N. Rugthaicharoencheep and S.

Sirisumrannukul / GMSARN International Journal 3 (2009) 47 - 54

Feeder Reconfiguration for Loss Reduction in Distribution

System with Distributed Generators by Tabu Search

N. Rugthaicharoencheep and S. Sirisumrannukul

Abstract— Feeder reconfiguration is a procedure to alter topological structures of the network by changing the
statuses of tie and disconnecting switches. It provides an effective way to control the tie and sectionalizing switches in
the system to give an appropriate connection for several reasons such as loss reduction, load balancing, and fast
restoration. The main objective of this paper is to minimize the system power loss in the presence of distributed
generators that cause reverse power flows and voltage variations. The optimization problem is subject to system
constraints consisting of load-point voltage limits, radial configuration format, no load-point interruption and current
feeder capability limits. The feeder reconfiguration problem for active power loss minimization is solved by a Tabu
search algorithm that effectively utilizes a memory to provide an efficient search for optimality. The developed
methodology is tested with a 69-bus distribution system having 48 load points. The study results indicate that for a given
set of distributed generators and their locations, the proposed method can identify optimal on/off patterns of the switches
that yield the minimum loss while satisfying the constraints.

Keywords— Feeder reconfiguration, Tabu search, Tie and sectionalizing switches, Loss reduction, Distributed generators.

Distributed generators may introduce positive or

1. INTRODUCTION negative impacts to the system depending on the
system’s operating conditions and their characteristics
Electricity is generated at central stations, powered up and locations. The emphasis of this paper is paid toward
through transformers and transmitted over high voltage economic benefits presented in terms of active power loss
transmission lines, and passed down through low voltage reduction. The active power loss in the distribution network,
distribution lines to final circuits for delivery to the which varies with the square of the branch current, is
customers. This centralized generation pattern, however, appreciable and constitutes a large portion of the overall
suffers a number of drawbacks, such as a high level of power system loss. It was reported in [2] that distribution
dependence on imported fuels that are very vulnerable, systems cause a power loss about 5–13% of the total power
transmission losses, the necessity for continuous generated. Therefore, reducing the loss will financially
upgrading and replacement of the transmission and and technically benefit the utility.
distribution facilities and therefore high operating cost, DG units can normally, but not necessarily, help
and environmental impact. reducing current flow in the feeders and hence contribute
Over the last decade, distribution systems have seen a to power loss reduction, mainly because they are usually
significant increase in small-scaled generators as they placed near the load being supplied. Minimizing the
can compensate the disadvantages encountered in the power loss, of course, requires an optimization process
centralized generation dispatch. These generators, also that can determine the optimal size and location of DG
known as distributed generation (DG), are installed in the units to be installed. However, in practice, such an
network to serve as a source of power at on or near the optimal solution could not be implemented as distributed
site where they are to be used. They can be driven by generation plants are generally not planned by the utility
different types of resource and technology such as wind, but are developed by entrepreneurs (e.g., small power
solar, fuel cells, hydrogen, and biomass. producer). For this reason, the location and rating of
The introduction of DG units brings a number of generators are limited by a number of constraints such as
technical issues to the system. Many technical effects of land and resource availability, and environment. For
distributed generators on the distribution system have example, the location of a combined heat and power
been reported in literature such as thermal rating of plant is determined by the position of the heat load, and
equipment, system fault levels, stability, reverse power their operation is generally controlled in response to the
flow capabilities of tap-changers, line drop energy demand of the host site or of a district heating
compensation, voltage rise, power losses, power quality scheme [3]. Therefore, these constraints complicate the
(such as flickers and harmonics) and protection [1]. issue of loss since the distribution network with DG units
is no longer passive.
Many methods have been employed for reducing the
active power loss, for example, increasing conductor
N. Rugthaicharoencheep (corresponding author) and S.
Sirisumrannukul are with Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty size, shortening circuit lengths, adjusting transformer tap,
of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North and installing capacitors. Another efficient operation that
Bangkok, 1518, Pibulsongkram Rd., Bangsue, Bangkok, 10800, can improve the performance of distribution systems is
Thailand. Phone: +66-89-607-1641; Fax: +66-2-585-7350; E-mail: feeder reconfiguration. It is a process that changes the
s4910190018@[Link], spss@[Link].

