000 liters
Plumbing Services
PART 2- Sewage & Drainage NBC vol II ( PART 9 ) section 2

The main function of a sanitary sewer system is to protect water quality and public health. a series of underground pipes and
manholes, pumping stations, and other appurtenances convey sewage from homes, businesses and industries to wastewater
treatment plants where it is cleaned and returned to the environment.

The sewerage systems or water carriage systems are of the following

three types -

Separate system
Combined system
Partially separate system

1. Separate system

In this system two sets of sewers are provided-one for carrying domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage, and the
other for carrying storm water (or rain water).
The sewage from the first set of sewers is carried to the treatment plant, and the storm water (or rain water) from the second
set of sewers is directly discharged into a natural stream or river without any treatment.
Plumbing Services
PART 2 - Sewage & Drainage NBC vol II ( PART 9 )
[Link] system

In this system only one set of sewers is provided for carrying

domestic sewage and as well as stormwater. thus, sewage and
storm water are carried to the sewage treatment plant before its
final disposal.

[Link] separate system

In this system domestic and the storm water which is drained from back
yards and roofs of houses are carried in the same set of sewers, while the
storm water drained from house fronts as well as from streets and roads is
collected and conveyed in a separate set of open drains. the sewage and
storm water (or rain water) carried by the sewers is usually delivered to a
sewage treatment plant, and the storm water (or rain water) carried by the
open drains is delivered to a natural stream or river for disposal.
Construction Materials
PART 5 - BUILDING MATERIALS NBC vol I ( PART 5 )
Materials
Historically, choice of building materials was determined by what was f) Durability;
locally available, appropriateness to geo climatic conditions and g) Thermal properties;
affordability of users. In the recent past, different initiatives have been h) Mechanical properties:
taken in the areas of research and development, standardization, and i) Acoustical properties;
development and promotion of innovative materials. j) Optical properties;
k) Biological effect;
Following parameters shall take into account for selecting the building l) Environmental aspects;
materials m) Working characteristics;
n) Ease of handling;
a) Requirements of the material specified/ expected in terms of
o) Consistency and workability;
the provisions given in the standards on its usage, including its
p) UV resistance
applicability in geo-climatic condition;
q) Toxicity.
b) General appearance;
c) Dimension and dimensional stability;
d) Structural stability including strengtha properties;
e) Fire safety;
Construction Materials
PART 5 - BUILDING MATERIALS NBC vol I ( PART 5 )
12) Electrical wiring, fittings and accessories
List of standards
Following are the Indian Standards for various building materials and 13) Fillers, stoppers and putties

components, to be complied with fulfillment of the requirements of the 14) Floor covering, roofing and other finishes

Code 15) Glass

16) Gypsum based materials
1) Aluminium and other light metals and their alloys 17) Mortar (including sand for mortar)
2) Bitumen and tar products 18) Paints and allied products
3) Bricks, blocks and other masonry building units 19) Polymers, plastics and geosynthetics/
4) Builder's hardware geotextiles
5) Building chemicals 20) Sanitary appliances and water fittings
6) Building lime and products 21) Steel and its alloys
7) Clay and stabilized soil products 22) Stones
8) Cement and concrete (including steel reinforcement for concrete) 23) Structural sections
9) Composite matrix products (including cement and resin matrix 24) Thermal insulation materials
products) 25) Threaded fasteners, rivets and nails
10) Conductors and cables 26) Timber, bamboo and other lignocellulosic
11) Doors, windows and ventilators building materials
Special Technical Requirements
PART 8 - BUILDING SERVICES NBC vol II ( PART 11 )

Air Pressure Effect

In high-rise buildings, air pressure changes can cause ear discomfort.

Fast elevators can exacerbate this, especially for children, the elderly,
and those with colds or flu. To combat this, elevators are typically
designed to move at a comfortable pace of up to 10 meters per
second (36 km/h or 22 mph).

Piston Effect

For high-speed lifts (≥4 m/s), the "piston effect" causes air
displacement and turbulent flow, leading to increased noise and
vibrations. This affects ride quality. To mitigate this, such lifts should be
housed in a common shaft with ventilation holes. For lifts >6 m/s,
aerodynamic car designs and noise-absorbing constructions are
recommended. Consult manufacturers for specific requirements.
Stack Effect

Stack effect is the vertical air movement in high-rise buildings due to

temperature differences between inside and outside air. In cold
climates, a strong draft from ground to roof occurs, known as positive
stack effect, which is more significant with greater temperature
differences. Negative stack effect can happen in hot climates but is
less impactful. Factors influencing stack effect include building height,
exterior wall airtightness, floor air leakage, and temperature
differences. It affects lift landing door pressure and smoke movement,
especially during fires.

