Heater transfer: is the science which deals energy transmitted by

difference of temperature.
Fourier’s law: The fundamental law of heat conduction relates on the
local temperature gradient to the local heat flux both in the same direction.
Heat conduction equation: A partial differential equation in temperature,
spatial variables, time, and properties that, when solved with appropriate
boundary and initial conditions, describes the variation of temperature in a
conducting medium.
Overall heat transfer coefficient: The analogous quantity to the heat
transfer coefficient found in convection according to (Newton’s law of
cooling) that represents the overall combination of several thermal
resistances, both conductive and convective.
Thermal conductivity: The property of a material that relates a
temperature gradient to a heat flux.
1. Methods of heat transfer:–
1. Heat conduction
2. Heat convection
3. Radiation
2. Soures of heat energy
1. Sun
2. Nuclear reactions
3. Petrol and coal
4. Electricity
5. Volcano

1
‫‪1.1 Laws of heat conduction‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري‪:‬ھﻮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎطﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻷﻗﻞ ﻧﺸﺎطﺎ ﻟﻤﺎدة ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺎدﻟﻲ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت‪.‬دون اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﺎدة اﻟﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪dT‬‬
‫‪q  kA‬‬ ‫‪............. Rate heat transfer law‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪:‬ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﺤﺮاري إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‬

‫*ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﻔﺮدات اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ*‬

‫ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ‪– :‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‪q :‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻔﯿﺾ اﻟﺤﺮاري‪q'' :‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ‪K :‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‪A :‬‬
‫‪dT‬‬
‫‪: gradeint of Temp‬‬
‫‪dx‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫‪ W.L‬اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮازي ﻟﻠﺴﻤﻚ‬
‫‪ πr2‬اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻋﺰﻻ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﯿﺎ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ)اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة طﻮﻟﯿﺎ(‬
‫‪ πDL‬اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ)اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ(‬
‫‪ 4πr2‬اﻟﻜﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ أي اﺗﺠﺎه‬

‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة وﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ‬
‫‪Fourier Law‬‬
‫‪dT ΔT T2  T1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪dx Δx x 2  x1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺧﻄﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح‬

1. The length of plate approaches (L  )

T
[Link] plate is stead  state (  0)
x
[Link] plate doesnt have heat internal energy(q o  0)
Example1: Rate of heat transfer (3KW).Heat transfers by conditions
through Insulated material cross–sectional area (10m2) and thickness
(2.5cm). If temperature of internal warm surface (415oC) and thermal
conductivity (0.2W/[Link]). Calculate temperature of external surface
Solution

T1  T2 415  T2
q  kA  3 *103  0.2 *10 *
Δx 0.02
T2 = 387.5C
Q1(sheet2009): Thickness, diameter and surface temperature of bottom of
pan used to boil water are shown in Figure below. Rate of heat transfer to
the pan is (600W). Find the outer surface temperature of pan for aluminum
and a copper bottom.

T2=110oC

L=5mm
Aluminum
K=240W/m.K
or
copper
K=390W/m.K
D=200mm T1

q=600W

3
Solution
T2  T1 π  110  T1
For Aluminum : q   kA side  600  240 * 0.2 2  *
L 4  0.005
T1  110.4o C
T2  T1 π  110  T1
For copper : q   kA side  600  390 * 0.2 2  *
L 4  0.005
T1  110.24 o C

(K)‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة وﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ وﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻏﯿﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺎ‬
K(T)# constant
.‫( ﻟﻜﻞ درﺟﺘﯿﻦ ﺣﺮارﯾﺘﯿﻦ‬Tav) ‫(ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال ﺗﺴﺘﺒﺪل ﺑﻤﻌﺪل درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬T) ‫ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﻛﻞ‬.1
.Tav ‫ ﻋﻨﺪ‬kav ‫ إﯾﺠﺎد‬.2
–:‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬. ‫ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺪول ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‬Kav‫ و‬Tav‫ ﻟﻐﺮض إﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ‬.3
.‫ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻵﻧﯿﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬.4
Q7/sheet No.2 year2009: A certain material plate its thickness (2.5cm)
with cross–sectional area of (0.1m2). One side maintained at (38oC) other
o
side (94oC). The temperature of centre plane (60 C) . Heat supplied
(1kW). Obtain an expression for thermal conductivity of the material as a
function of temperature. Consider k=a+bT
Solution
ΔT 94oC
q   k av A
Δx
T  T2 60oC
Tav  1
2
First case: between T1,T2 38oC
60  94
Tav   77 o C
2
60  94
1 * 10 3   k av * 0.1 *  k av  W/m 2 .o C
0.0125
3.6764  a  77b......................................(1) 0.025m
Second case:T1,T3
94  38
Tav   66 o C
2
38  94
1 *103   k av * 0.1*  k av  4.4642 W/m 2 .o C
0.025
4
4.4642  a  66b.......................................................(2)
b  0.0716W/m.o C, a  9.28W/m
k(T)  9.28  0.0716T
Example2: Thickness of a wall (1.2m) temperature of surfaces 490oC ,
340oC. Thermal conductivity is a variable according to:–K=0.104(0.108T–
26.6). For stead state heat flux, Find the position of 400oC.
490  340
Tav   415C
2
ΔT
q||  k av
Δx
490  340
q||  1.895  136.875W/m2
1.2
k av  0.1040.108Tav  26.6
k av  0.1040.108  415  26.6   1.895W/m.C
Second stage between 490oC,400oC
490  400
Tav 2   454C
2
k av  0.104(0.108  454  26.6)  2.232W/m.C
490  400
q' '  1.895   236.875W/m 2
x
x  0.85m
Example3: Thickness of a wall (90cm) temperature of surfaces (500oK,
350oK). Thermal conductivity is a variable according to:–
k  0.10.11T  27 
For stead state heat flux, Find the position of 400˚K.
Solution
500  350
Tav   425C
2
k av  0.10.11Tav  27 
x
k av  0.10.11 425  27   1.975W/m .K 2

T
q ''  k av
x
500  350
q"  1.975  329.167W/m 2
0.9
Second stage between 500ºC,400ºC
5
 ‫‪500  400‬‬
‫‪Tav ‬‬ ‫‪ 450C‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪500  400‬‬
‫‪329.167  2.25‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪x  0.68m‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬

‫‪heat flux‬‬ ‫) ‪q \ \  h(Ts  T‬‬

‫) ‪Rate of heat transfer q  hAsurface (Ts  T‬‬
‫‪:h‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻤﻞ )‪(W/[Link]‬‬
‫‪: T‬درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫ﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن أﻋﻼه ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ‬
‫‪Newton’s cooling law‬‬
‫‪Q2(sheet2009): Length, diameter and maximum allowable surface‬‬
‫‪temperature of a power transistor temperature and coefficient for air‬‬
‫‪cooling are shown below. Determine the Maximum allowable power‬‬
‫‪dissipation.‬‬
‫‪Ts=85oC‬‬
‫‪qconv‬‬ ‫‪D=12mm‬‬

‫‪T∞=25oC‬‬
‫‪h=[Link]‬‬ ‫‪L=10mm‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬
‫‪q  hA s (Ts  T )  100π * 0.012 * 0.0185  25‬‬
‫‪q  2.26W‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎع‬
‫اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺤﺮاري ‪ :‬ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أﺷﻌﺔ ﻛﮭﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎطﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم‪.‬‬
‫*أﻗﺼﻰ ﻓﯿﺾ إﺷﻌﺎع ﺣﺮاري ﯾﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم أو اﻟﺴﻄﻮح ﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪–:‬‬
‫‪q \ \  δT 4‬‬
‫وﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺳﺘﯿﻔﺎن–ﻓﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن‬
‫*وﯾﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أو اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻄﻠﻖ اﻛﺒﺮ أﺷﻌﺎع ﺑـ)اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ (‬
‫إﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﻮح اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻓﯿﻜﻮن اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺤﺮاري اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ وﯾﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪–:‬‬
‫‪q \ \ T 4‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
 ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪ : ‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺳﺘﯿﻔﺎن–ﻓﻮﻟﺘﺰﻣﺎن ) ‪( 5.67  10 W/m .k‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪ : ‬اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ )‪(Thermal diffusely‬‬

‫‪ :T‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )‪(Ko‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﺤﺮاري ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﻮح واﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل اﻟﺤﺮاري‬
‫‪q A(Ts4  Tsor‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪ :A‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫‪: ‬اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫‪ 1‬‬
‫‪:  1‬ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ اﻷﺳﻮد‬
‫‪:  1‬ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬

‫‪7‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻹﺷﻌﺎع‬
Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient
q convection  q radian
hA(Ts  Tsur )  δA(Ts4  Tsur
4
)

hATs  Tsur   A Ts2  Tsur
2

Ts2  Tsur
2

hATs  Tsur   ATs  Tsur Ts  Tsur T s
2
 Tsur
2



h  δTs  Tsur  Ts2  Tsur
2

A container [its absorbency (0.8)] contains a fluid its heat transfer
coefficient (15W/m2.K), (30ºC) .The system is heated by a hot air that
gives heat flux (2000W/m2).Determine surface temperature.
Solution
q \ \  q rad
\\
 q conv
\\

q \ \  δ  (Ts4  T4 )  h(Ts  T )

2000  5.67 * 10  4 * 0.8(Ts4  303 4 )  15(Ts  303)
Ts  303.04 C
‫ﯾﺤﺪث اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ )اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ( ﻟﻠﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت وﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ : ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري‬
.‫ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﯿﺔ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ إن اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﺎت ﺗﺘﺤﺮك ﺳﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن إﻟﻰ آﺧﺮ‬
.‫ ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬: δ
‫ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬:
δ th

8
 ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة وﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬

Derive heat transfer equation for figure below:–

ΔT
q  kA
Δx
A(x)  π y 2 
y  r1 r2  r1
 
x 0 L0
r r
y  2 1 x  r1
L

r  r
2

A(x) π 2 1 x  r1
 L 

r  r
2
 dT
q  Kπ 2 1 x  r1
 L  dx

dT dx
K 
q  r2 r1 
2

 x  r1 
 L 
2
dT  r r
T2

L
k π   2 1 x  r1  dx
T1
q 0 L 

T2 T1   L  r2 r1 

x  r1 
1 L

Kπ 
q r2 r1  L  0
L

Kπ
T2 T1   L 1
q r2  r1  r2  r1 
 x  r1 
 L 0

9
Kπ
T2 T1   L  1 1
  
q r2 r1  r2 r1 

Kπ
T2 T1  L 1 1
  
q r2 r1  r1 r2 

q k π
r2 r1T2 T1
1 1
L  
 r1 r2 

10
Determine the value of q and T(x) for steady state conditions

T1=400K T2=600K
D

50mm

250mm

D = 0.25x k = 3.46W/m. C
x2 T2
dT π 2 dT dx dT
q  kA  q  k * (0.25x)   2  0.049k 
dx 4 dx x1
x T1
q
x2
1 k 1 1 k
  0.049 (T2  T1 )  (  )  0.049 (T2  T1 )
x x1 q x 2 x1 q
0.049k(T2  T1 )
q  2.1230W
1 1
(  )
x1 x 2
x T
dT dT dx dT
q  kA  q  k * π(0.25x) 2   2  0.049k 
dx dx x1
x T1
q
x
1 1 1 k
  0.2k(T  T1 )  (  )  0.049 (T  T1 )
x x1 x x1 q

5q  1 1 
T(x)      T1
k  x1 x 

11
Q5(sheetNo.2): Geometry and surface conditions of a truncated solid cone
as shown. Determine:–
a. Temperature distribution.
b. Rate of heat transfer across the cone.
k=204W/m.ºC

x1=0.075m

T1=100ºC
x2= 0.225m

a=1m-1/2

D=ax3/2

qx

T2=20ºC
Solution
q   kA
dT  π  dT
 k  D 2 
π

2  dT
  k  1 * x 3/2  
dx  4  dx 4  dx
x 2 T
4 3
x q π x dx  k T dT
1 1
x
4q x 2
 kT2  T1 
π 2 x1

2q  1 1
      kTx   T1 
π  x 2 x 12 

12
 2q  1 1
T x     T1
k * π  x 2 x 12 

2q  1 1 2q  1 1 
 T2   2  2   T1  20    100
k * π  x 2 x1  204π  0.225 0.075 
q  2884W

13
‫‪Plate‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺤﻞ اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح‪–:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻠﻮح ﺣﺮا ﻛﺎن أو ﻣﻌﺰوﻻ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻄﯿﺎت اﻟﺴﺆال‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪.C1‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد‬

‫‪ .5‬ﻣﻌﺎودة ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ ‪ C1‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬إﯾﺠﺎد )‪ T(x‬وﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ وإﯾﺠﺎد ‪.C2‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﺼﯿﻐﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

‫‪ .8‬ﺗﻌﻮﯾﺾ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

 ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ وﺑﺪون ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري‬

‫ وﺣﺮا ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺘﯿﮫ‬k= cons ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ ودون ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري‬
d dT
(k )  q  0 Differintial equation of heat trans fer in one dimension
dx dx
 k  constant
d 2T q o
 2   0 when q  0
dx k
d 2T
0
dx 2

ΎϳϭΎ
ѧδϣ
ΎϫΩΪѧϋ
ϥϮѧϜϳ
Γέ΍
ήѧΤϟ΍
ϝΎѧϘΘϧ΍
ϲϓ ϭϞϤόϟ΍ϑ ϭήυ ϞΜ
ϤΗ ΔϳϭΎ
ϳΰϴϓ 
Ε΍ ήϴϐΘϣ: ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ‬
.‫ﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ‬
.‫ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﯾﺔ‬: ‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻻﺑﺘﺪاﺋﯿﺔ‬
1. Constant Heat Flux
d2T dT
 0   C1
dx2 dx
T(x)  C1x  C2
Boundary conditions
T=Ts when x=L
T
q' '   kwhen x  0
x
dT q' '
 
dx k
q' '
C1  
k
q' '
Ts   x  C2
k
q' '
C 2  Ts  L
k

q \\
T(x)  (L  x)  T1
k

1
[Link] Surface Temperature
T=T1 when x=0
T=T2 when x=L
d 2T dT
 0   C1  T(x)  C1x  C 2
dx 2 dx
T1  C1 (0)  C 2 ............................(1)
T2  C1 (L)  C 2 ............................(2)
T2  T1
T(x)  x  T1
L
[Link] Convection Method
T1  T 2  (T1  T1 )  (T1  T2 )
 (T2  T 2 )
q ''
For first fluid q  h 1 (T1  T1 )  (T1  T1 ) 
''

h1
T1  T2 L
q ''  k  T1  T2  q ''
L k
q ''
For second fluid q  h 2 (T 2  T2 )  (T 2
''
 T2 ) 
h2
q '' '' L q ''
T 1  T  2   T2  q 
h1 k h
T1  T 2
q \\ 
1 L 1
 
h1 k h 2
T1  T 2
h1 (T1  T1 ) 
1 L 1
 
h1 k h 2
T 1  T  2 T 1  T  2
T1  T1   T1 
1 L 1  kh 2  h1h 2 L  h 1k 
h1      
 h1 k h 2   kh 2 
T1  T1 
kh 2 (T1  T 2 )

kh 2  h1h 2 L  h1k T1  kh 2 (T1  T 2 )
kh 2  h 1h 2 L  h 1k kh 2  h 1h 2 L  h 1k

2
 T1 
h1h 2 L  h1k T1  kh 2T 2
kh 2  h1h 2 L  h1k
T1  T 2
h 2 (T2 - T 2 ) 
1 L 1
 
h1 k h 2
T1  T 2 T 1  T 2
T2  T 2   T 2 
1 L 1  kh 2  h 1h 2 L  h 1k 
h1      
 h1 k h 2   kh 2 
kh 2 (T1  T 2 ) kh 2  h 1h 2 L  h 1k T 2  kh 2 (T1  T 2 )
T2  T 2  
kh 2  h 1h 2 L  h 1k kh 2  h 1h 2 L  h 1k