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 N. Rugthaicharoencheep and S. Sirisumrannukul / GMSARN International Journal 3 (2009) 47 - 54

topology of a distribution system by altering the The objective function is subjected to the following
open/closed status of switches. constraints.
This paper emphasizes the advantage of feeder - Power flow equations:
reconfiguration to the distribution system in the presence
of DG units for loss reduction and bus voltage NB

improvement. The major effect of DG units on the feeder Pi,n = ∑ Y ijV i,nV j,n cos(θ ij + δ j,n − δ i,n ) (2)
reconfiguration problem lies on the fact that power flows j =1

in the distribution system, which is normally radially NB

operated, are no longer unidirectional (i.e., power can be Q i,n = − ∑ Y ijV i,nV j,n sin( θ ij + δ j,n − δ i,n ) (3)
fed back to the grid). Such reversible power flow, j=1

therefore, complicates the feeder reconfiguration problem

for loss minimization. The application of a Tabu search - Bus voltage limits:
algorithm is developed to determine the optimal on/off
patterns of the switches to minimize the system loss V min ≤V i,n ≤ V max (4)
subject to system constraints. The effectiveness of the
methodology is demonstrated by a practical sized - Current transfer capability of feeders:
distribution system consisting of 69 bus and 48 load
points. I k,n ≤ I kmax ; k ∈ {1,2,..., l } (5)

2. FEEDER RECONFIGURATION
- Radial configuration format.
Feeder reconfiguration in a distribution system is an
operation in configuration management that determines - No load-point interruption.
the switching operations for many purposes such as
decreasing network loss, balancing system load, and 4. TABU SEARCH
improving bus voltages or system reliability. The Background
configuration may be varied via switching operations to
transfer loads among the feeders. Two types of switches Tabu search (TS) is a meta-heuristic that guides a local
are used: normally closed switches (sectionalizing heuristic search strategy to explore the solution space
switches) and normally open switches (tie switches) [4]. beyond local optimality. Tabu search was developed by
There are a number of closed and normally opened Glover and has been used to solve a wide range of hard
switches in a distribution system. The number of possible optimization problems, such as resource planning,
switching actions makes feeder reconfiguration become a telecommunications, financial analysis, scheduling, space
complex decision-making for system operators. Figure 1 planning, and energy distribution [5].
shows a schematic diagram of a simplified primary The basic idea behind the search is a move from a
circuit of a distribution system [4]. In the figure, CB1-CB6 current solution to its neighborhood by effectively
are normally closed switches that connect the line sections, utilizing a memory to provide an efficient search for
and CB7 is a normally open switch that connects two optimality. The memory is called “Tabu list”, which
primary feeders. The two substations can be linked by CB8, stores attributes of solutions. In the search process, the
while CB9, when closed, will create a loop. A flowchart for solutions are in the Tabu list cannot be a candidate of the
feeder reconfiguration algorithm is shown in Figure 2. next iteration. As a result, it helps inhibit choosing the
same solution many times and avoid being trapped into
cycling of the solutions [6]. The quality of a move in
Substation 1
CB1
solution space is assessed by aspiration criteria that
provide a mechanism (see Figure 3) for overriding the
CB5
Tabu list. Aspiration criteria are analogous to a fitness
CB2 CB7
Substation 2 function of the genetic algorithm and the Bolzman
CB3 CB8 function in the simulated annealing.

Load
CB6 Neighborhood
CB9
CB4 Closed switches
In the search process, a move to the best solution in the
Open switches
neighborhood, although its quality is worse than the
current solution, is allowed. This strategy helps escape
Fig.1. Schematic Diagram of a Distribution System. from local optimal and explore wider in the search space.
A Tabu list includes recently selected solutions that are
3. PROBLEM FORMULATION forbidden to prevent cycling. If the move is present in
The objective function of the network configuration the Tabu list, it is accepted only if it has a better
problem in this paper is to minimize the total power loss aspiration level than the minimal level so far. Figure 4
as: shows the main concept of a search direction in Tabu
search [7].
NL l
Minimize Z = ∑ ∑ I 2 R (1)
k,n k
n =1k =1

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Start 5. SOLUTION ALGORITHM BY TABU SEARCH

