School of Energy & Environment (SEE)

Air Pollution

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 Air Pollution: Definition

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How do we Know if Air Quality is Poor?

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Pollutants Considered for AQI and Air Quality Standards

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 AQI Categories and Range

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 Classification of Air Pollutants

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 Sources of Air Pollution

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 Primary Air Pollutant Components

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Primary Air Pollutant Components (Cont.)

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Primary Air Pollutant Components (Cont.)

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Primary Air Pollutant Components (Cont.)

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 Effects of Air Pollutants

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 Meteorology

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 Dispersion

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 Dispersion (Cont.)

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 Meteorological Paramaters (M.P.)

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 Turbulence

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 Turbulence (Cont.)

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 Mechanical Turbulence

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 Wind Roses

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 Wind Roses (Cont.)

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 Thermal Turbulence

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Lapse Rate: Rate of Decrease of Temperature with Altitude

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 Why WALR is less than DALR?

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 Stability of Atmosphere

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 Stability of Atmosphere (Cont.)

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 Stability of Atmosphere (Cont.)

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 Stability of Atmosphere (Cont.)

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 Inversions

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 Inversions (Cont.)

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 Stability

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School of Energy & Environment (SEE)

Air Quality Management (AQM)

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 Air Quality Management Plan

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Approaches in Air Quality Management

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Control of Air Pollutants: Mechanisms Involved

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Air Pollution Control System & Devices (Particulate Control)

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 Gravitational Settling Chambers

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Gravitational Settling Chambers (Cont.)

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Gravitational Settling Chambers (Cont.)

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 Howard Settling Chambers

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 "𝑸" = 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 × 𝑽𝒕 𝝁 = Viscosity of gas

= 𝒏𝑾𝑳 × 𝑽𝒕 Kinematic viscosity (𝝑) =
Vt = Terminal Settling Velocity of Particles Viscosity/Density = μ/ρ
n = no of trays
𝒈 = Gravitational force
W = width of trays
𝒅𝒑 = Diameter of particle
L = length of trays
𝝆𝒑 =Density of particle
H = Height of Tray area
𝛒 = 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐠𝐚𝐬 𝝆𝒈 =Density of gas

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Equations in GSC
2𝑄ρ 2𝑄
Reynolds Number: 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇(𝑛𝑊+𝐻) 𝜗(𝑛𝑊+𝐻)

For Laminar Flow (NRe < 2300)

𝑛𝑊𝐿𝑉𝑡
Efficiency: 𝜂=
𝑄
𝑔 𝑑𝑝 2 (𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔 )
Terminal velocity: 𝑉𝑡 =
18𝜇𝑔

For Turbulent Flow (NRe > 10,000)

𝑛𝑊𝐿𝑉𝑡
−
Efficiency: 𝜂 =1− 𝑒 𝑄

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 Numerical
A multi tray settling chamber having 8 trays
including the bottom surface, handles 6m3/s of
air at 00c. The trays are spaced 0.25m apart
and the chamber is to be 1m wide and 4m
long. What is the minimum particle size of
density 2000kg/m3 that can be collected with
100% efficiency? What will be the efficiency of
the settling chamber if 50μm particles are to
be removed? Assume Laminar flow condition
within the chamber and presence of no dust
initially on trays may be assumed.
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Solution:
𝑔 𝑑𝑝 2 (𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔 )
𝑉𝑡 =
18𝜇𝑔
𝑔 𝑑𝑝2 𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔
𝑄 = 𝑉𝑡 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = × 𝑛𝑤𝐿
18𝜇𝑔
𝑄 18𝜇𝑔
𝑑𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑛𝑤𝐿 𝑔 𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔
𝜇𝑔 = 1.81 × 10−5 𝑘𝑔 /𝑚. 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑝 = 2000 3
𝑚
At 20 C, 𝜌𝑝 ≫ 𝜌𝑔 , so 𝜌𝑔 can be neglected.
0

Q=6m3/s, n=8, w=1m, L=4m, g=9.81m/s2 .

18 × (1.81 − 10−5 ) × 6
𝑑𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 56𝜇𝑚
8 × 1 × 4 × 9.81 × 2000

𝑛𝑊𝐿𝑉𝑡
𝜂=
𝑄
2
𝑑𝑝 50 2
Efficiency for 50𝜇𝑚 = = = 80%
𝑑 𝑝𝑚𝑖𝑛 56

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 Cyclones

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 Cyclones (Cont.)

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 Cyclones (Cont.)

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 Cyclones (Cont.)

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 Cyclones (Cont.)

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 Cyclones (Cont.)

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Fabric Collectors/Bag Filters/Bag House

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Fabric Collectors/Bag Filters/Bag House(Cont.)

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Fabric Collectors/Bag Filters/Bag House(Cont.)

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 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)

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 Electrostatic Precipitators (Cont.)

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 Electrostatic Precipitators (Cont.)

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 Electrostatic Precipitators (Cont.)

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 Electrostatic Precipitators (Cont.)

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 Electrostatic Precipitators (Cont.)

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 Numerical

A tubular ESP having multiple cylinders is to be

designed to treat 10,000 m3/h of a gaseous stream
from a paper mill with a inlet gas velocity of 1m/s
into each cylinder of ESP. Assume an effective
migration velocity of 0.075m/s and diameter of
each cylinder to be 30cm. Design the ESP in terms
of number of cylinders required and length of
cylinders required to achieve an efficiency of
90%. What additional length is required if an
efficiency of 99% has to be achieved with the
given conditions.

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 Solution

Q=10,000 m3/h = 2.78m3/s

Dia. of cylinder = 30 cm = 0.3 m
Q= Velocity of gas in each cylinder × Area of cylinder × no of
cylinders
2.78 = 1 × Π/4 × (0.3)2 × n
n= 39.4 (i.e. 40 cylinders)
Ƞ = 1- exp {(-Vpm × Ac)/Q}

0.9 = 1 – exp {(- 0.075 × Π × 0.3 × L)/ (2.78/40)}

L= 2.262 m
For 99 % efficiency
L = 3.142 m
Additional Length = 3.142-2.262 = 0.88 m

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 Wet Scrubbers

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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 Wet Scrubbers (Cont.)

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Gaseous Emission Control in Automobiles

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Gaseous Emission Control in Automobiles

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Gaseous Emission Control in Automobiles

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Gaseous Emission Control in Automobiles

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Thank You