T2 
h 1h 2 L  h 1k T 2  kh 2 T1
kh 2  h 1 h 2 L  h 1 k

h 1h 2 L  h 1k T 2  kh 2 T1  h 1h 2 L  h 1k T1  kh 2 T 2

T2  T1 kh 2  h 1 h 2 L  h 1 k kh 2  h 1 h 2 L  h 1 k
C1  
L L
h 1h 2 L  h 1k T 2  kh 2 T 1  kh 2 T 2  h 1 h 2 L  h 1 k T1
kh 2  h 1 h 2 L  h 1 k
 )
L

C1 
h 1h 2 L  h1k (T 2  T1 )  kh 2 (T1  T 2 )
L(kh 2  h 1h 2 L  h 1k)

T(x) 
h1h 2L  h1k(T 2  T1 )  kh 2 (T1  T 2 ) x  h1h 2 L  h1k T 2  kh 2T1
L(kh 2  h1h 2 L  h1k) kh 2  h1h 2 L  h1k

‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ وﺑﺘﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري‬

3
‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ وﺑﺘﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري‬k= cons‫وﺣﺮا ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺘﯿﮫ‬ 1.2.1
d  dT 
 k   q o  0.0 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬
dx  dx 
d 2T q o
 0
dx 2 k

T=Tmax

T=Ts2

‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ ﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ت‬ T=Ts1

‫أن ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﺤﻮر اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻠﻮح‬ 1
T=Ts1 when x=L 2
T=Ts2 when x= –L
2L= ‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻮح‬ 3
X–axis

T=Ts1 when x=L

T=Ts2 when x= –L
d 2T q o by Integral dT qo
2
      x  C1 by Integral

dx k dx k
qo 2
T(x)   x  C1x  C 2 .............................(General Equation)
2k

qo 2
Ts1   L  C1L  C 2 ..........................(1)
2k
qo 2
Ts 2   L  C1L  C 2 ..........................(2)
2k

(2)‫(و‬1) ‫ﺑﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ‬

4
 qo 2
Ts 1  Ts 2   L  C 2
k
q o 2 Ts1  Ts 2
 C2  L 
2k 2

(1) ‫ﻧﻌﻮﺿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬

qo 2 q o 2 Ts1  Ts 2
Ts1   L  C1L  L  ..........................(3)
2k 2k 2

Ts1  Ts 2
C1 
2L

‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﯾﺾ‬C1‫ و‬C2‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

qo 2 Ts  Ts2 Ts  Ts2
T ( x)  (L  x2 )  1 x 1
2k 2L 2
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري داﺧﻠﻲ‬
.‫وﺣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﺘﻲ ﺟﮭﺘﯿﮭﺎ أو ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺘﯿﻦ‬

dT qo Ts  Ts1
 x 2 Gradient in free plates
dx k 2L
13/1/1993:Drive an equation of distribution of temperature for a plate
contains an uniform heat generation and two sides are supplied two same
fluid (T∞, h).

5
 dT qo Ts  Ts1
k  h(Ts1  T ) from right side  k[ L  2 ]  h(Ts1  T )
dx x L k 2L
kTs 2 kTs1  k 
 h.Ts1  h.T  q o L  h.T   h.Ts1   Ts1 h  
2L 2L  2L 
kTs 2
q o L  h.T 
2L  2q L  2hLT  kTs 2 ....................(1)
o 2
Ts1 
 k  2hL  k
 h 
2L 
dT
k  h(Ts 2  T ) from side side
dx x  L
qo Ts  Ts1
 k[ (L)  2 ]  h(Ts 2  T )  [Link] 2  h.T
k 2L
kTs 2 kTs1
 q o L  h.T   [Link] 2   ] * 1
2L 2L
kTs 2
q o L  h.T   [Link] 2
2L 2q o L2  2hLT  (2hL  k)Ts 2
Ts1   ...(2)
h 2hL
2q o L2  2hLT  kTs 2 2q o L2  2hLT  (2hL  k)Ts 2
 
2hL  k kTs1
 2hL  k  2q o L2  2hLT 2q o L2  2hLT
 2hL  k  Ts 2  2hL  k

kTs1
2q o L2  2hLT 2q o L2  2hLT

2hL  k kTs1
Ts 2 
 2hL  k 
 2hL  k 
2q o L2  2hLT 2q o L2  2hLT

2hL  k kTs1
2q L  2hLT  (2hL  k)
o 2

 2hL  k 
 2hL  k 
 Ts1 
2hL

6
19/1/2002:Thickness of wall (L) thermal conductivity (k) and contains a
heat generation given by (qx=qoe–ax). Drive distribution of temperature and
temperature of its surfaces (T1,T2).
d 2T q o
2
  0 when q o  0
dx k
d T q o e ax
2
dT q o e ax
 0   C1
dx 2 k dx  ak
q o e ax
T(x)   2  C1 x  C 2
a k
q o e aL
T1   2  C1L  C 2 ........................(1)
a k
q o e aL
T2   2  C1L  C 2 ........................(2)
a k
T1  T2 q o e aL  q o e aL
C2  
2 2a 2 k
T1  T2 q o * 2coshaL
C2  
2 2a 2 k

T1  T2 q o coshaL
C2  
2 2a 2
q o e  aL T  T2
T1   2  CL1  1  q o coshaL
a k 2
T1  T2  q o coshaL  q o e  aL
C1 
L

qo ax T1  T2  q o coshaL  q o e  aL T1  T2 q o coshaL

T(x)  (coshaL  e )  x  
2a 2 L 2 2a 2

7
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﺣﻮل اﻧﺘﻘـﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬
‫وﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﺮاري وﺣﺮا ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺘﻴﻪ أو ﻳﺘﻌﺮض إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﺘﻲ ﺟﻬﺘﻴﻪ‬
‫‪.1‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻠﻮح ﯾﺘﻌﺮض إﻟﻰ ﺗﯿﺎر ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﺈن )اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ=اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ(‬

‫‪Electric energy‬‬ ‫‪RI2 V.I‬‬ ‫‪V/R2‬‬

‫‪Shape‬‬ ‫‪Surface area‬‬ ‫‪Volume‬‬

‫‪Spherical‬‬ ‫‪4πr2‬‬ ‫‪4 3‬‬
‫‪πr‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪Cylinder‬‬ ‫‪2πr2+2πrL‬‬ ‫‪πr2L‬‬
‫‪Cone‬‬ ‫‪πrL‬‬ ‫‪π 2‬‬
‫‪r h‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾــــــــــــــــــﻒ اﻟﻤــــﺼﻄـﻠﺤـﺎت‪–:‬‬
‫‪.1‬اﻟﺘﯿﺎر اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
‫‪  R=ρL‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ ‪R:‬‬ ‫]إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺑــ)‪[(Ω/m‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪‬‬‫]إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﺳﺔ)‪ R= ρL/A [(Ω.m /m or Ω.m‬‬
‫‪A: cross–sectional area.‬‬
‫‪q  R.I 2‬‬
‫‪.2‬إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺤﺮاري ﯾﻘﺎس ﺑـ )‪ (W/kg‬ﻓﺈن )‪ (qo‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﻮوﯾﺔ‪–:‬‬
‫)‪qo = qo(W/kg).ρ(kg/m3‬‬
‫‪ρ: density‬‬
‫‪.3‬ﺗﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟــ )‪ (xmax‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﺤﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‪–:‬‬
‫‪k Ts 2  Ts 1‬‬
‫‪x max ‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪qo‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬
‫‬
‫‪΍‬‬‫‪έϮѧϤϐϣ‬‬
‫‪ΡϮѧϠ‬‬‫‪ϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪ϥϮѧϜϳ‬‬
‫‪Ύ‬‬‫‪ϣΪѧϨϋ ΓήѧΤϟ΍‬‬
‫‬‫‪Ρ΍‬‬
‫‪ϮѧϟϷ΍‬‬
‫‬‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﺟﺔ ﻟــ )‪ϲ ѧϓ(xmax=0‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ واﺣﺪ وﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺠﮭﺎت وﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﻮاص )‪.(h,T‬‬
‫‪.4‬ﺗﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺟﮭﺔ وﻓﻖ اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ أدﻧﺎه‪–:‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫)ﺟﮭﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷﻋﻠﻰ( ‪q=q L1 hint L1= L–xmax‬‬
‫)ﺟﮭﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻷوطﺊ( ‪q=qoL2 hint L2= L+xmax‬‬
‫‪.5‬ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال )‪ (xmax‬وإذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺆال ھﻲ ودرﺟﺘﺎ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﻦ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺤﻞ ﻓﻲ‪–:‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
 From heat balance : 
h 1 (Ts1  T1 )  h 2 (Ts 2  T 2 )  q o Δx.........................(1)
From forier law : 
dT
k  h1 (Ts1  T1 )
dx x 0
 qo Ts  Ts1 
 k  L  2   h 1 (Ts1  T1 )..................(2)
 k 2L 

‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
Example1 :For a plate, Calculate max. Temperature can be reached
,contained an uniform internal generation (8x106 W/m3).If thickness of
plate (10mm) and thermal conductivity (20W/[Link]) and internal and
external surfaces (80oC, 86oC) respectively.
solution
k Ts 2  Ts1 20  (86  80)
x max  *   1.5 10 3 m
q o
2L 8  10  0.01
-6

qo 2 Ts  Ts 2 Ts  Ts 2
T(x)  (L  x 2 )  1 x 1
2k 2L 2

8  106 86  80 86  80
Tmax  (0.0052  0.00152 )   0.0015 
2  20 2  5  10 3 2

Tmax  88.45 o C
Example2:Thickness of plate (6mm) .Thermal conductivity (20W/[Link])
,heat generation (3x107W/m3) .heat thermal coefficient between plate
surface and fluid supplied (4000W/[Link] ,3158 W/[Link]) respectively
and fluid temperature (120oC,140oC) respectively .Calculate left and right
sides surfaces .If max temperature lies on (2mm) from the side that fluid
temperature is (140oC) .so Calculate max temperature can the plate
reached to it.
Solution
q''1=qoL1=3x107x0.002=60000W/m2
q''2=qoL2=3x107x0.004=120000W/m2
9
q1=h1(Ts1– T∞1) →60000 =3158(Ts1– 140)
q2=h2(Ts1– T∞2) →120000=4000(Ts2– 130)
Ts1  159 o C, Ts 2  150 o C
3  107 159  150 159  150
Tmax  (0.0052  0.0012 )   0.001 
2  20 2  0.0015 2
Tmax  162 o C

4/1/2005:Thickness of plate (50mm).Thermal conductivity (45W/[Link])

,heat generation (1.5x107W/m3) .The plate is cooled by fluid its
temperature (60oC) from two sides. Left and right sides surfaces
temperature (100oC,150oC).Calculate heat transfer coefficient of two
different fluids in two sides.
Solution
k Ts 2  Ts1 45  (150  100)
x max  *   3  10 3 m
q o
2L 1.5  10  0.05
7

qo 2 Ts  Ts 2 Ts  Ts 2
T(x)  (L  x 2 )  1 x 1
2k 2L 2
q''1=qoL1=1.5x107x0.022=33000 W/m2
q''2=qoL2=1.5x107x0.028= 420000W/m2

q1=h1(Ts1– T∞1) →330000 =h1(150– 60)

q2=h2(Ts1– T∞2) →420000=h2(100– 60)
h1=3666.66W/[Link]
h2= 10500 W/[Link]

10
Quiz 2007:The air inside an electronics package housing has internal a
temperature of (50oC) . A chip in this housing has internal thermal power
generation heating rate of (3*103W/m3). This chip is subjected to an air
flow resulting in a convective coefficient (9W/[Link]) over its surfaces
which are (0.5cm) .Derive an expression of a temperature distribution and
Determine the chip surface temperatures .Neglecting radiation and heat
transfer from edges.
q1  q 2  q o L  7.5W/m 2 because h1  h 2  h and T1  T 2  T
7.5  h(Ts 2  T )  h(Ts1  T )
3000  9(Ts 2  50)  9(Ts1  50)
18Ts1  907.5
 Ts1  ...........................................(1)
dT
k  h(Ts 2  T )
dx x 0.025
600000 * 0.0025 Ts 2  Ts1
 25(  )  9(Ts 2  50)
25 2 * 0.0025
1500  5000Ts1  5000Ts 2  9Ts 2  450
 Ts1  1.0018Ts 2  0.39...........................................(2)
By eq(2)  eq(1)
2.0018Ts 2  433.723  0  Ts 2  216.66o C
 Ts1  216.66o C
15/2/2009: A plate contains a uniform heat generation its thickness (5cm)
.Thermal conductivity (25 W/[Link]) .The value of heat generation
(2x107W/m3) .Heat transfer coefficient and temperature from one side
(3200W/[Link] ,130oC).and other side (1600W/[Link] ,140oC)
respectively. Calculate max temperature and right and left side.
Solution
q o L  x max   h 2 Ts 2  T 2 
2  Ts 1 
2  107  0.025  2 2510 7 * Ts   1600Ts 2  140 
 2 * 0.025 

11
500000  500Ts 2  500Ts 1  1600Ts 2  224000
724,000  1100Ts 2  500Ts1 .............................. ..1
q o L  x max   h1 Ts1  T1 
Ts 2  Ts1 
2  10  0.025  2 2510
7
*   3200Ts1  130 
 
7
2 * 0.025
500,000  500Ts 2  500Ts 1  3200Ts 1  416000
1100
916,000  500Ts 2  2700Ts 1 .......................... *
500
2,015,200  1100Ts2  5940Ts1 ....................................2 
‫ﺑﻄﺮح اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﻧﺠﺪ‬
1,291,200  5440Ts 1
Ts1  237.35 o C
724,000  1100Ts 1  237.35 * 500
Ts 2  550.29 o C
k Ts  Ts1 25 550.29  237.35
x max  o * 2  *
q 2L 2 *10 7 2 * 0.025
x max  0.0078m
Ts  Ts1 Ts  Ts1
Tx  
2k

qo 2

L  x2  2
2L
x 2
2
550.29  237.35 550.29  237.35
Tmax 
2 * 25

2 * 10 7
0.0252  0.00782   2 * 0.025
* 0.0078 
2
Tmax  668.3 Co

88-89: A plate is made from Uranium its thickness (9mm) is covered by a

layer AL its thickness (2mm) .it contains internal heat generation
(3000W/kg) .It cooled by fluid its temperature (130oC) and heat transfer
coefficient (30kW/[Link]). Determine external and internal Aluminum
temperature surface and max uranium temperature.
Solution
q o  q omass * ρ  3000 * 18.9 * 103  56.7 * 10 6 W/m 3
 h1  h 2  T1  T  x max  0
q' '  q o (L  x max )  56.7 *10 6 * 0.0045  2551500W/m 2
q' '  h(T1  130)  T1  138.5o C