The Tabu search algorithm is applied to solve the
Read data of distribution system optimal or near optimal solution of the feeder
(bus , load, and branch data) configuration problem by taking the following steps:
Step 1: Read the bus, load and branch data of a distribution
Identify initial configuration of system including all the operational constraints.
tie and sectionalizing switches
Step 2: Randomly select a feasible solution from the search
space: S 0 ∈ Ω. The solution is represented by the
Change of tie and sectionalizing
switches in the distribution system switch number that should be opened during
network reconfiguration.
Run load flow program for Step 3: Set the size of a Tabu list, maximum iteration and
radial distribution system iteration index m = 1.
Step 4: Let the initial solution obtained in step 2 be the
Compute current flow in branch, current solution and the best solution:
power loss, voltage profile,
and cost of energy loss S best = S 0 , and S current = S 0 .
Step 5: Perform a power flow analysis to determine
power loss, bus voltages, and branch currents.
The criteria of No Step 6: Calculate Z using (1) and check whether the
feeder reconfiguration current solution satisfies the constraints. A penalty
are met
factor is applied for constraint violation.
Yes Step 7: Calculate the aspiration level of S best :
Optimal on/off patterns of switches fbest = f (S best ) . The aspiration level is the sum of
Z and a penalty function
Print output results Step 8: Generate a set of solutions in the neighborhood
of S current by changing the switch numbers that
End should be opened. This set of solutions is
designated as S neighbor .
Fig.2. Flowchart of Feeder Reconfiguration. Step 9: Calculate the aspiration level for each member of
S neighbor , and choose the one that has the
Tabu list
highest aspiration level, Sneighbor_best.
New attribute Old attribute
Step 10: Check whether the attribute of the solution obtained
... in step 9 is in the Tabu list. If yes, go to step 11, or
else Scurrent = Sneighbor_best and go to step 12.
Size of Tabu
Step 11: Accept Sneighbor_best if it has a better aspiration level
Fig.3. Mechanism of Tabu list.
than fbest and set Scurrent = Sneighbor_best, or else
select a next-best solution that is not in the Tabu list
Initial Solution
Local Minimum to become the current solution.
Step 12: Update the Tabu list and set m = m + 1 .
Step 13: Repeat steps 8 to 12 until a specified maximum
iteration has been reached.
Step 14: Report the optimal solution.

x0 x1 x2 x3 An application of the Tabu search algorithm is shown

x4 by a three-feeder distribution system in Figure 5 [8]. The
x9
x5 system consists of 16 buses, 13 load points, 13 normally
N0
x6 x7 x8
N1 N2 N3
closed switches, and 3 normally open switches. The initial
N9 configuration states that switches located on branch No.
N4
N8 14, No. 15 and No. 16 are open. With this configuration,
N5 N6 N7 the initial power loss is 511.44 kW. Figure 6 shows
moves from the current solution to two feasible solutions
Fig.4. Search direction of Tabu Search. generated by the Tabu search: neighborhood solutions 1

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 N. Rugthaicharoencheep and S. Sirisumrannukul / GMSARN International Journal 3 (2009) 47 - 54

and 2. The moves to solutions 1 and 2 give a power loss Case 3: The same as case 1 except that there are 4 small
of 676.63 kW and 483.87 kW, respectively. The same power producers who can provide only firm active
process continues until 100 iterations. The optimal power to the system by their DG units. The
solution indicates that switch No. 16 remains open and the producers are located at buses 14, 35, 36, and 53
statuses of switches No. 7 and 8 are changed from ‘closed’ with capacities of 300, 200, 100, and 400 kW,
to ‘open’, giving a real power loss of 466.12 kW. respectively.
Case 4: The same as case 3 but with feeder reconfiguration.

Feeder 1 Feeder 2 Feeder 3 The initial statuses of all the sectionalizing switches
1 2 3
(switches No. 1-68) are closed while all the tie-switches
5 10
(switch No. 69-73) open. The total loads for this test
8 13
1 system are 3,801.89 kW and 2,694.10 kVAr. The feeder
7 11
6 configuration algorithm, based on Tabu search as
15
detailed in Section 5, is used to search the most
4 9
10 14 appropriation topology of the system under a peak and
2 8 12
14 9 off-peak load pattern. The minimum and maximum
3
voltages are set at 0.95 and 1.05 p.u. The maximum
12
5 11 iteration for the Tabu search algorithm is 100.
4 16 13 The test results for the four cases are summarized in
Table 1. It is confirmed from case 3 that the distributed
6 7 16 15 generators help reduce the system loss from 224.63 kW
Load Sectionalizing switches Tie switches to 195.68 kW during the peak period and from 104.51
kW to 87.49 kW during the off-peak period, giving an
Fig.5. Single-line diagram of 16-bus distribution system. annual saving of 478,406.50 Baht. However, if compared
with Case 2, Case 3 sees a higher power loss. The
minimum loss is seen in case 4, where there are changes
in branch currents after the reconfiguration.

