GROUP 3: COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION-It refers to two-load
carrying structural members that are integrally
connected and deflect as a single unit.
An example of this is a composite metal deck with
concrete fill, steel filler beams, and girders made
composite by using headed stud connectors.
Materials used in Composite Construction
1. CONCRETE- Concrete is a composite material
composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid
cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is
the second-most-used substance in the world after
water, and is the most widely used building
material. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice
that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum
combined.
2. STEEL- Steel
Steel’s relatively low cost, coupled with its high
tensile strength, has made it a popular material for
civil and structural engineers.
CONCRETE–compression
STEEL – tension
By joining these two materials structurally, the result would be a highly efficient and
lightweight design.
Composite Beams
The composite interaction is achieved by the attachment of
shear connectors to the top flange of the beam
Increases the load carrying capacity and stiffness of the
beam
Generally shallower than non-composite beams
Combination of steel and concrete increases the resistance
Composite Beams
Steel concrete composite beams consist of a steel beam over
which a reinforced concrete slab is cast with shear
connectors. In conventional composite construction,
concrete slabs are simply rested over steel beams and
supported by them. These two components act
independently under the action of loads, because there are
no connection between the concrete slabs and steel beam.
Typical Section through a Composite Beam
Down Stand Beam – most common type of composite beam; composite slab sits on top of a
down stand beam, connected by the use of through deck welded shear studs.
Long Span Solutions – longer spans (20m or more); solid web and rolled down stand beam
Shallow Floor Solutions – minimize the overall height of a building for a given number of
floors
COMPOSITE SLABS
Composite slabs are typically constructed from reinforced concrete cast on top of profiled
steel decking, (re-entrant or trapezoidal) shallow decking.
The decking is capable of acting as formwork and a working platform during the
construction stage, as well as acting as external reinforcement at the composite stage.
If the slab is unsupported during construction, the decking alone resists the self-weight of
the wet concrete and constructiocn loads.
High strength for a relatively small cross-sectional area, meaning that useable floor space
can be maximized.
Types of Composite Decking
A. Re-entrant Decking
Uses more concrete than a trapezoidal decking, but has
increased fire resistance for a given slab depth.
B. Trapezoidal Decking
Generally spans further than the re-entrant decking, but the
shear stud resistance is less with trapezoidal decking than
with re-entrant decking.
Types of Composite Columns
A. Concrete Filled Tube
Concrete-filled tube (CFT) columns consist of a steel
tube filled with concrete.
The concrete core adds stiffness and compressive
strength to the tubular column and reduces the
potential for inward local buckling.
Conversely, the steel tube acts as longitudinal and lateral reinforcement for the concrete core
helping it to resist tension, bending moment and shear and providing confinement for the
concrete.
B. Fully Encased Column
Fully Encased Column - Fully encased composite
column (FEC) provides compressive strength,
stability, stiffness, improved fire proofing and better
corrosion protection.
C. Partially Encased Column
Partially encased composite columns consist of a
welded thin‐plate H‐shaped steel section with concrete
cast between the flanges. Transverse steel links are
welded between the flanges, spaced at regular
intervals, to enhance the resistance of the flanges to
local buckling.
COMPOSITE SLAB INSTALLATION
1. Metal Decking
Is placed on the structural steel at predetermined points
in the erection sequence. Metal Decking may be
installed by the steel erection contractor or a seperate
decking contractor.
Composite Decking Non-Composite Decking Form Decking
Composite Decking works together with the concrete fill to make a stiff, light-weight,
economical floor system. Composite Decking is available in various profiles and thickness.
2. As an alternative to welding, power
actuated tools may be used to attach
metal decking to structural steel. A nail-
like fastener is driven through the
metal deck into the steel beam.
3. Shear connectors create a strong bond between the steel beam and the concrete
floor slab which is poured on top of the
metal decking.
X-ENP 21 HBV Nails- Specifically designed for the shear connector application.
X-HBV Shear Connector- Flexible connector and may be uniformly distributed between critical
sections. These critical sections, where large changes in shear flow occur, may be at supporting
points, points of application of point loads or areas with extreme bending moments.
Powder-actuated tool- A powder-actuated tool is a type of nail gun used in construction and
manufacturing to join materials to hard substrates such as steel and concrete.
4. Concrete is installed by a
concrete contractor on top of the
composite metal decking, shear
connectors, and welded wire fabric or
rebar grid (crack control reinforcing).
Pumping is a typical installation
method for concrete being placed on
metal decking.
Pumping is an efficient, reliable and economical means of placing concrete, and sometimes the
only way of getting concrete into certain locations. Other times, simply the ease and speed of
pumping concrete make it the most economical method of concrete placement. In the end, the
convenience of easy access for truck mixers must be weighed against the desirability of locating
the pump closer to the placement point.
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Advantages:
Using composite floor system creates a stiffer, lighter, and less expensive
Increased span lengths
Reduced building heights
Possible decreased weight of structural steels that may reduce foundation costs
Reduced live load deflections
Disadvantages:
Additional subcontractor for shear connectors
Concrete flatwork contractor
REFERENCES:
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