12
 T2  T1 T  138.5
q' '  k  2551500  204 2  T2  141o C
L 0.002
q o L2
For x max  0  Tmax   T1  164.92o C for free plate
2k
Q3(sheet No.1 year2009): The block shown in the diagram below is
insulated on the top, bottom, front, back and the side x=B. The side at x=0
is maintained at fixed temperature T1. Heat is generated within the lock at
a rate per unit volume given by: qo=fe–γx, where f,γ>0 are constants. Find
the maximum steady–state temperature in the block. Data are as follows
f=10W/m3, k=0.5W/m.K, B=1m,γ=0.1m–1,T1=20oC.
Insulated

Insulated Insulated

x=0 x=B=1

Solution
q o  10e 0.1x
 T  T1 when x  0
 dT 
Boundary conditions t    0 when x  1 
 dx 
T  Tmax when x  1 
d 2T q o d 2T 10e 0.1 x By Integral dT 10 e 0.1x
 0 2     *  C1
dx 2 k dx k dx 0.5  0.1
10 e 0.1*1
From 2nd B.C  C1   *
0.5 0.1
10q o e 0.1*1 10 * exp(0.1)
C1    181
0.5 0.5

dT
 200e 0.1x  181  T(x)  2000e 0.1x  181x  C 2
dx
From 1st B.C  T1  2000e 0  C 2  C 2  20  2000  2020

13
T(x)  T(x)  2000e 0.1x  181x  2020
From 3rd B.C  Tmax  2000e 0.1*1  181 *1  2020
Tmax  29.32o C
Q4(sheet2009): A rectangular block has thickness B in the x–direction.
The side at x=0 is held at temperature T1 while the side at x=B is held at
T2. The other four sides are well insulated. Heat is generated in the at an
uniform rate per unit volume of qo.
a. Use the conduction equation to derive an expression for the steady–
state temperature profile, T(x). Assume constant thermal
conductivity.
b. Use the result of part (a) to calculate the temperature in the block for
the following values of the parameters.
T1  100o C, k  0.2W/m.K, T2  0 o C, q o  100W/m 3 , B  1m
Solution
 T  T1 when x  0 
B.C   
T  T2 when x  B
d 2T q o d 2T qo dT qo
 0 2     x  C1
dx 2 k dx k dx k
o
q 2
T(x)   x  C1 x  C 2 ..........................General equation
2k
From 1st  T1  C 2
qo 2
From 2nd  T2   B  C1B  T1
2k
T2  T1 q o B
C1  
B 2k
q o 2  T2  T1 q o B 
T(x)   x    x  T1
2k  B 2k 
 x  x max
T  Tmax when  dT
 0
 dx
dT qo qo T2  T1 q o B
  x  C1  0   xmax  
dx k k B 2k

14
 0.2  0  100 100 * 1 
x max    0.3m
100  1 2 * 0.2 
100  0  100 100 *1 
Tmax  (0.32 )    * 0.3  100
2 * 0.2  1 2 * 0.2 
Tmax  122.5o C
Q5(sheet2009): Repeat Problem 4 for the situation side in which the side
of the block at x=0 is exposed to an external heat flux q''=20W/m2.
Solution
dT dT q' '
q' '  k when x  0    when x  0
dx dx k
 dT q' ' 
  when x  0
B.C   dx k 
 TT when x  B
 2

d 2T q o d 2T qo dT qo
 0 2     x  C1
dx 2 k dx k dx k
o
q' ' q
From 1st B.C    (0)  C1
k k
q' '
C1  
k
dT qo q' ' q o x 2 q' '
  x   T(x)    x  C2
dx k k 2k k
q o B2 q' ' B
From 2nd B.C  T2     C2
2k k
q o B 2 q' ' B
C 2  T2  
2k k
q o x 2 q' ' q o B 2 q' ' B
T(x)    x  T2  
2k k 2k k

T(x) 
qo 2
2k
 
B  x 2  B  x   T2
q' '
k
dT dT qo q' '
T  Tmax when 0   x max  0
dx dx k k

15
 q' ' 20
x max      0.2m  Plate  x max  0m  Plate
qo 100
Tmax 
100 2

2 * 0.2

1  0  
2 20
0.2
1  0  0
Tmax  350o C

16
 ‫اﻧﺘﻘـﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫واﺣﺪ وﺑﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﺮاري‬
d  dT 
 k   qo  0 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﯿﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬
dx  dx 
d 2T q o
 0
dx 2 k

‫اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ ﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎق اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ت‬ T  Tmax


ΔѧѧѧϘτ Ϩϣ
ΪѧѧѧϨϋϱ ΩϮѧѧѧϤόϟ΍
έϮѧѧѧΤϤϟ΍
ϥϮѧѧѧϜϳ
ϥ΃ 1
.‫اﻟﻌﺰل وﯾﻄﺎﺑﻖ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
dT
 0.0 when x  0...........(1)
dx T=Ts
T  Ts when x  L ..........(2)
 dT
2
 0.0
T  Tmax when  dx
 x  0
L= ‫ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻮح‬3 x  axis

d 2T q o by Integral dT qo
2
      x  C1 by Integral

dx k dx k
qo 2
T(x)   x  C1x  C 2 .............................(o)
2k

T
1. First buondary condition 0
x
dT qo
  x  C1  0  0  C1
dx k
dT qo
   x by intergral
dx k

C1=0.0

1
[Link] boundary condition (T  Ts when x  L)
qo 2
 Ts   L  C2
2k
qo 2
C 2  Ts  L
2k

qo 2
T(x)  (L  x 2 )  Ts
2k
For maximum temperature
q o L2
T(x)   Ts
2k
(‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺰوﻻ ﻣﻦ إﺣﺪى ﺟﮭﺘﯿﮫ )اﻟﺠﮭﺔ اﻟﯿﺴﺮى‬

2
 ‫اﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﻮح اﻟﻤﻌﺰول ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ وﯾﺘﻌﺮض إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ أﺧﺮى‬
q"  h Ts  T 
qL  h Ts  T 
q L
Ts   T
h
 T x  
2k

q 2

L  x 2  Ts
q 2 qL
 Tx  
2k
 
L  x2 
h
 T

Maximum Temperature of Insulated Plate with Fluid side

qL2 qL
Tmax    T
2k h
Example: Derive an equation for an insulated plate from one which is
supplied to a fluid from other side.
Solution
q  h(Ts  T )
q o L  h(Ts  T )
qoL
Ts   T T∞ , h
h

x–axis

qo 2 qoL
T(x)  (L  x ) 
2
 T
2k h

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻟﻮاح إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺰوﻻ ﻣﻦ إﺣﺪى ﺟﮭﺘﯿﮫ وﻣﻌﺮض إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮى‬

3
 ‫اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺣﺪى ﺟﮭﺘﯿﮭﺎ واﻟﺤﺎوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري داﺧﻠﻲ‬
3/1/1987:Thickness of plate (0.1m).Thermal conductivity (25W/[Link])
,heat generation (5x105W/m3) .The plate is insulated at one side while
other side is supplied to fluid its temperature (92oC) and heat transfer
coefficient of fluid (500W/[Link]) .Calculate max. Temperature can be
reached and draw Temperature Disruption through the wall and fluid.

q  h(Ts  T )
q o L  h(Ts  T )
qoL T∞=92C
Ts   T h=500W/m2.C
h

x–axis

qo 2 qoL
T(x)  (L  x ) 
2
 T
2k h
T  Tmax when x  x max  0
5  10 5 5  10 5  0.1
 Tmax  ( 0. 1  0 ) 
2 2
 92
2  25 500
Tmax  292 o C
Example: When electric passes through a rectangular section
(6mm×150mm) gives heat generation represented by (qo=0.015.I2).The
air surrounded its heat transfer coefficient (h=5W/m2.K).Hint max. of
Temperature increases (30oC) over air temperature .Find max. Current
allow to pass, k=380 W/[Link].
Let air temperature value = T∞
Max .Temperature = T∞+30

4
 qo 2 qoL
Tmax  L   T
2k h
qo 2 qoL
Tmax  T  L 
2k h
0.0032 o 0.003 o
30  q  q  q o  49999W/m 3
2  380 5
q o  0.015I 2  I  1825.72 Amp
Example2:The distribution of temperature through the normal wall given
by (T=200–1500x2). Sketch distribution of temperature and explain is the
wall heated in one side or two sides or cooled, x-measured from left and
thickness of wall (10cm).
Solution
dT
T(x)  200  1500x 2   3000x
dx
dT qo
By comparting with equation   x  C1
dx 2k
 C1  0.0
C1  0.0 when the plate is an insulated
Any plate has equation on a form (y=ax2+b) .It is considered an insulated
plate. The plate is cooled from one side.
************************************************************
3/1/1998: A plate A its thickness (5cm) and thermal conductivity
(50W/[Link]) contained heat internal generation (2*106W/m3) .One side is
insulated and other is put beside B its thickness (25mm) and thermal
conductivity is given by k=105+0.2T ,T is measured in (oC) and other side
of plate B is supplied water its temperature and heat transfer coefficient
(800W/[Link]) .Calculate maximum temperature of a plate A .
Solution
q o L2
Tmax   Ts
2k
2 *10 6 * 0.05
q' '  q L  h(Ts  T )  Ts 
o
 30  155o C
800
T  155 T  155 T1  155
q' '  k 1  2 * 10 6 * 0.05  (105  0.2 1 )
0.025 2 0.025
2500  (1655  0.1T1 )(T1  155)  0.1T12  15.5T1  1655T1  256525  0

5
T12  16395T1  2565250  0  T1  173o C
2 *10 6 * 0.05
 Tmax   173  223o C
2 * 50
3/7/2003: Thickness of plate (10cm).Thermal conductivity (20W/[Link])
,heat generation (5x105W/m3) .The plate is insulated at one side while
other side is supplied to fluid its temperature (60oC) and heat transfer
coefficient of fluid (500W/[Link]) .Drive distribution of temperature and
Calculate max. Temperature can be reached .
Solution
Boundries conditions

d 2T q o by Integral dT qo
2
      x  C1 by Integral

dx k dx k
qo 2
T(x)   x  C1x  C 2 .............................(General)
2k

T
1. First boundary condition 0
x
dT qo
  x  C1  0  0  C1
dx k
dT qo
   x by intergral
dx k

C1=0.0
[Link] boundary condition (T  Ts when x  L)
qo 2
 Ts   L  C 2
2k
qo 2
C 2  Ts  L
2k

qo 2
T(x)  (L  x 2 )  Ts
2k

6
q  h(Ts  T )
q o L  h(Ts  T )
qoL
Ts   T
h
qo 2 qoL
T(x)  (L  x ) 
2
 T
2k h
T  Tmax when x  0

Tmax 
5 *105
2 * 20

0.1  0 
2 2
5 *105 * 0.1
500
 60

Tmax  285C
Q6(sheet No.1 year 2009): Steady–state conduction with uniform internal
energy generation in a plane, temperature distribution has quadratic form
and boundary at x=L is insulated as shown in figure below. Determine:–
a. The internal energy generation rate qo by applying an overall energy
balance to the wall.
b. The coefficient a,b and c by applying the boundary conditions

k  5W/m.K Insulated boundary

To  120 o C

50mm
 T  20 o C
  Fluid
 h  500W/m 2
.K
x–axis

Solution
500120  20 
q' '  h(To  T )  q o L  h(To  T )  q o 
0.05
q o  1 * 10 6 W/m 3

7
  T  To when x  0
B.C   dT
  0 when x  L
 dx
d 2T q o by Integral dT qo qoL
      x  C1     0  
From 2nd B.C
 C1
dx 2 k dx k k
qoL
C1 
k
dT qo q o L By  qox 2 qoL
  x  T(x)    x  C2
dx k k 2k k
1st B.C  To  0  0  C 2
C 2  To
qox 2 qoL
T(x)    x  To
2k k
By comparing with
T(x)  a  bx  cx 2
We get:–
a  To  120o C
q o L 10 6 * 0.05
b   1 *10 4 o C/m
k 5
o
q 1 * 10 6
c   1 * 105 C/m 2
2k 2*5
Q1(sheet No.2 year 2009): Plane wall with prescribed non–uniform
volumetric generation having one boundary insulated and the other
isothermal. Find temperature distribution T(x) in terms of x,L,qo and To.

 x Insulation
q x   q o 1  
o o

 L

To
L
x
Solution
8
  T
0  xL
B.C   x
T  T  x  0
 o

d 2T q o
 0
dx 2 k
o  x2 
d 2T o
 x dT
  q o 1      q o x    C1
dx 2  L dx  2L 
st
From B.C 1 .
o  L2 
0   q o L    C1
 2L 
o
qo L
C1 
2
o
o 
dT x 2  qo L
  q o x   2
dx  2L 
o
x x  qo L
2 3
T x    q o  
o

  2 x  C2
 2 6L 
nd
From B.C 2 .
o
0 0  qo L
2 3

  2 0  C 2  C 2  To
o
To   q o  
 2 6L 
o
 x 2 x3  qo L
Tx    q o  
o

  2 x  To
 2 6L 

9
Cylinders can be converted to a plate
Cylinders can be converted to a plate when. They are insulated completely
on side surface only ((‫ )ﺳﻄﺤﮫ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﺰول ﻋﺰﻻ ﺗﺎﻣﺎ )اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ واﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬or heat is
transferred on the Length (‫)اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة طﻮﻟﯿﺎ‬.
6/3/2005: A copper pipe its length (1.2m) and out diameter (2.5cm) and its
thickness (2mm). Side surface (out and inside) are insulated completely
on side surface only. Its temperature of two ends are fixed (100oC, 40oC)
.Thermal conductivity (400W/m.K).Calculate max. Temperature can
obtained and heat transfer at ends .Hint total heat transfer (50W).
Solution
 D1  0.025m  r1  0.0125m
 r2  r1  t  0.0125  0.002  0.0145m
q = q o V  50 = q o × π(0.01452  0.01252 )  1.2
q o = 245609W/m 3
k Ts1  Ts 2 400(100  40)
x max  *  x max   0.081m
qo 2L 245609 * 2 * 0.6