Building Sway

Wind-induced building sway can cause lift ropes and cables to sway.
When the natural frequencies of the building and lift ropes match,
significant energy transfer occurs, leading to violent rope swaying.
This reduces ride comfort and risks damaging shaft equipment. For
buildings over 200m or slender buildings over 150m, resonance must
be considered in lift design to enhance safety and service time. Sway
detectors can help control lift operations by adjusting speed or
parking lifts safely.
Ride Comfort

A robust car guidance system with meticulously aligned, heavy-duty

guide rails reduces vibrations. Irregularities cause uncomfortable
transverse vibrations at high speeds, necessitating a high-quality roller
guidance system for a smooth ride. The system must also withstand
building settling and responses to thermal and climatic changes.

Jump Lift

In super high-rise buildings, lift erection may start before the machine
room is finished to save time. The self-climbing lift technique uses a
temporary machine room moved upward as construction progresses.
When construction reaches the 7th floor, the jump lift serves lower
floors, allowing early façade enclosure and faster building completion.
This ensures safe, uninterrupted construction even in bad weather.
 HVAC
HVAC ( heating ventilating / ventilation and air conditioning ) is An Air Conditioner is like a refrigerator without the insulated box. It evporates a
the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. refrigerant , like Freon, to provide cooling.
Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor
Compressor : Heart of the system , belt driven pump that fastened to
air quality.
engine .Responsible for compressing and transferring refrigerant. Very

Why do we need HVAC? high volumetric efficiency (almost 98% ) lesser Noise and lighter

In big building / complexes it is difficult to define compared to rotatory composer.

entire building comfortably by natural energy

sources like sun , wind , orientation etc . In such cases Condenser : Responsible for heat dissipation. The condenser is designed

we have to take the help of mechanical mean of to radiate heat. Located in front of the radiator. Require good air flow

obatining comfortable conditions inside the building. when system is in operation. Plate fin type heat exchanger with micro

Improvement of the air quality. channels used. Hot compress refrigerant vapor cools to constant

Maintenance of the constant temperature pressure to liquid.

throughout the year.

Energy Conservation. Evaporator : Heat absorption component. Used to remove heat from the
inside of building. Secondary benefit dehumidification. Unconditioned air
passes through a filter before entering their evaporator.
Types of air Conditioning Systems :

Ducted

Packed Type
Centralized Type

Non Ducted

Split Type
Window type
Centralized Air Conditioning
System.
The typical central air conditioning system is a split system with an
outdoor air conditioning, or “compressor - bearing unit “ and an indoor
coil , which is usually installed on top of the furnace in the home.

Compressor in Home Heating

• Power source: Electricity.
• Pumps refrigerant to gather indoor heat and moisture.
• Removes heat and moisture by blowing warm air over cooled indoor
coil.
• Transfers heat, cooling the air.

The heat that has transferred to the coil is “ pumped “ to the exterior
of the home, while the cooled air is pumped back inside, helping to
maintain a comfortable indoor temperature.
Split Air Conditioning Compressor Control and Process
• Internal thermostat activates outdoor compressor when
warm air detects.

System. • Compressor circulates refrigerant gas, increasing pressure

and temperature.
• Compressed refrigerant moves to condenser for further
processing.
Split Air Conditioner Overview
• Comprises evaporator and compressor. Condenser Process
• Mini split system separates into outdoor and indoor components. • Cooling system removes high-pressure gas.
• Outdoor compressor initiates cooling. • Gas transforms into liquid.
• Indoor component includes evaporator and fan. • Chilled liquid moves through tubing to evaporator system.