Fig.6. Neighborhood search for tie and sectionalizing

Switches.

6. CASE STUDY
The test system for the case study is a 12.66 kV radial
distribution system with 69 buses, 7 laterals and 5 tie-
lines (looping branches), as shown in Figure 7. The
current carrying capacity of branch No.1-9 is 400 A, No.
46-49 and No. 52-64 are 300 A and the other remaining
branches including the tie lines are 200 A. Each branch
in the system has a sectionalizing switch for
reconfiguration purpose. The load data and branch data
are provides in Table A1 and A2 [9]. The data associated
with the loads in peak and off-peak periods are given in
Table A3 [10]. Four cases are examined as follows:
Case 1: The system is without distributed generators and
feeder reconfiguration
Fig.7. Single-line diagram of 69-bus distribution system.
Case 2: The same as case 1 except that the feeders can be
reconfigured by the available sectionalizing
switches and the tie switches.

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N. Rugthaicharoencheep and S. Sirisumrannukul / GMSARN International Journal 3 (2009) 47 - 54

Table 1. Results of Case Study

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

TS SA TS SA
Sectionalizing switches to be open - 14, 56, 61 14, 57, 61 - 12, 52, 61 12, 18, 52, 61
Tie switches to be closed - 71, 72, 73 71, 72, 73 - 71, 72, 73 70, 71, 72, 73
Power loss in peak period (kW) 224.63 98.56 99.58 195.68 82.58 82.92
Power loss in off-peak period (kW) 104.51 47.05 47.06 87.49 38.34 38.05
Total energy loss cost (Baht/year) 3,588,682.66 1,579,941.50 1,594,156.54 3,110,276.16 1,318,934.51 1,322,359.21

For example, the current flows in branch No. 3 to 11 methods (i.e., Tabu search and simulated annealing) for
are lower than those before reconfiguration. Because of case 2 and case 4 are provided in the Table 1. It can be
the opening of switch No.12, these branches do not need observed that the power loss obtained from the two
to carry the currents to supply downstream load points at methods is comparable for on- and off-peak periods.
buses 13, 14, 16-18, 20-22, 24, and 25-26. However, the However, the TS yields better savings in the energy loss
loads on these buses are not disconnected since tie- cost mainly because the power loss in peak period, where
switch No.71 is closed so that the power is supplied the cost of energy is high, is lower. Note that for the TS
through branch No.35-46 and 71, and therefore the in case 4, only 3 switching operations, instead of 4 as in
current flows in these branches are increased. the SA, are associated and is therefore preferred by the
In fact, feeder reconfiguration increases branch system operator.
currents in some feeders while decreasing current flow in
others but the latter effect outweighs the former. With 1.05
Case 1
1.04
this logical idea, feeder reconfiguration can, therefore, 1.03 Case 2
1.02 Minimum voltage
result in loss reduction. For this system, approximately 1.01
54-58% as much as loss reduction is achieved from the 1.00
Voltage (p.u.)

0.99
feeder reconfiguration for case 2 when compared with 0.98
0.97
case 1 and for case 4 when compared with case 3. The 0.96
solution convergence of this test system is shown in 0.95
0.94
Figure 8, which reveals that the solution converges after 0.93
iteration 51 for both peak and off-peak periods. The 0.92
0.91
computation time for cases 2 and 4 is 924.61and 965.06 0.90
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 69
seconds. Bus

Fig.9. Bus voltage profile in peak period Case 1 and Case 2.

500
Peak period
Off-peak period
1.05
400
1.04 Case 3
Power loss (kW)

1.03 Case 4
300 1.02 Minimum voltage
1.01
1.00
Voltage (p.u.)

200 0.99
0.98
0.97
100 0.96
0.95
0.94
0 0.93
1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100
0.92
Iteration
0.91
0.90
Fig.8. Convergence report of optimal solution. 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 69
Bus

The bus voltage profile for all the cases during peak Fig.10. Bus voltage profile in peak period Case 3 and Case 4.
period depicted in Figures 9 and 10 and off-peak period
in Figures 11 and 12. It is observed that in cases 1 and 3,
the voltages at buses 57-65 during peak period and at 7. CONCLUSION
buses 61-65 in off-peak period are below 0.95 p.u. A Tabu search-based optimization technique has presented
because a large load of 1,244 kW are drawn at bus 61. But in this paper to find the most appropriate topology of the
for cases 2 and 4, all bus voltages satisfy the 0.95 p.u.- distribution system in the presence of distributed
voltage constraint. generators. The objective function of feeder reconfiguration
For the purpose of comparison, we have developed a is to minimize the total system loss. The objective function
simulated annealing (SA) algorithm applied to the feeder is subject to power flow equations, bus voltage limits,
reconfiguration problem. The results from the two current transfer capability of feeders, radial configuration