Tmax 
qo 2
2k
 Ts  Ts 2
L  x2  1
2L
x 1
Ts  Ts 2
2
Tmax 
552,621.33
2 * 400

0.6 2  0.0812  
100  40
2 * 0.6
* 0.081 
100  40
2
Tmax  182.5o C
On side T  100o C  q Left  q o L  x max A c

q Left  245609 * 0.6  0.081  π 0.01452  0.01252 
q Left  21.6W
On side T  40 o C  q Right  q o L  x max A c

q Right  245609 * 0.6  0.081  π 0.0145 2  0.0125 2 
q Right  28.4W
11/9/2005:A cylinder its length (100mm) and diameter (10mm). Side
surface is insulated completely. Its temperature of two ends are fixed
(100oC, 20oC) .Thermal conductivity (2W/m.K) and electric resistance
(0.25Ω/m).The current passes (10A).Calculate Temp. at Midvale and heat
transfer at ends.
1
Solution
q  ρI 2 L  0.25 *10 2 L  q o (π * 0.0052 L)  q o  318309.886W/m3
k T T 2 100  20
x max  o * 2 1  *  0.005m
q 2L 318309.886 2 * 0.05
318409.88 100  20 100  20
Tmiddle  (0.005 2  0 2 )  (0) 
2 2 2  0.05 20
Tmiddle  62 o C

On side T=100oC
q  q o AL1  q o AL  x max   318409.88  π  52  0.05  0.000335
q  1.242W
On side T=40oC
q  q o AL 2  q o AL  x max   318409.88  π  5 2  0.05  0.000335
q  1.258W
Example2: A copper pipe its length (0.5m) and out diameter (2.5cm). Side
surface is insulated completely. Its temperature of two ends are fixed
(10ºC, 50ºC) .Thermal conductivity (380W/m.K) and electric current
gives (20W).Calculate maximum temperature and at Midvale and heat
transfer at ends.
Solution

q  qV  20  q 2.5  10  2   0.5
2

4
q  81,487W/m 3
q 2 T  Ts 2 T  Ts 2
Tx  
2k
L  x 2   s1
2L
x  s1
2
50  10
T0  
81487
0.25 2  0 2   0  50  10
2 * 380 2 * 0.25 2
T0   113.8C
k T  Ts 2 380  50  10 
x max  . s1   
q 2 * L 81487  2 * 0.25 
x max  0.373m

2
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3
 Thermal Resistance In Composed Plates
T1 T2 T3 T4

T∞1 k1 k2 k3 T∞2
h1 L1 L2 L3 h2

First low of thermal resistance

T1  T 2  (T1  T1 )  (T1  T2 )  (T2  T3 )  (T3  T4 )
q ''
For first fluid q ''  h 1 (T1  T1 )  (T1  T1 ) 
h1
T1  T2 L
q ''  k1  T1  T2  q '' 1
L1 k1
T2  T3 L
q ''  k 2  T2  T3  q '' 2
L2 k2
T3  T4 L
q ''  k 3  T1  T2  q '' 1
L3 k1
q ''
For second fluid q  h 2 (T 2  T2 )  (T 2  T2 ) 
''

h2
q '' '' L1 '' L 2 '' L 3 q ''
T1  T 2   T2  q q q 
h1 k1 k2 k3 h

T1  T 2
q \\ 
1 L1 L 2 L 3 1
   
h1 k1 k 2 k 3 h 2

1
Example1: A thickness wall of furnace (350mm) temperature of its
surface that it is supplied to burned gases (1600oC) and air (65oC).This
wall consists from two layers first stone and insulator thermal conductivity
(1.1W/m2.C , 0.16W/[Link]). Maximum temperature that insulator can
obtained (1250oC). Calculate thickness of layer stone and insulator which
gives minimum .rate heat transfer.
Solution
q''1= q''2
Ts –Ts
1 2 1600–1250 385
q''1 = k ––––––– =1.1–––––––––– = –––– ………………….(1)
L1 L1 L1
q''=h(Ts3–T∞)  Ts3= (385/25L1)+65

Ts2–Ts3 1250–(385/25L1)+65 1085 – (15.4/L1)

q''1 = k2 ––––––– =0.16–––––––––––––––––– = –––––––––––––
L2 L2 L2

385 1085 – (15.4/L )

1
––– = –––––––––––––––
L1 L2
385L2– 1085L1+ 15.4 =0.0 …………………….(a)
L1+L2= 0.35 ……………………..(b)
(385+1085)L2 – (0.35×1085)+15.4 =0
L2=0.2478m
L1=0.1022m
Example2(19/2/2002): A thickness wall of furnace (400mm) temperature
of its surface that it is supplied to burned gases (1500oC) and air
(50oC).This wall consists from two layers first (stone) its thermal
conductivity is given by [k=0.5(1+0.001T)] and insulator
(0.2W/m.C).max. temperature that insulator can obtained
o
(1100 C).Calculate thickness of layer stone and insulator which gives min
.rate heat transfer .
Solution
q''1= q''2
Ts –Ts
1 2 1500–100 400
q''1 = k ––––––– =1.1–––––––––– = –––– ………………….(1)
L1 L1 L1
q''=h(Ts3–T∞)  (400/L1)=40(Ts3–50)
2
Ts3=(10/L1)+50

Ts2–Ts3 1100–(10/L1)+50 1050 – (10/L1)

q''1 = k2 ––––––– =0.16–––––––––––––––––– = –––––––––––––
L2 L2 L2

400 1050 – (10/L1)

––– = –––––––––––––
L1 L2
400L2 –1050L1+10=0…………………….(a)
L1+L2= 0.4 ……………………..(b)
From a&b
400L2 –1050(0.4– L2)+10=0
(400+1050) L2 –(1050×0.4)+10=0.0

L2=0.2827m L1=0.1173m
Example3: Thickness of wall (2cm) and thermal conductivity (1.3
W/[Link]).It insulated by insulator from one side thermal conductivity of
insulator (0.35W/[Link]) .Heat flux supplied (1830 W/m2).Consider
temperature of out surfaces (1300oC, 30 oC) respectively .Calculate
insulator thickness required?
Solution
Ts 2  Ts1 1320  30
q' '   1830   L 2  0.2375m
L1 L 2 0.02 L 2
 
k1 k 2 1.3 0.35
Example4: Thickness of copper wall (5cm) and thermal conductivity (385
W/[Link]).It insulated by insulator from one side thermal conductivity of
insulator (0.38W/[Link]) and thickness (2.5cm) .Rate of heat transfer
supplied (44kW).Consider temperature of out surfaces (200oC, 38oC)
respectively .Calculate the area of a plate?
Solution

3
 Ts 2  Ts1
q Plate
L1 L 2

k1 k 2
200
44,000  A plate  A plate = 178.722m 2
0.05 0.025

385 0.038
Example5:Calculate the rate of heat transfer through cross–sectional area
(1m2) of boiler its thickness (12cm) and thermal conductivity
o
(50W/m. C).It supplied to hot gases from one side and water at anther
,heat transfer coefficient of gases and water (1000W/m2.C,5000W/m2.C)
and temperature (1000oC,200oC).
Solution
T1  T 2
q
1 L 1
 
h gas k h w
1000  200
q  555.556kW
1 0.012 1
 
1000 50 5000

Example6(24/5/2005): A wall of furnace that wall consists from two

layers thickness of first (125mm) and second (500mm) and thermal
conductivity (0.5W/m.C, 1W/m.C).max. temperature of first layer (
600oC) and outside temperature of second (30oC) . In another same
furnace, the second layer is lessened to (250mm) added third layer thermal
conductivity. Find the thickness of third layer to be (q,Ts1, T outside) like
first case.
Solution
Ts 2  Ts 1 600  30
q' '    760W/m 2 for first case
L1 L 2 0.5 0.125
 
k1 k 2 1 0.5
For second case q 1  q 2
Ts 2  Ts 1 600  30
q' '    L 3  0.05m
L1 L 2 L 3 0.25 0.125 L 3
   
k1 k 2 k 3 1 0.5 0.2

4
Example7: A dimensions of glass window (1m×1.5m) with thickness
(5mm) .air temperature in outside (45oC). air temperature inside room
(24oC).calculate inside and outside temperature of glass window. Thermal
conductivity of glass (1.4W/m.K),heat transfer coefficient of outside and
inside (20W/m2.C,5W/m2.C)
Solution
T 2  T1 45  24
q' '    82.81W/m 2
L1 L 2 L 3 1 0.005 1
   
k1 k 2 k 3 20 1 .4 5
Example8: Out wall surface consists from two layers
o o
(0.1m,k=0.7W/m. C) and anther (0.127m,k=0.065W/m. C) .Calculate
thickness that added to lessen heat transfer by (80%)
Solution
Ts 2  Ts 1 Ts 2  Ts 1
q   2.454(Ts 2  Ts 1 )
L1 L 2 0.1 0.127
 
K1 k 2 0.7 0.48
After we lessen to 20% from (q'')
Ts 2  Ts 1
0.49(Ts 2  Ts 1 ) 
0.1 0.127 L
 
0.7 0.48 0.065
L=0.103m
Example9:A composite wall is consist of two blocks A,B wall
A(k=75W/[Link] , La=50mm) and contains thermal energy generation
(qo=1.5×106W/m3) and insulated from left side .For wall
B(kb=150W/[Link],Lb=20mm) does not have any qo and exposed from
water ( T∞=30oC ,h=1000W/[Link]). T1 T2 T3
1. Determine the rate of heat transfer
to water.
2. Determine the temperatures of the
sides of blocks? ka=75W/m.C kb=150W/m.C
3. Set T(x) for the two block.
LA=50mm LB=20mm

5
Solution
q' '  q o L  1.5  10 6  0.05  75000W/m 2
For block B with convection
T  T T2  30
q' '  2  75000 
Lb 1 0.02 1
 
kb h 150 1000

T2  115 o C
75000
q' '  h(T 3  T )  T3   30
1000
T3  105o C
qo 2 qoL
T(x)  (L  x )  T2  q L  h(T3  T )  T3 
2 o
 T
2k h
T  T3 qoLb qoLb qoL
q' '  k 2  T2   T3  T2    T
Lb k k h
qo 2 qoLb qoL
T(x)  (L  x ) 
2
  T
2k k h
T=T1 when x=0
Tmax  140 o C
Q3/sheetNo.2: Composite wall exposed convection process as shown in
fig. below inside wall experience a uniform heat generation. Determine T1
and T2 as well as the heat fluxes through walls A and C.
T1 T2
h, T  o
q B  4  10 6 W/m 3 h, T 
k a  25W/m2 .K
A B C
k B  15W/m2 .K
h  1000W/m2 .K ka kb kc
k C  50W/m2 .K
T  25C
30mm 30mm 20mm

Solution
6
 T1  25  T1  T2 
q A\ \  q oB L B  x max  
1 0.03

 4  10 6  0.015   15
6
 
4  10 2  0.015  
 
1000 25
6  T1  T2 
 1
T1  25   
0.015 

 4  10  0.015   15
  


 1000 25  6
 4 10 2 0.015 
T1  25  132  1.1T1  T2 
2.1T1  1.1T2 25  157........ .......... 2.1
T1  0.5238T2  74.7619... .......... .......... ..1
Heat Transfer from right side
T2  25  T1  T2 
q C\ \  q oB L B  x max  
1 0.02
 
 4 *10 6  0.015 
15
 6


  4 * 10 2 0.015 
1000 50
6  T1  T2 
 1
T2  25   
0.02 
 
 4 *10  0.015 

15

4 *10 2  0.015 

 1000 50 
6

T2  25  108  0.9T1  T2   0.1T1  0.9T1  108.......................... 0.1
T1  9T2  1080................................2
By subtraction Equation(1) from Equation(2)
9.5238T2  1005.238
T2  105.55C
T1  130.05C

7
 Heat Transfer In Cylinder
Heat transfer in hollow cylinder without heat generation
1  d dT  q o
(r )   0.0
r  dr dr  k
 1  d dT  
  (r )  0.0   r
 r  dr dr  
d dT dT dT C1
(r )  0  r  C1  
dr dr dr dr r
T(x)  C1Ln r   C 2
 T  T1 when r  r1
Boundary conditions  
T  T2 when r  r2
T1  C1Ln r1   C 2 .................... .................... ........1
T2  C1Ln r2   C 2 .......... .................... .......... ........2 
From first equation and second:–
T  T1
C1  2
r 
Ln  2 
 r1 
T  T1 T T
  k 2π rL  1   k 2π kL  2
dT C
q  kA  1 2
dr r r  r 
Ln  2  Ln  2 
 r1   r1 
2π kL
r 
Ln  n 1 
R th   n 
r
2π k n Ln
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻮﻓﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﺤﺮاري‬

1
 Critical Radius For Insulator
dR th
r  rcriticaL when  0.0
dro
1 Ln(r/ro )
R th  
hA s 2π kL
2
dR th r 1 1
 o   0
dro 2π hL 2π kL ro
k
rcriticaL 
h
Heat Transfer Equation In Hollow Cylinder That It Is Free With Heat
Generation
1  d dT  q o
(r )   0.0
r  dr dr  k
d dT qo r
(r )  
dr dr k
dT qor C
  1
dr 2k r
qor 2
T(x)    C1Ln(r)  C 2
4k
T  Ts 2 when r  ro 
B.C   
 T  Ts1 when r  rin 
2
q o ro
Ts2    C1 Ln(ro )  C2
4k
2
q o rin
Ts1    C1 Ln(rin )  C2
4k
 q 2  1
C 1   Ts 2  Ts 1  (rin  ro2 ) 
 4k  Ln ro
rin

2
  
qoro2 Ts2  Ts1 qo 2 2 1 
Ts2     (rin  ro ). Lnro  C2
4k 
Ln o 
r 4k r
Ln o
 rin rin 
 
qoro2 Ts2  Ts1 qo 2 2 1 
C2  Ts2    (rin  ro ). Lnro
4k 
Ln o 
r 4k r
Ln o
 rin rin 
Maximum radius
   
   1
q o r C1 2 
o
dT q r q 1
   0    Ts 2  Ts1  (rin  ro )
2
  *r
dr 2k r  2k  4k  Ln o  r 
r
  rin  

 
q o rcritcal
2  qo 2 2  1 
  Ts 2  Ts1  (rin  ro ) 
2k  4k  Ln ro 
 rin 

 2k(Ts 2  Ts1 ) 1 2  1
rcrical   o
 (rin  ro2 )
 q 2  Ln ro
rin

3
 Insulated Hollow Cylinder From Outside With Heat Generation
 T 
 0 when r  r
Boundary conditions  r o 
 T  Ts when r  r 
 in 

1 d dT q o
(r )   0.0
r dr dr k
d dT qo r
(r )  
dr dr k
dT qor 2
r   C1 .(1)
dr 2k

2
q o ro
C1 
2k
2
dT q o r q o ro 1
  
dr 2k 2k r
2
q o r 2 q o ro
T(r)    Ln(r)  C 2
4k 2k
T=Ts when r=rin
2 2
q o rin q o ro
C 2  Ts   Ln(rin ) ‫ﻧﻌﻮﺿﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
4k 2k
2
q o 2 2 q o ro
T(r)  (rin  r )  Ln(r/rin )  Ts ............special Equation
4k 2k
2
qo 2 q o ro
ΔT  Tmax  Ts  (rin  ro ) 
2
Ln(ro /rin )
4k 2k

