KUWADERNO: SR.

ANGELENEAN REVIEWERS | GRADE 11 | MIDTERM EXAMINATIONS

SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL COUNCIL | AUF-IS

SECOND SEMESTER

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
AUF HONOR CODE

On my honor as an Angelenean, who lives by the core values of

Mabuti, Magaling at May Malasakit sa Kapwa, I hereby pledge
honesty and integrity in all my academic tasks without receiving or
giving unauthorized assistance, thereby observing scholarly and
intellectual standards, rules on proper citation of sources, and
appropriate collection and use of data. So help me God.

REMINDER

This reviewer was written specifically to guide Angeleneans as they

prepare for the upcoming examinations. We still highly advise
everyone to look up additional resources to help them get ready
better for the exams.

We have faith in your abilities, Angeleneans! Regardless of the grade

you receive, always keep in mind that you are doing a great job. Keep
Fighting!

AUTHOR: ICHIKAWA, A. // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N.

KUWADERNO: SR. ANGELENEAN REVIEWERS | GRADE 11 | MIDTERM EXAMINATIONS
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL COUNCIL | AUF-IS

LESSON 3: MEASUREMENT
OUTLINE B. CONFINED ZEROS
● Zeros between nonzero (confined zeros) digits are
I. Measurement significant.
II. Significant Figures ● Example:
III. Accuracy and Precision
o 506 mi (3 significant figures)
• Trailing zero is found at the end of a number and a decimal
point is present. These trailing zeros are significant.
I. MEASUREMENT o 78.90 ft (4 significant figures)
● Is a fundamental of science o 4, 100. m (4 significant figures)
● Essential in chemical problem solving

C. LEADING ZEROS
A. CHEMISTRY PROBLEM SOLVING ● Leading zeros or zeroes to the left of non-zero digits are not
● All measured quantities consist of a number and a unit. significant.
● Units are manipulated like numbers, so they come hand in ➢ Simply used to indicate the position of the decimal
hand. In chemistry, a number cannot be used without the point
unit.
● Example:
● For example: o 0.000345 cm (3 significant figures)
3 ft x 4 ft = 12 ft2 o 8, 100 km (2 significant figures)

𝑚𝑖 50 𝑚𝑖
350 = 𝑜𝑟 50 𝑚𝑖 ∗ ℎ−1 D. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
7ℎ 1ℎ ● Any number in scientific notation are considered significant
(the scientific notation is not counted in the significant
*For instances that you want to express fractions as whole numbers, figures)
you may follow the conversion above. ● Example:
o 2.340 x 103 m (4 significant figures)
IS THERE A PERFECT MEASUREMENT? o 2.34 x 10-3 m (3 significant figures)
• There is no perfect measurement, which is why we look
for the following:
RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES IN
1. Reliability
- Implies consistency, but not accuracy
CALCULATIONS
- Consistency meaning that values may not A. FOR MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
always be exactly the same, but must have ● The answer contains the same number of significant figures
similar as there are in the measurement with the fewest significant
- More on values figures.
2. Validity ● Follow the value with the fewest significant figure for the
- Implies accuracy of measurement final answer
- Using the appropriate measuring tool for the ● Example:
given unit 9.2 cm x 6.8 cm x 0.3744 cm
= 23.4225 cm3
= 23 cm3
B. UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT
9 cm x 6.8 cm x 0.3744 cm
● The rightmost digit of any quantity is always estimated.
= 22.91328 cm3
● Recorded digits, both certain and uncertain, are called
= 20 cm3
significant figures. ‘
● Ex: measuring
B. FOR ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
II. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ● The answer has the same number of decimal places as
● Appreciated in the context of recording and reporting there are in the measurement with the fewest decimal
measurements such as linear (length), temperature, places.
volume, etc. ● Example:
➢ Used to make it easier to read and less tedious to 83.5 mL x 23.28 mL
write, especially in research paper = 106.78 mL
= 106.8 mL
• The number of significant figures indicates the precision of
the measurement made.
865.9 mL – 2.8121 mL
➢ The more significant figures, the more precise = 863.0879 mL
= 863.1 mL
RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
A. ALL NON-ZERO DIGITS ARE SIGNIFICANT ROUNDING OFF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
● Example:
● Look at the number on the right. If there is no value on the
o 123.456 L (has 6 significant figures) right, we look at the number to its left.
o 32 (has 2 significant figures) ● If the value beside is an even number, retain. If it is odd,
o 246, 891 (has 6 significant figures) add 1.
● Example: (round off to three significant figures)
1. 5.379 = 5.38

AUTHOR: ICHIKAWA, A. // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N.

KUWADERNO: SR. ANGELENEAN REVIEWERS | GRADE 11 | MIDTERM EXAMINATIONS
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL COUNCIL | AUF-IS

2. 0.2431 = 0.243 B. Round off the following to three significant figures:

3. 17.75 = 17.8
4. 32.65 = 32.6 1. 81 lbs →
5. 98.4500 = 98.4 2. 456, 339 km →
3. 1.2 x 103 m →
III. PRECISION, ACCURACY, AND ERROR 4. 568 kg →
5. 0.012938 g →
A. PRECISION
● Refers to how close the measurements in a series are to
each other. The following information on this handout is referred
from the recommended references and textbooks.
Please review them as well.
B. ACCURACY Thank you and Goodluck!
● Refers to how close each measurement is to the actual
value.
Fig. 1

C. ERROR
● There are two types:
1. Systematic Error
- Produces values that are all either higher or lower
than the actual value.
- Predictable errors that happen all the time
- Usually is because there is something wrong with
the equipment.
2. Random Error
- Produces values that are both higher and lower
than the actual value.
- Errors in measurement that lead to measured
values being inconsistent when repeated
measures are taken.

Fig. 2

PRACTICE TEST !
A. Applying the rules of significant figures, count and
write the number of significant figures on the blank
space provided.

1. 23, 500 km = ____

2. 0.001000078 = ____
3. 2.260 x 103 m = ____
4. 1.225 cm = ____
5. 400. g = ____

AUTHOR: ICHIKAWA, A. // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N.