The Inverter
Logic Gates
The inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called inversion or complementation. Standard logic symbols:
1 input output input 1 output
11 !"#$%! 2555
1 2
Inverter Truth Table & Logic Expression
Input LOW (0) Output
0 1
The AND Gate & Its Operation
!
The AND gate is composed of two or more inputs and a single output.
A A X B & X
HIGH (1)
1 0
!
HIGH (1)
LOW (0)
For a 2-input AND gate:
"
Output X is HIGH only when inputs A and B are HIGH X is LOW when either A or B is LOW, or when both A and B are LOW.
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X=A
"
AND Gate Truth Table
INPUTS A 0 0 1 1
!
A B
AND Gate Logic Expressions
!
OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 1
Use either:
" "
X = A ! B ,or X = AB
A B
If there are more than 2 inputs, do as below:
A B C
The total number of possible combinations of binary inputs to a gate is determined by:
! ! N= 2n
X= ABC
Therefore:
" " "
2 bits (n=2) = 4 combinations 3 bits = 8 combinations 4 bits = 16 combinations
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A B C D
X= ABCD
The OR Gate
!
OR Gate Truth Table
A B X
Like AND gate, an OR gate has two or more inputs and one output.
A B X B A "1 X
INPUTS A 0 B 0 1 0 1
OUTPUT X 0 1 1 1
For a 2-input OR gate:
"
0 1 1
output X is HIGH when either input A or input B is HIGH, or when both A and B are HIGH. X is LOW only when both A and B are LOW.
7
"
OR Gate Logic Expressions
!
The NAND Gate
!
Use the operator + for OR operation
" "
X=A+B If there are more than 2 inputs, do as below:
A B
NAND = NOT-AND
X A B
A
X
&
A B C
X= A+B+C
For a 2-input NAND gate:
"
Output X is LOW only when inputs A and B are HIGH X is HIGH when either A or B is LOW, or when both A and B are LOW
A B C D
X= A+B+C+D
"
10
NAND Gate Truth Table & Logic Expression
A B X
Negative-OR Equivalent Op of a NAND
!
INPUTS A 0 0 1 1
!
OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 1 0
For a 2-input NAND gate performing a negative-OR operation
"
Output X is HIGH when either input A or input B is LOW or when both A and B are LOW
The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input NAND gate is ! ! ! X = AB
11
NAND
Negative-OR
! !
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The NOR Gate
!
NOR Gate Truth Table & Logic Expression
A B X
NOR = NOT-OR
A B X A B
A
X
INPUTS
"1 X
OUTPUT B 0 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 0
A 0 0 1 1
For a 2-input NOR gate:
"
Output X is LOW when either input A or input B is HIGH, or when both A and B are HIGH X is HIGH only when both A and B are LOW
"
The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input NOR gate is ! ! ! X = A+B
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! !
13
Negative-AND Equivalent Op of a NOR
!
The XOR and XNOR Gates
Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR gates are formed by a combination of other gates already discussed. Because of their fundamental importance in many applications, these gates are often treated as basic logic elements with their own unique symbols.
For a 2-input NOR gate performing a negative-AND operation
"
Output X is HIGH only when both inputs A and B are LOW
NOR
Negative-AND
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The XOR Gate
A X B B A =1 X
XOR Gate Truth Table & Logic Expression
A B X
INPUTS A B 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
!
OUTPUT X 0 1 1 0
For a 2-input exclusive-OR gate:
"
Output X is HIGH when input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or when input A is HIGH and input B is LOW X is LOW when A and B are both HIGH and both LOW
"
The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input XOR gate is ! ! ! X = A+B
18
! !
17
The XNOR Gate
A X B B A =1 X
XNOR Gate Truth Table & Logic Expression
A B X
INPUTS A B 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
!
OUTPUT X 1 0 0 1
For a 2-input exclusive-NOR gate:
"
Output X is LOW when input A is LOW and input B is HIGH, or when input A is HIGH and input B is LOW X is HIGH when A and B are both HIGH and both LOW
"
The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input XNOR gate is ! ! ! X = A+B
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! !
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