4
Q4(sheet2): Cylindrical shell with uniform volumetric generation is
insulated at inner surface and exposed to convection on the outer surface:–
a. Temperature distribution in shell.
b. Expression for the heat rate per unit length at the outer radius.
Solution
q  hAs(To  T )  q o V  h 2π ro L To  T 
 
q o π ro2  rin2  h 2π ro *1To  T 

To 

q o ro2  rin2
 T

2hro
 T 
 0 when r  r
B.C   r in 
 T  T when r  r 
 o o

1 d dT q o
(r )   0.0
r dr dr k
d dT qo r
(r )  
dr dr k
dT qor 2
r   C1 .(1)
dr 2k
By using 1st B.C
q o rin2
0  C1 .(1)
2k

q o rin2
C1 
2k

 dT q o r q o rin2 
 dr   2k  2k   r
 
dT q o r q o rin2 1
  
dr 2k 2k r
2
q o r 2 q o rin
T(r)    Ln(r)  C 2
4k 2k
nd
By using 2 B.C

5
 2
q o ro2 q o rin
To    Ln(ro )  C 2
4k 2k
2
q o ro2 q o rin
C 2  To   Ln(ro )
4k 2k
2 2
q o r 2 q o ro q o ro2 q o rin
T(r)    Ln(r)  To   Ln(ro )
4k 2k 4k 2k

 
2
q o 2 2 q o rin
T(r)  ro  r  Lnr   Lnro   To
4k 2k
q o 2 2 q o rin   r 
 
2
T(r)  ro  r  Ln   To
4k 2k   ro 
q o 2 2 q o rin   r  q o ro2  rin2
 
2
 
T(r)  ro  r  Ln    T
4k 2k   ro  2hro

q o 2 2 q o rin   r  q o ro  r 
2

 
2
T(r)  ro  r  Ln   1   in    T
4k 2k   ro  2h   ro  

6
 Thermal conductivity non–constant
A hollow pipes outer and inner diameter (d2,d1) respectively. Thermal
conductivity given (k=ko(1+βT) temperature of outside an inside (T2,T1)
respectively .Derive rate heat transfer equation per unit length.
Solution
1 d dT
[  (kr )  0.0]  r
r dr dr
dT dr
kr  C1 
 kdT  C1
dr r
T2 r2 dr
T1
k o (1  βT)dT   C1
r1 r
β r
k o [(T2  T1 )  (T22  T12 )]  C1Ln 2
2 r1
(T2  T1 ) r
k o [(T2  T1 )  β(T1  T1 ) ]  C1Ln 2
2 r1
k o (T2  T1 )(1  βTav )
C1 
r
Ln 2
r1
dT C1 k o (T2  T1 )(1  βTav )
qk  
dr r r
Ln 2 r
r1
dT C1 k o (T2  T1 )(1  βTav )
qk  
dr r D
Ln 2 r
D1

7
 Applications of hollow cylinders
Final/1992:an hollow Iron pipe out and inlet diameter (8mm,7.6mm)
respectively .It is heated by electric current .Total heat energy transfer
during inside inlet surface of pipe .Calculate temperature difference during
the pipe .the current value (250A) ,k=18.6W/[Link],ρ=0.85 Ω.mm2/m .
Solution
L L
R ρ  0.85  10 6   0.173438L
A π(4  3.8 2 )  10 6
2

q  I 2 .R  q  250 2   10839.875

 q  qoV
4509.39  π(42  3.52 ) 106  q o  2211.82106 W/m3

2
qo 2 q o ro
ΔT  Tmax  Ts  (rin  ro ) 
2
Ln(ro /rin )
4k 2k

2211.82  10 6 2 6 2211.82  106

ΔT  (4  3.8 )  10 
2
Ln(4/3.8)  2.4
4  18.6 2  18.6

An hollow Iron pipe out and inlet diameter (15mm,12.7mm) respectively

.It is heated by electric current .outside surface of pipe is insulated
completely .Inlet temperature (33oC) is fixed by fluid, electric resistance
(ρ=0.0273Ω/m) Calculate max current value which passes in cylinder If
max temperature (50oC) ,k=17 W/[Link].
Solution
2
qo 2 q o ro
ΔT  Tmax  Ts  (rin  ro ) 
2
Ln(ro /rin )
4k 2k
qo 6 qo
50  33  (7.5  6.35 )  10 
2 2
Ln(7.5/6.35)
4  17 2  17
q o  413.16W/m
q o V  RI 2  413.16  π (7.52  6352 L  00273Ι 2 L
I  870.21Amp

8
Example: An hollow Iron pipe out and inlet diameter (16mm,12mm)
respectively .It has heat generation (7.5×106W/m3). Outside surface of
pipe is insulated completely .Temperature (120oC) of fluid inside cylinder.
Calculate max temperature ,k=21 W/[Link], k=500 W/[Link].
Solution
q  7.5  106  π(82  62 )  106  659.73W
q  hA (Ts  T )  659.73  500  2π  0008 Τs  120
Ts  146.25o C
2
qo 2 q o ro
ΔT  Tmax  Ts  (rin  ro ) 
2
Ln(ro /rin )
4k 2k

7.5  10 6 2 6 7.5  10 6  0.008 2

Tmax  (8  6 )  10 
2
Ln(8/6)  146.25
4  21 2  21

Tmax  156C
11/9/2005:Steam its temperature pass through a pipe its internal diameter
(5cm) and its thickness (0.5cm) its temperature of internal surface (97oC)
.The pipe is covered by two layers. The first its thickness (2cm) and
thermal conductivity (1W/[Link]) and second its thickness (1cm) .heat
transfer coefficient of internal surface and external insulator surface
(500,30) W/[Link] respectively .Air temperature (20oC) and pipe thermal
conductivity (50W/[Link]) .Calculate thermal conductivity of second layer.
Solution
q  h in As(Ts  T )  30 *  * 0.05*1* (97  30)  315.73W
T 1  T  2
q \\ 
1 Ln(r1/rin ) Ln(r2 /r1 ) 1
  
h 1 (π D out L) 2π k1L 2π k 2 L h 2 (π D in L)
100  20
315.73 
1 Ln(0.03/0.025) Ln(0.04/0.03) 1
  
500 * π * 0.08 *1 2 * π *1 *1 2 * π * k 2 *1 30 * π * 0.05 *1

k 2  10.84W/m.o C
q' '  h  (Ts  T )  22(30  22)  176W/m 2
q  q' ' A in  176 * 2π * 0.02 * 1  22.1168W
9
Q6(sheetNo.2 year 2009): Thin tube (Din=2cm,Do=3cm,k=52W/[Link]) is
designed to carry hot fluid at (T  =200oC, h=500W/[Link]). Tube is
covered by a layer of insulation (k=0.18W/[Link]). The outside
environment are (T  =200oC, h=500W/[Link]). Determine:–
1. The arte of heat transfer at critical thickness.
2. The temperature at the interface point between the wire and
insulation.
3. The arte of heat transfer at r=rin+0.025m.
Solution
k 0.18
rc    0.0225m
h 8
T1  T 2
q
1 Ln ro /rin  Lnrc /ro  1
  
h 1A 1 2π k1L 2π k 2 L h 2 A 2
200  30
q
1 Ln 0.015/0.01 Ln 0.0225/0.015 1
  
5002π * 0.01 *1 2π * 52 *1 2π * 0.18 *1 5002π * 0.015 *1

q  133.25W
200  To
q
1 Ln0.015/0.01

5002π * 0.01 * 1 2π * 52 *1
To  195.6 o C
re  rin  0.025  0.01  0.025  0.035m
T1  T 2
q
1 Ln ro /rin  Lnre /ro  1
  
h 1A 1 2π k1L 2π k 2 L h 2 A 2
200  30
q
1 Ln 0.015/0.01 Ln 0.035/0.015 1
  
5002π * 0.01 *1 2π * 52 *1 2π * 0.18 *1 5002π * 0.015 *1
q  102W

10
 Heat Transfer Equation In Sold Cylinder
1  d  dT  q
r    0.0
r  dr  dr  k
1  d  dT  q 
   r  
 k  0.0  r
 
r dr  dr   
d  dT  qr
r   0.0
dr  dr  k
1 d dT q o
 (r )   0.0
r dr dr k
d dT qr
(r )    By Integral two sides
dr dr k
dT q r 2
r   C1
dr 2k
 0.0 when r  0.0 ..bond 1
dT
dr
C1  0.0
dT qr 2 r dT qr
r   
dr 2k dr 2k
q r 2
Tr     C2
4k
T = Ts when r = rout ..bond 2
qr 2 q r 2
Ts    C 2  C 2  Ts 
4k 4k
q r 2
q r 2
Tr     Ts 
4k 4k
q 2
Tr  
4k
 
ro  r 2  Ts

Maximum Temperature can be reached

qro2
Tmax   Ts
4k

1
Example1: A diameter of circular pipe (20mm) and (k=16W/m.°C).
The electric resistance (2.122×10–3Ω/m) and current (1000A).
Calculate max temperature can be obtained (T∞=20°C,h=89
W/m2.°C).
Solution
q = RI 2 = 1000 2 × 2.122 × 10 3 = 2122W
q = hA s (Ts - T )  2122 = 89 × 2  0.01Ts  20 
Ts = 399.468C
Let length of circular pipe = 1m
q 2122
q   q    6754535W/m 3
V π  0.01  1
2

qro 2
Tmax   Ts
4k
6754535.78  0.012
Tmax   399.468
4  16
Tmax  410C
Example2: To design an electric heater gives (2kW) its electric
resistance (ρ=1.1Ωmm2/m) thermal conductivity (17W/m.°C) .Wire
temperature (650°C) properties of air (60W/m2.°C,50°C)
respectively. Current passes (20A). Calculate diameter and length of
wire and maximum temperature.
Solution
q electric = q thermal
I 2 L= hAs Ts  T 

 60  πDL650  50 
L
400  1.1  10 6
π 2
D
4
D = 3.672mm
 
q= hA s Ts  T   2  10  60   3.762  10 3 L 650  50 
3

L  4.7m

Q = qV  2000  q 3.762  10 3   4.7 
2 
4 

q  39,146,722 W/m 3
D 3.762  10 3
ro    1.881  10 3 m
2 2

2
 Tmax 
qro2
 Ts  Tmax 
 2
39,146,722  1.881  10 3
 650
4k 4  17
Tmax  652C
Example3: diameter of wire (5mm) is used electric heater operates by
(700A) its electric resistance (ρ=6×10–4Ω/m).It is covered by insulator
its thermal conductivity (0.5W/m.°C). Properties of air (25W/m2.°C
,30°C) respectively. Calculate:–
1. Outside surface temperature of wire.
2. Outside surface temperature of insulator.
Solution
q electric = q thermal
I 2 L= hAs Ts  T 
700 2  6  10 4 L  25  π  0.005LTs  30 
Ts  778C
k 0.5
rc    0.02m
h 25
5  10 3
r1   2.5  10 3 m
2
r2  r1  rc  r2  2.5  10 3  0.02  0.0225m
After Adding Insulator
q electric = q thermal

I 2 L= s
T  Tinsulator 
Lnr2 / r1 
2 k L

700 2  L=
778  Tinsulator  L
Ln r2 / r1 
2 k
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3
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qelectric = qthermal
I2ρL= hA (Ts–T∞)
7002  6 104  25 π  0.005L(Ts 30)

k 0.5
rcricticaL    0.02
h 25
294=25×π×0.04(Ts-30)
T  123.58 o C
11/1/2003: Electric heater gives (1600W/m) its resistance (ρ=1.23*10–
4
Ω.m2/m). Maximum temperature not exceeds (1250oC) .Heat transfer
coefficient (250W/[Link]) .air temperature (90oC). Calculate diameter
of heater and current requirement .Thermal conductivity of wire of
heater (40W/m.C)
Solution
L
q' L  ρI 2  1600 
A cross
q' L  q o (π r 2 L)  q o ro2  509.295............................(1)
509.295
q o ro  ............................................................(2)
ro
q o ro2 q o ro
Tmax    T
4k 2h
509.295
509.295 ro
1250    90  ro  0.88 *10 3 m  D  1.76 *10 3 m
4 * 40 2 * 250
L L
q' L  ρI 2  1600  1.23 *10 4 I 2
A cross π(0.88 *10 3 )
I  5.626Amp

4
Example1: Diameter of pipe (70mm) is covered by thermal insulator its
thickness (25mm) .The pipe is heated from inside outer and inner
temperature (321oC,545oC) respectively .rate heat transfer (1260W/m)
Same thermal insulator is used to insulator anther pipe its diameter
(150mm) by thickness of thermal insulator (35mm). Later outer and inner
temperature (50oC , 354oC).Calculate rate of heat transfer per unit length
in second case.
Solution
For thermal insulator:–
T  Tout 545  321
q  in  1260 
Ln(rout /rin ) Ln(60/35)
2π kL 2π k
k  0.4825W/m. o C
For second case
354  50
q  2406.36W/m
Ln((110/75)
2π * 0.4825
Q8/sheet No.2 year 2009: A copper pipe its diameter (28mm) is heated
by electric current (1200A) electric resistance (2×10–6Ω) is covered by a
cotton its thermal conductivity (0.6 W/[Link]) and out diameter (34mm)
after is covered by Plastic its thermal conductivity (0.4 W/[Link]) .and heat
transfer between the air and the pipe (20W/[Link]) .Calculate :–
1. Thickness of Plastic which gives Less Temperature for cotton.
2. Temperature surface of copper.
3. Max Temperature for Plastic.
Solution
k 0.4 3
rcriticaL    0.02m
h 20
t=0.02–17=3mm
1 2
q=I2R=12002×2×10–6=28.8W
T2  T
q
Ln(r3/r3 ) 1

2π k 2L 2π hr3L

1
 T2  25
28.8 
Ln(20/17) 1

2π  0.4 2π  20  0.02
T2=38.32oC
T1  T
q
Ln(r2 /r1 ) Ln(r3 /r2 ) 1
 
2π k1L 2π k2 L 2π hr3 L
T2  25
28.8 
Ln(17/14) Ln(20/17) 1
 
2π  0.06 2π  0.4 2π  20  0.02
T2  53.15o C
Example2: A hollow cylinder is made from Uranium outer and inner
diameter (26mm, 16mm) respectively. outer and inner surfaces are
covered by a carbon steel its thickness (0.5mm)from each sides .The
cylinder contains a heat generation (5×105W/m3) the cylinder is cooled by
fluid from two sides its heat transfer coefficient (526W/m2.ºC) from inside
and heat transfer and its temperature from inside and outside
(200ºC,240ºC)coefficient (516W/m2.ºC) from outside max Temperature
is laid on (10.2mm) from centre of cylinder .Calculate temperature of
carbon steel inside and outside and max temperature .hint thermal
coefficient of Uranium and Carbon steel (31W/m.ºC) ,(21W/m.ºC).
Solution
T1  Tfluid
qoV 
Ln(r2 /r1 ) 1

2π k1L 2π hr1L
T1  200
5  105  π(10.22  82 )  10 6 
Ln(8/7.5) 1

2π  21 2π  526  7.5  103
T1 =202.5oC

T2  Tfluid2
q o V2 
Ln(r2 /r1 ) 1

2π k1L 2π hr5L
2
 T2  240
5 105  π(132  10.22 ) 106 
Ln(8/7.5) 1

2π  21 2π  516 13.5  103
T2 =242.3oC

 q 2  1
C1  Ts 2  Ts1  ( rin  ro2 ) 
 4k  Ln ro
rin
 5  10 5  1
C1  (2432.3  202.5)  (13 2  8 2 ) 
 4  31  Ln 13
8
C1=872132
q 2 2 r
Tmax  Ts1  (rin  ro )  C1Ln o
4k rin
5  105 2 10.2
Tmax  202.5  (8  10.22 )  872132Ln
4  31 8
Tmax  254 C
o