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format, and no load-point interruption. A 69-bus V j,n voltage of bus j at load level n
distribution system with four distributed generators is used
to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed θij angle of Y ij
technique. Although the distributed generators contribute
to loss reduction, some bus voltages violate the minimum δ i,n voltage angle at bus i at load level n
voltage constraint. Such a problem can be remedied by δ j,n voltage angle at bus j at load level n
feeder reconfiguration. Not only are these bus voltages
improved above the limit, but also the system power loss Q i,n reactive power at bus i at load level n
can be further reduced. The decrease in loss produces min
significant savings on the annual energy loss cost, thus V minimum voltage
emphasizing the benefit of feeder reconfiguration. max maximum voltage
V
max
Ik maximum current capability of branch k
1.05
1.04 Case 1
1.03 Case 2 S0 initial solution
1.02 Minimum voltage
1.01
1.00
Ω search space
Voltage (p.u.)

0.99
0.98 S best best solution in search space
0.97
0.96
0.95
S current current solution in search space
0.94
0.93 fbest objective function of S best
0.92
0.91
0.90
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 69
S neighbor neighborhood solutions of S current
Bus

Fig.11. Bus voltage profile in off-peak period Case 1 and Sneighbor_best best solution of S neighbor
Case 2.
REFERENCES
1.05
1.04 Case 3 [1] Yasin, Z. M., and Rahman, T. K. A. 2006. Service
Case 4
1.03
1.02 Minimum voltage
Restoration in Distribution Network with
1.01 Distributed Generation. In Proceeding of Research
and Development, 4th Student Conference. Shah
1.00
Voltage (p.u.)

0.99
0.98
0.97
Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, 27-28 June.
0.96 [2] Sivanagaraju, S., Srikanth, Y., and Jagadish Babu,
0.95
0.94
E. 2006. An efficient genetic algorithm for loss
0.93 minimum distribution system reconfiguration.
0.92
0.91 Electric Power Components and Systems, 34: 249–
0.90
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 69 258, 2006.
Bus
[3] Jenkins, N., et. al. 2000. Embedded Generation,
Fig.12. Bus voltage profile in off-peak period Case 3 and
Case 4.
London: The Institute of Electrical Engineer.
[4] Baran, M. E., and Wu, F. F. 1989. Network
reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss
reduction and load balancing. IEEE Transactions on
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Power Delivery, 4(2): 1401-1407.
The first author would like to express his sincere thanks to [5] Dengiz, B., and Alabas, C. 2000. Simulation
the Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon optimization using tabu search. In Proceedings of Winter
(RMUTP), Thailand for financial support. Simulation Conference. Orlando, USA, 10-13
December.
NOMENCLATURE [6] Glover, F. Tabu search-part I, ORSA J. Computing,
Z total cost of energy loss vol.1, no.3, 1989.
NL number of load levels [7] Hiroyuki, M., and Yoshihiro, O. 2000. Parallel tabu
search for capacitor placement in radial distribution
l number of feeders
system. In Proceedings of Power Engineering
I k,n current flow in branch k at load level n Society Winter Meeting, January.
Rk resistance of branch k [8] Su, C. T., and Lee, C. S. 2003. Network
reconfiguration of distribution systems using improved
Pi,n active power at bus i at load level n mixed-integer hybrid differential evolution. IEEE
Transactions Power Delivery, 18(3): 1022-1027.
NB number of buses [9] Savier, J. S., and Das, D. 2007. Impact of network
Y ij element (i, j ) in bus admittance matrix reconfiguration on loss allocation of radial
distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Power
V i,n voltage of bus i at load level n Delivery, 22(4): 2473-2480.
[10] The Provincial Electricity Authority (2008). Very
Small Power Producer (VSPP) Rate [On line available]