Split AC Connection
• Connected by electrical wires and tubing.
• Lines transport air between sections.
• Allows split AC to be ductless.
• "Mini" split name due to small wires and tubing.
Window Air Conditioning System
Window Air Conditioner Components
• Components include compressor, condensor,
expansion valves, expansion coil, and evaporator.
• Motor has shafts on both sides.
• Blower sucks hot air from room and blows it over
cooling coil.
• Fan blows air over freon gas passing through
condensor.
Page 94
BARRIER FREE ENVIRONMENT
CIRCULATION DIMENSIONS
Minimum clear ground floor area for a
wheelchair - 1500mm
Comfortable - 1800mm
ideal - 1800mm
PREFERED COMFORTABLE
CLEAR FLOOR SPACE
TURNING RADIUS PASSAGEWAY REQUIRED FOR PEOPLE
PARKING WHO USES WALKING AIDS

Location :
The designated accessible parking spaces that serve a
building shall be located as near as possible to the main
entrance, and the distance from the accessible parking
space to the main entrance shall not be more than 30 m.

Number of designated accessible parking spaces :

The designated accessible parking spaces that serve a
building shall be located as near as possible to the main
entrance, and the distance from the accessible parking
space to the main entrance shall not be more than 30 m.

For up to 10 25 50 100 200

Designated 1 2 3 4 6
accessible parking
BARRIER FREE ENVIRONMENT
Internal Passages Doors
The minimum unobstructed width of corridors shall be 1500 mm, with a
preference for a width of 1800 mm.
Where less than 1800 mm wide, a corridor shall be provided with
passing places, 1800 mm wide and at least 1 800 mm in length at
reasonable intervals. These dimensions shall be exclusive of handrails
and any other projections, for example portable fire extinguishers,
notice boards, etc.
Changes of direction within a corridor shall have a turning circle with a
diameter of 1 500 mm or more.
The minimum clear height of corridors shall be 2100 mm.

Ramps Windows
 Energy Conservation in Lighting

Natural light and Ventilation Daytime use of artificial lights may be minimized
by proper design of windows for adequate
All habitable rooms shall have for the admission of light and air, one or daylight indoors.
more apertures, such as window, glazed door and fan lights, opening For good distribution of day light on the working
directly to the external air or into a open verandah not more than 2.40 plane in a room, window height, window width and
mt. in width. height of sill should be chosen in accordance with
Minimum aggregate area of openings of habitable rooms and kitchens the following recommendations:
excluding doors shall be not less than 1/10 of the floor area. No portion a) In office buildings windows of height 1.2 m or
of a room shall be assumed to be lighted if it is more than 7.50 m. from more in the center of a bay with sill level at 1.0 to
the opening assumed for lighting that portion. 1.2 m above floor and in residential buildings
windows of height 1.0 m to 1.1 m with sill height as
General Principles of Openings to Afford Good Lighting : 0.9 m to 0.7 m above floor are recommended for
Generally, while taller openings give greater penetrations, broader openings give good distribution of daylight indoors.
better distribution of light. It is preferable that some area of the sky at an altitude of b) If the room depth is more than 10 m, windows
20° to 25° should light up the working plane. should be provided on opposite sides for bilateral
Broader openings may also be equally or more efficient, provided their sills are raised lighting.
by 300 mm to 600 mm above the working plane. c) It is desirable to have a white finish for ceiling
Openings on two opposite sides will give greater uniformity of internal daylight and off white (light colour) to white for walls.
illumination, especially when the room is 7 m or more across. There is about 7 percent improvement in lighting
Openings shall be provided with CHAJJAHS, louvers, baffles or other shading devices levels in changing the finish of walls from
to exclude as far as possible, direct sunlight entering the room. moderate to white.
LIFTS
Provision for lifts shall be made for building more than 12.5 meters in
height. Planning and designing of lifts shall be done in accordance with the
provision given in Part-VIII Building Services Section 5. Installation of lifts
and Escalators, of the Code as revised from time to time.
In high rise buildings exceeding 12.5 meters in height, lifts are required. The
planning and designing of lifts should comply with the provisions in Part-
VIII Building Services Section 5 of the Code. The recommended dimensions
for a passenger lift of 13 persons capacity include a clear internal depth of
1100 mm, clear internal width of 2000 mm, and an entrance door width of
900 mm.
Wherever lift is required as per rules, provision of at least one lift shall be made for the wheel chair
user with the following cage dimensions of lift recommended for passenger lift of 13 persons
capacity by & Bureau of Indian Standards:-
Clear internal depth 1100 mm
Clear internal width 2000 mm
Entrance door width 900 mm
OPEN SPACES :
Thank you