Example3: Hot water its temperature (110ºC) flows through the pipe its
conductivity (52W/m.K) its inner radius (2cm) and its thickness (0.3cm)
.The pipe is covered by layer of an insulator its external temperature
(30ºC) when the air temperature (22ºC) ,heat transfer coefficient inside the
pipe (80W/m.K) and outside insulator (22W/m.K). Calculate thickness of
layer insulator if its conductivity (0.038W/m.K).
Solution

3
q  h w A(T3  T )  22 * 2r3 (30  22)  1105.84r3 W/m 2
T1  T3
q
1 Ln(r2 /r1 ) Ln(r3 /r2 )
 
h 1A 1 2kL 2kL
110  30
1105.84r3 
1 Ln(0.023/0.02) Ln(r3 /0.023)
 
80 * 2 * 0.02 2 * 52 2 * 0.038
 Ln(r3 )  Ln0.023
1105.84r3 0.1    80
 2π * 0.038 
15.9r3  4.188281r3 Ln(r3 )  0.07234  0]  15.9
r3  0.2634Ln(r3 )  0.0045  0
By Netwon  Raphson method  r3  0.036m
t  0.036 - 0.023  0.013m
Example4: A tube of thickness (6mm) and (k=40W/m.K ,Din=10cm) is
covered by insulation layer of (5cm) thickness with (k=0.2W/m.K) then
by another layer of insulation with thickness (3cm) and
(k=0.4W/m.K).Inside temperature of tube (300oC) and the outside
temperature (40ºC). Determine the rate of heat transfer.
Solution
T1  T4
q
Ln(r2 /r1 ) Ln(r3/r2 ) Ln(r4 /r3 )
 
2πk1L 2πk 2L 2πk 3L
300  40
q  428.065W
Ln(56/50) Ln(106/56) Ln(136/106)
 
2π * 40 2π * 0.2 2π * 0.4
Example5: The same tube ,the outer insulation is minimized to (1.5cm)
and another layer is put its conductivity is given by (k=0.1+0.008T)
.Determine the necessary thickness of insulation ,So that ΔT overall and q
are constants.
T1  T5
q
Ln(r2 /r1 ) Ln(r3/r2 ) Ln(r4 /r3 ) Ln(r5 /r4 )
  
2πk1L 2πk 2L 2πk 3L 2πk 3L

4
 300  T4
q  T4  60
Ln(56/50) Ln(106/56) Ln(121/106)
 
2π * 40 2π * 0.2 2π * 0.4
60  40
k av  0.1  0.008  0.5
2
300  40
428.065   r5  140mm
Ln(56/50) Ln(106/56) Ln(121/106) Ln(r5 /121)
  
2π * 40 2π * 0.2 2π * 0.4 2π * 0.5
 t  r5  r4  140  121  19mm  1.9cm

5
 Hollow spherical without heat generation
1 d 2 dT
. (r )  0.0
r 2 dr dr
2 dT
 dr )  C1
d (r

dT C1
 2
dr r
1
T(r)   C1  C 2
r
T=T1 when r=r1
T=T2 when r=r2
1
T2   C1  C 2 ……………………………(1)
r2
1
T1   C1  C 2 ……………………………..(2)
r1
1 1 T  T1
T2  T1  C1 (  )  C1  2
r1 r2 1 1
(  )
r1 r2

T2  T1 1
C2  [ ]   T1
1 1
(  ) r1
r1 r2

T2  T1 1 1
T(r)  [ ](  )  T1
1 1
(  ) r2 r
r1 r2

1
 T T 1 T T
q  kA
dT
dr
 
 k 4π r2 2 1  2  2 1
1 1 1 1
(  ) r (  )
r1 r2 r1 r2
4π k
1 1
(  )
r r2
R th  1
4π k

1 1
(  )
r ro 1
R th  in 
4π * k h * 4π * ro2
1
dR th ro2 2
   0.0
dro 4 πk h(4 πro 3 )

k
rcritical 
2h

1 d 2 dT q o
. (r )  0.0
r 2 dr dr k
2 dT qor 2
 d(r dr )    k dr
dT qor3
r2
  C1
dr 3k
dT
 0.0 when r  0
dr
dT qor
  C1  0.0
dr 3k

2
 qor2
T(r)   C
6k
T=Ts when r=ro
qor 2
C  Ts 
6k
qo 2
T(r)  (ro  r 2 )  Ts
6k
2
q o ro
Tmax   Ts
6k
Example1: a liquid oxygen is kept in a spherical its radius (1m) is covered
.what is the thickness of the insulator that makes the evaporation of oxygen
(0.01) from oxygen liquid in (10,000sec). If the spherical is fulled by (80%)
(hfg=215J/kg), temperature of oxygen liquid (90K) and density (1140 kg/m3)
air temperature (288K). Heat transfer coefficient between spherical and air
(4.5W/m2.K).
Solution
 
m    V  0.8  1140   1  3820.176kg
4 3

3
 
m  m h fg  mo = 3820.176?? × ??10 - 6?
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mo=3820.176×10-6
q=3820.176×10-4×2×105=764W
T 1  T 2
q 
1 1
(  )
rin ro 1

4πk h * 4πr 2
288  90
764 
1 1
(  )
1 ro 1

4 π  0.07 4.5  (4 π  r o )
2

3
 288  90
764 
(ro2  ro ) 1

4π  0.07ro 4.5  (4π  ro 2 )
2

0.87964594ro2  0.87964594ro  0.0176839  0.259ro2

0.62ro2  0.87964594ro  0.0176839  0.0
rout  1.41m
 t  rout  rin  1.41  1  0.41m
A spherical thin wall container of (Do=0.5m) is used to store liquid N2 at
(T=77oK) .The container is covered by insulation layer (k=0.0017W/[Link]) of
thickness (25mm) against the environment (h=20W/[Link], T∞=300oK) .Given
that latent of evaporation on N2 (hfg=2×105J/kg) and density of N2
(804kg/m3), Determine:–
1. The rate of heat transfer of N2?
2. The rate of evaporation of N2?
(Neglect Rth of containers wall and Rth of N2)

Solution
Tair  TN2
q
1 1 1 1
(  )
4k r1 r2 4r22

4
 300  77
q  13.06W
1 1 1 1
(  )
4  0.0017 0.5 0.525 4  0.5252
q  mh fg
13.06=804×Vo×2×105
Vo=0.007 m3/day

Derive an equation for distribution Temperature in spherical which contain

heat generation
 r2 
q  q 1  2
o o

 ro 
Solution
1 d 2 dT qo
(r )  0.0
r 2 dr dr k
o r2 
q 1  2 
1 d 2 dT
( r )   ro   0.0
r 2 dr dr k
o r2  o 2 r4 
q 1  2  q  r  2 
) 
ro  2
)   
d 2 dT d dT ro 
(r r   (r 2
dr dr k dr dr k
 o r
3
r5  
 
q   2  
  o 
r 2 3 5 r
 C1   r 2
dT
 dr k 
 
 
 o r r3  
 
q   2  
  o 
 3 5r
 21 
dT C
 dr k r 
 
 
dT
 0.0at , r  0.0  C1  0.0
dr

5
 o r
2
r4  
 q  
 6 20r 2   
T (r )    o 
 C2 
 k 
 
 
T  Ts when r  rout
 o  ro
2
ro4   o  ro
2
ro2 
 q   
2   q   
T (r )    6 20 ro 
 C2   Ts   
6 20 
 C2
 k  k
 
 
 ro2 ro2  o  10ro  3ro 
2 2
q   
o
q  
Ts      C  Ts     C
6 20 60
2 2
k k
o  7 ro 
2
q  
 60  7q o ro2
Ts    C2  C2  Ts 
k 60k
 o r
2
r4  
 q   
 6 20r 2  7q o r 2 
T (r )    o 
 o
 Ts 
 k 60k 
 
 
Q2(sheet No.2): Representation eye with a contact lens(‫ )ﻋﺪﺳﺔ‬as a composite
spherical system subjected to convection processes at the boundaries:–
a. Thermal circuit with and without contact lens in place.
b. Heat losses from anterior chamber for both cases.
Solution
T 2  T1
q
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 (  ) (  )

h1 4π rin2  4π k1 r1 r2 4π k 2 r2 r3 h 2 4π ro2  
37  21
q
1 1  1 1  1  1 1  1
    

12 4π * 0.0102 2      
4π * 0.35  0.0102 0.0127  4π * 0.80  0.0127 0.0165  6 4π * 0.0165 2 
q wo  53.5mW

6
 37  21
q
1 1  1 1  1
  

12 4π * 0.0102 
2

4π * 0.35  0.0102 0.0127  6 4π * 0.01652 
q wo  130.5mW

7
 ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺰﻋﻨﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺰﻋﻨﻒ‬

t(x) t

L
A(x)  w.t(x) A(x)  w.t
Straight uniform section fin Straight uniform section fin

Af  2 (r22  r22 )  r2 t

L=r2–r1
Ac(x)=2πrt

r2

L
R1

1
 Mathematic analysis for heat transfer in fins

q x  q xdx  dq convection
dq convection  hdAs(T  T )  hPdx(T  T ) : P  circumference
dq x
q x  dx  q x  dx
dx
d dT
qx  qx  (kA(x) )dx  hPdx(T  T )
dx dx
1 dA(x) dT d 2 T hP
   (T  T )  0.0
A(x) dx dx dx 2 kA(x)
(‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻜﻞ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺰﻋﺎﻧﻒ ﻋﺪا )اﻟﺤﻠﻘﯿﺔ‬
d 2T hP hP
2
 (T  T )  0.0   But
θ  (T  T ) and  m2
dx kA(x) kA(x)
d 2θ
2
 m 2
θ  0.0
dx
2h
hP for rectanglar
m { kt
2h
kA(x) kr
for circlar

θ  C1cosh(mx)  C 2sinh(mx).......(fixed two ends and convection)

θ  C1cosh(mx)  C 2sinh(mx).......(insulated)
θ  C1e mx  C 2 e mx ..................................(very long)

2
 Cases of fins
1. Heat convection .
2. Insulated fins.
3. Fixed temperatures and two ends
4. Infinite length.
1. Heat convection
θx   C1cosh mx   C 2sinh mx 
dT dT hθL
k x L  h(TL  T )  hθL    When x  L
dx dx k
 θ  θb when x  0
B.C   dθ hθ 
   when x  L
 dx k 
‫اﻷول‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط‬
θb  C1cosh 0   C 2sinh 0 
C1  θ b

‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط‬

θ L  C1cosh mL   C 2sinh mL 
dθ
 mC1sinh mx   mC 2 cosh mx  x L  mC1sinh mL   mC 2 cosh mL 
dx x L
dT
k xL  hθL
dx
 kmC1sinh mL   mC 2 cosh mL   hC1cosh mL   C 2 sinh mL 
 kmθ b sinh mL   mC 2 cosh mL   hθ b cosh mL   C 2sinh mL 
‫( ﻋﻦ‬C2) ‫ﺑﻌﺰل اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﺤﺎوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺜﻮاﺑﺖ‬
C 2  kmcosh mL   hsinh mL   kmθ bsinh mL   hθ b cosh mL 

3
 kmθ bsinh mL   hθ b cosh mL 
C2 
 kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 

‫( ﻓﻲ‬C2),(C1) ‫ّض اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‬

‫ﻧﻌﻮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
kmθ bsinh mL   hθ b cosh mL 
θx   θ b cosh mx   sinh mx 
 kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 
kmθ bsinh mL cosh mx   hθ b cosh mL cosh mx 
θx  
kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 
kmθ bsinh mL sinh mx   hθ b cosh mL sinh mx 

kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 
‫( ﻋﻦ‬hθb) ‫ﻧﻌﺰل اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﺤﺎوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
(kmθb) ‫اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﺤﺎوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
kmθ bsinh mL θ b cosh mx   kmθ b cosh mL sinh mx 
θx  
kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 
hθ cosh mL cosh mx   hθ b sinh mL sinh mx 
 b
kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 
kmθ b sinh mL cosh mx   cosh mL sinh mx 
θx  
kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 
hθ cosh mL cosh mx   sinh mL sinh mx 
 b
kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺠﻤﻮع زاوﯾﺘﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪوال‬
‫اﻟﺰاﺋﺪﯾﺔ ﻧﺠﺪ أن‬
‫ﱠ‬
kmθ b sinh mL  x   hθ b cosh mL  x 
θx  
kmcosh mL   hsinh mL 
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dθ dT
  C1m sinh(mx)  C 2 m cosh(mx)
dx dx
1 0
θ=θb when x=0.0 θb=C1cosh(0)+C2sinh(0)

C 1= θ b
–k(C1m sinh(mL)+C2m cosh(mL))= h(C1cosh(mL)+C2sinh(mL))
–k(θb m sinh(mL)+C2m cosh(mL))= h(θb cosh(mL)+C2sinh(mL))
C2 [[Link](mL)+ km cosh(mL)]= θb [k m sinh(mL)+h cosh(mL)]

θb [k m sinh(mL)–h cosh(mL)]
C2 = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––
[[Link](mL)+ km cosh(mL)]

θb [k m sinh(mL)+h cosh(mL)]
θ= θbcosh(mx)+ –––––––––––––––––––––––––– sinh (mx)
[[Link] (mL) + km cosh (mL)]

θbcosh(mx) [[Link] (mL) + km cosh (mL)]+θb [k m sinh(mL)–h cosh(mL)]

θ= –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
[[Link] (mL) + km cosh (mL)]
sinh (mx)

θ km[cosh (mL) cosh (mx)+sinh(mL) sinh(mx)]

θb 5
[[Link] (mL) + km cosh (mL)]
–– = ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

h[sinh (mL) cosh(mx) – cosh(mL)sinh(mx)]

+ ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
[[Link] (mL) + km cosh (mL)]

θ km[cosh m(L–x)]+[Link] m(L–x)]

–– = –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
θb [[Link] (mL) + km cosh (mL)]

h
coshm(L  x)  sinhm(L  x)
θ km

θb cosh(mL) 
h
sinh(mL)
km
Heat transfer equation
qf= –kAc dT x=0.0
dx
 h 
 sinhmL  coshmL 
q f  kmA cθ b  km 
 coshmL  h sinhmL 
 km 
Insulated fins

θ= C1cosh(mx)–C2sinh(mx)
dθ dT
  C 2 m sinh(mx)  C 2 m cosh(mx)
dx dx
1 0
θ=θb when x=0.0 θb=C1cosh(0)–C2sinh(0)

C 1= θ b
dT
x L  0.0  θ b msinh(mL)  C 2 mcosh(mL)  0
dx
θ b sinh(mL)
C2 
cosh(mL)

6
 θ b sinh(mL)
   b cosh(mx)  sinh(mx)
cosh(mL)
θ [cosh(mL)cosh(mL)  sinh(mL)sinh(mx)]
 b
cosh(mL)
θ coshm(L  x)