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from the Word Wide Web: [Link] Table A2. (Continued)

vspp/[Link]/. Branch Sending Receiving R X
Number end bus end bus (Ω) (Ω)
APPENDIX 22 22 23 0.1591 0.0526
Table A1. Load Data of 69-bus Distribution System 23 23 24 0.3463 0.1145
24 24 25 0.7488 0.2475
Bus PL QL Bus PL QL 25 25 26 0.3089 0.1021
No. (kW) (kVAr) No. (kW) (kVAr) 26 26 27 0.1732 0.0572
6 2.60 2.20 37 26.00 18.55 27 3 28 0.0044 0.0108
7 40.40 30.00 39 24.00 17.00 28 28 29 0.0640 0.1565
8 75.00 54.00 40 24.00 17.00 29 29 30 0.3978 0.1315
9 30.00 22.00 41 1.20 1.00 30 30 31 0.0702 0.0232
10 28.00 19.00 43 6.00 4.30 31 31 32 0.3510 0.1160
11 145.00 104.00 45 39.22 26.30 32 32 33 0.8390 0.2816
12 145.00 104.00 46 39.22 26.30 33 33 34 1.7080 0.5646
13 8.00 5.00 48 79.00 56.40 34 34 35 1.4740 0.4873
14 8.00 5.50 49 384.70 274.50 35 3 36 0.0044 0.0108
16 45.50 30.00 50 384.70 274.50 36 36 37 0.0640 0.1565
37 37 38 0.1053 0.1230
17 60.00 35.00 51 40.50 28.30
38 38 39 0.0304 0.0355
18 60.00 35.00 52 3.60 2.70
39 39 40 0.0018 0.0021
20 1.00 0.60 53 4.35 3.50
40 40 41 0.7283 0.8509
21 114.00 81.00 54 26.40 19.00
41 41 42 0.3100 0.3623
22 5.00 3.50 55 24.00 17.20 42 42 43 0.0410 0.0478
24 28.00 20.00 59 100.00 72.00 43 43 44 0.0092 0.0116
26 14.00 10.00 61 1,244.00 888.00 44 44 45 0.1089 0.1373
27 14.00 10.00 62 32.00 23.00 45 45 46 0.0009 0.0012
28 26.00 18.60 64 227.00 162.00 46 4 47 0.0034 0.0084
29 26.00 18.60 65 59.00 42.00 47 47 48 0.0851 0.2083
33 14.00 10.00 66 18.00 13.00 48 48 49 0.2898 0.7091
34 19.50 14.00 67 18.00 13.00 49 49 50 0.0822 0.2011
35 6.00 4.00 68 28.00 20.00 50 8 51 0.0928 0.0473
36 26.00 18.55 69 28.00 20.00 51 51 52 0.3319 0.1114
52 9 53 0.1740 0.0886
Base 100 MVA, 12.66 kV
53 53 54 0.2030 0.1034
54 54 55 0.2842 0.1447
Table A2. Branch Data of 69-bus Distribution System
55 55 56 0.2813 0.1433
R X 56 56 57 1.5900 0.5337
Branch Sending Receiving
57 57 58 0.7837 0.2630
Number end bus end bus (Ω) (Ω)
58 58 59 0.3042 0.1006
1 1 2 0.0005 0.0012 59 59 60 0.3861 0.1172
2 2 3 0.0005 0.0012 60 60 61 0.5075 0.2585
3 3 4 0.0015 0.0036 61 61 62 0.0974 0.0496
4 4 5 0.0251 0.0294 62 62 63 0.1450 0.0738
5 5 6 0.3660 0.1864 63 63 64 0.7105 0.3619
64 64 65 1.0410 0.5302
6 6 7 0.3811 0.1941
65 11 66 0.2012 0.0611
7 7 8 0.0922 0.0470 66 66 67 0.0047 0.0014
8 8 9 0.0493 0.0251 67 12 68 0.7394 0.2444
9 9 10 0.8190 0.2707 68 68 69 0.0047 0.0016
10 10 11 0.1872 0.0619 Tie line
11 11 12 0.7114 0.2351 69 11 43 0.5000 0.5000
12 12 13 1.0300 0.3400 70 13 21 0.5000 0.5000
13 13 14 1.0440 0.3450 71 15 46 1.0000 0.5000
72 50 59 2.0000 1.0000
14 14 15 1.0580 0.3496
73 27 65 1.0000 0.5000
15 15 16 0.1966 0.0650
16 16 17 0.3744 0.1238
17 17 18 0.0047 0.0016 Table A3. Load Levels and Cost Data
18 18 19 0.3276 0.1083
19 19 20 0.2106 0.0690 Load Duration Cost of energy
Load level
(p.u.) (hr) (Baht/kW)
20 20 21 0.3416 0.1129
21 21 22 0.0140 0.0046 Off-peak 0.7 4, 015 1.1154
Peak 1.0 4, 745 2.9278

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