θb coshmL
Heat transfer equation
q f  kmA cθ b tanh(mL c )

  C1cosh(mx)  C 2 sinh(mx)
θ  θ b when x  0.0   b  C1cosh(0)  C 2sinh(0)

C1  θ b
   L when x  L   L   b cosh(mL)  C 2sinh(mL)
 L  b cosh(mL)
C2 
sinh(mL)
θ L  θ b cosh(mL)
θ  θ b cosh(mx)  sinh(mx)
sinh(mL)
θ cosh(mx).sinh(mL)  θ Lsinh(mx)  θ bsinh(mx).cosh(mL)
θ b
sinh(mL)
 sinh(mx)   bsinh(mx).cosh(mL)
   b cosh(mx)  L
sinh(mL)
 cosh(mx).sinh(mL)   Lsinh(mx)   bsinh(mx).cosh(mL)
 b
sinh(mL)
 {sinh(mL)cosh(mx)  sinh(mx).cosh(mL)}  Lsinh(mx)
 b
sinh(mL)

7
 L
sinh m ( L  x )  sinh( mx )
 b

b sinh mL
d
 [Link](mx)  [Link](mx)
dx
d
q f   kAc   kAc [[Link](0)  C 2 [Link](0)
dx x 0

 L 
 cosh mL  
b
q f  kmAc b  
 sinh mL 
 
 

θ=C1emx+C2 e–mx
T=Tb when x=0.0
T=T∞ when x→∞
C 2= θ b
C1= 0.0
L
 e  mx
b
q f  kmAc b
Fins performance
Fin effectiveness and efficiency
q fin
fin effctiveness 
q with out fins
For infinite length
1
kmAs b  kP  2
   
hAc b  hAc 
Fin effectiveness and efficiency

8
 Real heat transfer to fins
fin efficiency 
max heat transfer

q max  h2NL fins  L wall wθ b

9
Non–uniform section fins
qf=η[Link]
2
t
A f  2 w t     L.t
2

2

2h
mL  ( L) 3 / 2 : A project  Lc .t
kAproject
Fin: Additions of material to a surface to increase area and thus decrease the
external thermal resistance from connecting and/or radiating solids.
Fin effectiveness: Ratio of the actual heat transfer from a fin to the heat
transfer from the same cross-sectional area of the wall without the fin.
Fin efficiency: Ratio of the actual heat transfer from a fin to the heat transfer
from a fin with the same geometry but completely at the base temperature.

10
Example1: Calculate increasing percentage ratio in rate of heat transfer
because we put numbers of straight rectangular section is fixed on plane
wall length of fins (50mm) and thickness (0.5mm) are distributed by equal
distances (500fins/m) .Heat transfer coefficient between the wall and
surrounding before the fins are put (32W/m2.°C).Thermal conductivity
(200W/m.°C).So calculate fins surface efficiency.
Solution
1/2
 32  0.5  10 3 
1/2
 ht  1
       0.00632  0.5
 2k  2  2  200 
The fin is insulated
2h 2  32
m   25.3m -1
kt 200  0.5  10 -3

q  qo
Increasing Percentage Ratio  t
qo
q total  Nq fins  q between fins
t
q fin  kmA cθ b tanh(mL c )   L c  L   50.25  10 3 m
by using

2
q fin  200 * 25.3(0.00051w)θ b tanh(25.3  50.25)  2.16wθ b
q o  hAθ b  32(1 * w)θ b  32wθ b
q between fins  h(L wall  Nt)wθ b For plate wall and rectanglar fins
q between fins  32(1  500  0.5  10 3 )wθ b  24wθ b
q total  (500  216  24  wθ b  1104wθ b
(1104  32)wθ b
Increasing percentage ratio   3350%
32wθ b
q max  hA wet θ b  A wet  h2NL fin  L wall 
q max  32 * (2 * 500 * 0.05  1)wθ b  1632wθ b
qt 1104w θ b
η surface    68%
q max 1632w θ b

1
Example2: Water its temperature (80°C) flows in the pipe its
diameter(60mm) and length (1.2m) and heat transfer coefficient between
the water and surfaces (400W/m2.°C) the energy transfer from out surface
for pipe to air its temperature (18°C), heat transfer coefficient between the
air and surfaces (23W/m2.°C) to increase heat transfer (20fins) are added
the fins are straight and rectangular are put on air side by thickness(3mm)
and length (50mm) the distances between fin and other are equal .thermal
conductivity for the fins (55.6W/m.°C). Calculate percentage increasing
in heat transfer and total heat transfer overall.
Solution
T1  T 2 80  18
qo  A Pipe  (π  0.06  1.2)  305W
1 t wall 1 1 1
  
h w A LA h a A 400 23
q  h air A s  b  305  23    0.06  1.2  b
θ b  58.62C
1/2
1/2
 2h   2  23 
m     16.6m 1
 
kt  0.003  55.6 
q total  Nq fin  q between fins
q fin  kmA cθ b tanh(mL c )  55.6  16.6  0.003  1.2 58.62tanh 16.6  0.0515
q fin  134.826
For Circular Wall
A between Fins  D  Nt L Pipe
A b.f  π  0.06  20  0.003  1.2  0.1542m 2
T  T1 80  18
q  2 A b .f   0.1542  207.92W
1 1 1 1
 
h w h air 23 400
q total  Nq fin  q b.f  20  134.826  207.92  2904.446W
q  q o 2904.446  305
% t   852%
qo 305

2
Example3: A wall separates between the air and water a straight
rectangular fins are put on air side to increase heat transfer .Calculate heat
flux before and after the fins are put and efficiency the properties of fins
(t=1.6mm, L=20mm) and water (Tw=93°C,hw=450W/m2.°C) and air
(T=38°C ,h=22W/m2.°C) and wall (twall=2mm, k=200W/m.°C). If fin
number equals to 80 fins.
Solution
T1  T 2 93  38
q A plate   1135.36W
1 L 1 1 0.002 1
   
h w k ha 450 200 22
q  hA Plate  b  1135.36  22  1  1 b   b  52.42C
After the fins are put
 22  0.002 
1/ 2
 ht  1
      0.01  The Fins Are Insulated
 2k  2  2  200 
1/ 2
1/ 2
 2h   2  22  1
m     11.72m
 kt   0.002  200 
t 1.6
L c  L fin   20   20.8mm
2 2
q fin  kmA c  b tanh mL c 
  
q fin  200  11.7  1.6  10 3  1 52.42  tanh 11.72  20.8  10 3 
q fin  46.84 W
 
A b.f  L wall  Nt w  1  80 * 1.6  10 3  0.872m 2
T1  T 2 93  38
q A b.f   0.872  1005.73W
1 L 1 1 0.002 1
   
hw k ha 450 200 22
q total  Nq fin  q b.f  80 * 46.84  1005.73
q total  4753W
4753  1153.36
%
1153.36
%  312%

3
Example4:A plate its thickness (6mm) separates between the water its
temperature (82°C) and the air its temperature (16°C) .heat transfer
coefficient on water and air side (450W/m2.°C, 35W/m2.°C) respectively
numbers of the straight and rectangular fins are put on air side their
dimensions (L=25cm, t=1.25mm) .Calculate the step of fins if heat flux
(1576W/m2) after fins putting. Thermal conductivity and fins
(200W/m.°C).
Solution
2h 2  35
m   14.79
kt 200  1.25  10 3
t 1.25
L c  L fin   25  10  2   250  250.625  10 -3 m
2 2
T 2  T1 82  16
q' ' 
1 L 1
A Plate 
1 0.006 1
1  1  2141.21W
   
h w k h air 450 200 35
q"  h b  2141.21  35 b   b  61.17 C
q fin  kmA c  b tanh mL c 

q fin  200  14.79  1.25  161.17  tanh 14.79  250.625  10 3 
q fin  225.93W
A b.f  L plate  Nt w  1  1.25  10 3 N 1  1  1.25  10 3 N 
   
q b.f  h air 1  1.25  10 3 N  b  35 1  1.25  10 3 N  61.17
q b.f  2140.95  2.6765N
 
q "b.f  2141.21 1  1.25  10 3 N  2141.21  2.6765N
q total  Nq fin  q b.f  157601  1  225.93N  2141.21  2.6765N
15760  223.2547N  2141.21
N  61Fins

4
Example5 (10/1/1995): A plate separates
between the water (90°C) and the air its
temperature (15°C) .heat transfer coefficient on 12mm
water and air side (500W/m2.°C,25W/m2.°C)
respectively numbers of the straight and 6mm
rectangular fins are put on air side their
dimensions (L=25cm, t=1.25mm) .Calculate
the step in fins and efficiency of fins and
percentages , the heat flux (15kW/m2) .thermal
conductivity and fins (200W/m.°C).
Solution 2mm 20mm
1/ 2
1/ 2
 2h   2  25  1
m     14.73m
 kt   0.00125  200 
T  T1 90  15
q "o   2   1785.71W/m 2
1 1 1 1
 
h w h air 500 25
q"o  h b  1785.71  25 b   b  71.42C
q fin  kmA c  b tanh mL c 
  
q fin  200  14.73  1.25  10 3  1 71.42 tanh 14.73  250.625  10 3 
   
A b.f  L wall  Nt w  1  1.25  10 3 N 1  1  1.25  10 3 N
T  T1 90  15
q b.f   2
1 1
A b .f 
1 1
1  1.25  10 3 N   1785.71  2.2321N
 
h w h air 500 25
q total  Nq fin  q b.f  1785.71N  1785.71  2.2321N
15  103  1  1  1785.71N  1785.71  2.2321N
N  7.4  7fins
L 1
Step  wall 
N 7
Steps  0.1428m
15000  1785
%  740%
1785

5
Example6: A wall used to separated between a cold air and a hot water to
increase heat transfer ,uniform straight fins are put its separated distance
(40mm) and thickness of fins (4mm) and length (80mm) .fin efficiency on
air side (96%) and on water side (55%). Heat transfer on air side and
water (45W/[Link],2W/[Link]). Calculate heat transfer percentage after the
fins are put in the following of case :–
1. If the fins are put on air only.
2. If the fins are put on water only.
3. If the fins are put on air and water.
Solution
1
N  25 fins
0.04
q
f  f
qmax

qmax=hAwetθb
Awet=NAout surface of fin+A betweenfins
Awet=[N×2(w)Lfin+wt+(wLwall–Nwt)]
qf=ηf qmax=0.96 hAwetθb=2×0.96[2*25*0.08+0.004+(1–25*0.004)]wθb
qf=0.3wθb

q between fins =hA between fins θb

q between fins =h(Lwall–Nt)] wθb
q between fins =2*(1–25*0.004)]wθb
q between fins =1.8wθb

qtotal  Nq f  qbetweenfins
qtotal  (25  0.3  1.8) w b  2.988w b
T T Tw  Tair
qtotal  w air   7.7(Tw  Tair ) w
1 1 1 1
 
hw A UA 45w 9.288w
T T T T
qtotal  w air  w air  1.915(Tw  Tair )
1 1 1 1
 
hw A ha A 45w 2 w

6
 qtotal  qo 7.7  1.915
%   302%
qo 1.915

Second case

1
N  25 fins
0.04
q
f  f
qmax

qmax=hAwetθb
Awet=NAout surface of fin+A betweenfins
Awet=[N×2(w)Lfin+wt+(wLwall–Nwt)]
qf=ηf qmax=0.55 hAwetθb=45×0.96[2*25*0.08+0.004+(1–25*0.004)]wθb
qf=99.099wθb

q between fins =hA between fins θb

q between fins =h(Lwall–Nt)] wθb
q between fins =45*(1–25*0.004)]wθb
q between fins =40.5wθb

qtotal  Nq f  qbetweenfins
qtotal  ( 25  99.099  40.5) w b  2517.975 w b
T T Tw  Tair
qtotal  w air   44.2(Tw  Tair ) w
1 1 1 1
 
hw A UA 45w 2517.975w
T T T T
qo  w air  w air  1.915(Tw  Tair )
1 1 1 1
 
hw A ha A 45w 2 w
q  qo 44.2  1.915
%  total   2208%
qo 1.915

7
Example7: Water its temperature (90°C) flow over a surface of cylinder
its diameter (6cm). Heat transfer coefficient between the surface and water
(1000W/m2.°C) an air flows inside the cylinder its temperature (20°C).
Heat transfer coefficient between the surface and to increase heat transfer
(4fins) are put its thickness (1.5mm). Calculate the heat transfer ,If
(k=400W/m.°C).

D  t 6  0.15
L fin    0.2.925cm
2 2
1/ 2
 ht  1  25  0.0015 
      0.06  0.5
 2k  2  2  400 
The fins are insulated
2h 2  25
m   9.13m -1

kt 400  1.5  10 -3

qt  qo
Increasing percentage ratio =
qo
qtotal  Nq f  qbetweenfins
t
qf=kmAcθbtanh(mLc):::Lc=L+ =(20.925+1.5/2)× 10–3=20.925×10–3
2
qf=400×9.13(1.5×10–3w) θbtanh(9.13×20.925×10–3)= 1.43wθb
qo= hAθb =32 wθb
q between fins= hAbetweenfinsθb=h(A total–NAfins) wθb =h(Lwall–Nt) wθb
qo=25(0.06π–4×1.5×10–3) wθb =3.65 wθb
qtotal=(4×1.43+3.65) wθb =9.3699 wθb
T T 90  20
qtotal  w air   624 w
1 1 1 1
 
hw A UA 1000    0.06 w 9.3699 w

8
 Tw  Tair 90  20
qo    322 w
1 1 1 1
 
hw A ha A 1000    0.06 w 25  0.06 w

qtotal  qo 624  322

%   94%
qo 322

Q3 sheet No.3(2009): Geometry and cooling arrangement for a chip–

circuit board in figure below. It carries (4×4) array of copper pin fins
(k=400W/[Link]) be joined to the outer surface of a square chip that is
(12.7mm) on a side. However, the maximum allowable chip operating
temperature is (75oC). What is the maximum rate at which heat can be
dissipated in the chip when the fins are in placed?
N  4  4fins
D p  1.5mm
L p  15mm
T ,o  20 o C
Tb  75 o C
h o  1000W/m .C 2

0.005mm
k b  1W/m 2 .C
T ,o  200 o C
h o  40W/m 2 .C

Solution
q o  hATb  T   1000 * 0.0127 2 * 75  20  8.87W
‫ﺑﻌﺪ وﺿﻊ اﻟﺰﻋﺎﻧﻒ‬
2h 2 *1000
m  3
 81.65m 1
kr 1.5 * 10
400 *
2
 3 
q fin  kmA c θ b tanhmL c   400 * 81.65 *
π
 2
 
1.5 * 10 3 * 55 * tanh 81.65 * 15 
1.5 
 * 10 
4   2  
q fin  2.7238W

‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻮح ﺑﯿﻦ‬

‫اﻟﺰﻋﺎﻧﻒ‬
9
   π 
q bet fins  h A Plate  A fins θ b  10000.0127 2  16 * * 0.0015 2  * 55
  4 
q bet fins  7.3158W
q total  Nq fin  q bet fin
q total  16 * 2.7238  7.3158
q total  50.9W

10
 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻹﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻋﺎﻧﻒ واﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪Heat Transfer Overall‬‬
‫‪50.9‬‬
‫‪ q total  U1A plateθ b  U1 ‬‬
‫‪0.0127 2 * 55‬‬
‫‪U1  5737W/m 2 .C‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
Example: A copper dram its diameter (12.5cm) and length (5cm)is heated
by a hot air its heat transfer coefficient (284W/m2.°C).The temperature is
measured in base (93°C) and end (179°C) .Calculate air temperature.
Solution
m 
2h

2284
 46
kr 42.66.2510-3
h
cosh m ( L  x )  sinh m ( L  x )
 T  T km
 
 b Tb  T cosh mL 
h
sinh mL
km
h
cosh m (0)  sinh m ( 0)
179 .5  T km

93  T cosh( 46  0.05) 
h
sinh( 46  0.05)
km
179 .5  T
 0.12
93  T
T  191o C

1
Example1: A copper pipe its length (50cm) and its diameter (2.5cm)is put in
air its temperature (30°C) and heat transfer coefficient (75W/m2.°C) .The
pipe is fixed at its end by a wall its temperature of ends (70°C, 100°C)
.Calculate minimum temperature in the pipe .and heat transfer to air
,k=380W/m.°C.
Solution
h=75W/[Link].T∞=35oC

100oC 70oC

0.5m

θL
sinhm(L  x)  sinh(mx)
θ θb

θb sinhmL
dθ  θ b coshm(L  x)  θ L cosh(mx)
m  0.0
dx sinhmL
θ b coshm(L  x)  θ L cosh(mx)
2h 2  75
m   5.6m 1
kt 200  0.00125
θ L  TL  T  70  30  40 o C
θ b  Tb  T  100  30  70 o C
70cosh5.62(L  x)  40cosh(5.62x)  x  0.3m
 L 
 cosh mL  
b
q f  kmAc b  
 sinh mL 
 
 
 40 
 cosh(5.62  0.5)  

q f  380  5.62 (0.25) 2  40 70   98.35
4  sinh(5.62  0.5) 
 
 

1
Example2: A rotational shaft is rotated on a simply supported its diameter
(12mm) from friction the temperature of simply supported is(175°C)in room
its temperature (35°C) .heat transfer coefficient (5W/m2.°C).In middle
(100°C). Find minimum distance between simply supported to obtained this
bond.
Solution
To check type of fins

1  5  0.006 
1/ 2
 hr 
      0.015 L/2 L/2
 
2 k 2  2  61 
The fin is insulated
1/ 2
1/ 2
 2h   25 
m     5.23m 1
 
kr  61  0.006 
When x=L1=L
L
sinh m ( L  0.5 L ) sinh( 0.5mL )
 b

b sinh mL
100  35 2 sinh 2.81L
 0.56428 
175  35 sinh 5.62 L
L=
 θ 
 coshmL  L 
θb
q f  kmA cθ b  
 sinhmL 
 
 
Example3: A rotational shaft is rotated on a simply supported its diameter
(12mm) from friction the temperature of simply supported is(175°C)in room
its temperature (35°C), heat transfer coefficient (5W/m2.°C).In middle
(100°C). Find minimum distance between simply supported to obtained this
bond.
Solution
To check type of fins

2
 1  5  0.006 
1/ 2
 hr 
      0.015
 2k  2  2  61 
The fin is insulated
1/ 2

 25 
1/ 2
 2h 
m     5.23m 1
 kr   61 0.006 
When x=L1=L
 T  T cosh m ( L  x )
 
 b Tb  T cosh mL
100  35 cosh( 0)

175  35 cosh 5.23 L
L=0.268m
Ltotal=2×0.268=0.535m

3
 Annular circle fins
A cylindrical motor cycle engine's cover is made from Aluminum alloy
(H=0.15m,Do=50mm) .Under operation conditions it was noted that (Tb=500K,T 
=300K,h=50W/[Link]).Five annular of rectangular fins profile were put in equal distance
in order to increase the rate of heat transfer .The specification of the fins are (t=6mm,
L=20mm, η f  0.95 ).
a. Determine the percent increase of heat transfer after using the fins.
b. Determine the effectiveness .
Solution
q o  hAs(Tb  T )  50 * π * 0.05 * 0.15 * (500  300)  235.62W
r2  r1  L  0.025  0.02  0.045m
t 0.006 6mm
r2:critical  r2   0.045   0.048m
2 2
q f  η f q max
 
q f  0.95 * 50 * 2 * π * (0.0482  0.0252 ) * (500  300)
q f  100.22W
q total  Nq f  q between fins
q total  5 *100.22  50 * 0.15  5 * 0.006*  * 0.05(500  300)
20mm
q total  689.6
689.6  235.62
%  1.9268911681468064274522860908182%
235.62
q fin 100.22
   10.6 25mm
q with out fin 50 * π * 0.05 * 0.006 * 200

45mm

Final 29/6/2008: Suppose that (150W) of heat is to be dissipated from the surface of
cylinder to the environment at (T=25oC,h=10W/[Link]). The cylinder is of
(L=25cm,D=20cm). In order to decrease the surface temperature of the cylinder, several
rectangular fins of (t=2mm, L=25mm,k=200W/[Link]) are placed a long the cylinder.
1. Determine the cylinder the surface temperature before using the fin.
2. Determine the necessary number of so that the surface temperature must not exceed
(80oC).
3. Determine the efficiency and effectiveness of each fin.
Note: Use the corrected length Lc and the fin equation of insulated tip.
Solution
q  hAs(Ts  T )  150  10 * (π * 0.2 * 0.25)(Ts  25)
Ts  120.5o C
r2  r1  L fin  0.1  0.025  0.125m

1
 t 0.002
r2:corrected  r2   0.125   0.126m
2 2
hP 10 * (2π * 0.126)
m   5m 1
kA c 200 * (2π * 0.126 * 0.002)
q  kmA c θ b tanh(mL c )  200 * 5 * (2π * 0.126 * 0.002)(80  25)tanh(5 * 0.026)
q fin  11.25W
q b.f  h(H  Nt)θ b  10(0.25  0.002N)(80  55)  137.5  1.1N
q total  Nq fin  q b.f  150  11.25N  137.5  1.1N
N  1.2  2
q fin 11.25
η fin    55.4%
q max 10 * 2π (0.126 2  0.12 ) * 55
q fin 11.25
   16.2
q without fin 10 * 2π * 0.1 * 0.002 * 55

2
Example1: A long pipe is heated from one ends when reached to
stead we find temperature at two point distance between them
(100mm)equal (119oC),(100oC) whenever air temperature (20oC). If
diameter (20mm) an thermal conductivity (k=120W/[Link]). Calculate
heat transfer coefficient .
Solution

x x+0.1

 L T  T
  e  mx
 b Tb  T
 x Tx  T
  e  mx .......... .......... .......... ......(1)
 b Tb  T
 x Tx  0.1  T
  e  m ( x  0.1)  e  mx .e 0.1m .......... .......... .......... ......( 2)
b Tb  T

Tx  0.1  T
 e  0 .1 m
Tx  T
100  20
 e  0 .1 m
119  20
m  2.131m -1
2h 2h
m  2.131 
kr 0.01 120
h  2.725W/m 2 .o C
Example2: In experiments to calculate thermal conductivity. Two
same pipes in dimensions are used not material. Thermal conductivity
of first pipe (180W/[Link]) .They are fixed in a wall its temperature
(100oC) whenever air temperature (35oC) .Heat transfer coefficient
among them (10W/[Link]) .temperature is measure by thermometer
for both pipes at points from base temperature of first and seconds
(70oC,58oC) .Calculate thermal conductivity of second pipe .
1
Solution
Fir first pipe
 x Tx  T
  e  mx
 b Tb  T
70  35
 e  m1 x
100  35
m1 x  0.619..... .................... .................... ............1
For second pipe
 x Tx  T
  e m2 x
 b Tb  T
58  35
 e  m2 x
100  35
m 2 x  1.04...... .................... .................... ...........2 
‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬
2h
m1 k 1r k2 0.619 k2
   
m2 2h k1 1.04 180
k 2r
k  63.765W/m.o C
[Link] fin will be very long (L  L  )
Example3: In an experiment to estimate the thermal conductivity of
materials , a long sold shaft with diameter (2.5cm) is extended from
an electric furnace .Two thermocouples are used to measure the
temperature of two successive points at the at the shaft .During a test ,
the following results are obtained :–
Outside environment : h=29W/mo.K ,T∞=22oC
Distance between the points =10cm
Reading of the thermocouples=164oC ,86oC
1. Determine the value k for this material.
2. explain how can you ensure, practically that the fin is very
long enough.
Solution

2
θ x Tx  T
  e  mx .......... .......... .......... ......(1)
θ b Tb  T
θ x Tx  0.1  T
  e  m(x  0.1)  e  mx .e  0.1m .......... .......... .......... ......(2)
θb Tb  T

Tx  0.1  T
 e  0.1m
Tx  T
86  22
 e  0 . 1m
164  22
m=8m–1

2h 2 * 29
m 8
kr k  0.0125
k  72.5W/m 2 .o C
[Link] fin will be very long (L  L  )
2.65
mL  2.65  L   0.33
8

3
 Unsteady state conduction
Biot number: Ratio of the internal (conductive) resistance to the external
(convective) resistance from a solid exchanging heat with a fluid.
‫ ھﻮ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻻ ﺑﻌﺪي ﯾﻠﻌﺐ دورا أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮات‬: ‫رﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﯾﻮت‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ وھﻮ ﻗﯿﺎﺳﺎ ﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﺮق درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﯿﻦ‬
.‫اﻟﺴﻄﺢ واﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬
R conduction h.L c
Bi  
R covection k
‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﻮاﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮھﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎت ھﯿﺴﻠﺮ‬-
h.L c
[Link]   0.1
k
dT
2.  0, T  Tmax when x  0
dx
dT h
3.x  L    (TL  T )
dx k

*‫*ﻟﻤﺎذا ﯾﻜﻮن اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل طﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎ ﺑﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻋﺪد ﺑﺎﯾﻮت‬
‫ وﯾﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ درﺟﺔ‬x  axis ‫ ﯾﮭﻤﻞ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻊ‬Bi  0.1 ‫وذﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﮫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
. T  f (t ) ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ أي‬
‫(اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺜﻼث ﻟﻠﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ‬T,x) ‫*ارﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﯿﺎت‬
.‫( ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﻌﺪ‬x=0)‫اﻟﺴﻄﻮح‬

From heat equilibrium

dT
q in  q generation  q o  ρVc :: q in  0.0
dt
dT
q generation  q o  ρVc :: q in  0.0, q o  hA s (Ts  T )
dt
 hA s dT
T t
1 1
hA s Ti q generation  hA s (T  T ) ρVc 0
  dt

q generation  hA s (T  T ) hA s
Ln  t
q generation  hA s (Ti  T ) ρVc

1
 dT
q  hA s (T  T )  ρcV
dt

q generation  hA s (T  T ) hA s
Ln  tq generation  0.0
q generation  hA s (Ti  T ) ρVc

hA s (T  T ) hA s
Ln  t
hA s (Ti  T ) ρVc
hA
(T  T )  st
 e Vc
(Ti  T )

Note about equations of temperature distributed in two dimensions

n
hA s   h i Ai (h1A1  h 2A s2  .......h n A s n )
i 1
ρVCp
τ τ : Thermal time
hA s
Shape Surface area Volume
Spherical 4πr2 4 3
πr
3
Solid cylinder π 2 π 2
πDL  D D L
4 4
Hollow cylinder 

πD in  D o L  D o2  D in2
4
 
π 2
4

D o  D in2 L

πD in  D o L
Long Hollow cylinder
4

π 2

D o  D in2 L
Cone πrL π 2
r h
3
[Link] V
Bi  :: L c  A
k s

2
Important notes

Shape Lc
Spherical ro
3
Long solid Cylinder ro
2
Insulated plate L

h.L c
To use up laws should the Bi   0.1
k
Example1:Welding point in thermostat like a spherical ,heat transfer
coefficient between thermostat and the gas (400W/m2.K) and thermal
conductivity (40J/m.K) and density (8500kg/m3) what is the diameter the
thermostat (welding point ) ,thermal time constant (1sec) . The thermostat
at (20°C) and put gas surrounding at (200°C) .Calculate to reach the
thermostat to (199°C).
Solution
(T  T ) 199  200
t t
 e   e1
(Ti  T ) 25  200
t  5.19 sec
Q5/B/2007second attempt: A piece of Aluminum (m=5.5kg , 
=2707kg/m3, and Cp=0.896kJ/kg.K) initially at a temperature of (290oC)
suddenly immersed in a fluid at (15°C) .The convection heater transfer
coefficient is (58W/m2.K) .Take the aluminum as a sphere. Determine the
thermal time constant and estimate the required to cool the aluminum
to(90°C), using the lumped capacity method of analysis.
Solution
4π 3
m  ρV  5.5  2707( r )
3
r  0.07857m
ρVCp 5.5 * 8960
τ   10952.39se c
hA s 58 * 4π * 0.07857 2

3
T  T 90  15
t t

 eτ   e 10952.39
Tin  T 290  15
t  14230sec
Example2: A metal piece like cylinder its initial temperature (428°C)
when it get out from thermal treatment furnace then its put cooling water
its temperature (38°C) .Heat transfer coefficient between upper surface
and fluid (57W/m2.°C) and (17W/m2.°C) and side (40W/m2.°C) .The
length of cylinder (15cm) and diameter (30cm) .Determine required time
to decrease temperature of cylinder (260°C). Take k=103W/m.°C ,
α=2.58*10–3.
Solution
V π(0.15) 2 * 0.15
L c1  L c2    0.15m
A crosssection π(0.15) 2
k 103
α  ρC  3
 39922m 2 /s
ρC 2.58 *10
hL c1 57 * 0.15
Bi1    0.083  0.1
k 103
hL c2 17 * 0.15
Bi 2    0.024  0.1
k 103
hL c2 40 * 0.15
Bi1    0.058  0.1
k 103
T  T h As  h 1As1  h 1As1
 exp(  1 1 )
Tin  T ρVCp
260  38 π(0.152 )(57  17)  2π * 0.15 * 0.15
 exp( )t
482  38 39922.48 * π(0.152 * 0.15)
t  54.6sec
Example3:A steel pipe its length (10cm) and external and internal
diameter (5cm ,6cm) . It is cooled from (500°C) to (30°C) by container of
water its temperature (10°C) ,(h=1.5kW/m2.°C) when temperature less
than (100°C) and (h=0.5KW/m2.°C) when temperature larger than
(100°C). Consider ρsteel=7800kg/m3, Cp=470J/kg.K , k=54W/m.°C.
Solution
Cooling from (500°C) to (30oC) with (h=0.5KW/m2. °C)
T  T hAs
 exp(  )
(Tin  T ) ρVC
4
  π 
100  10  500[2 (0.06 2
 0.05 2
)  2π 0 .066   0.05) * 0.1] 
 exp  4
π t
500  10  7800 * (0.06  0.05 ) * 0.1 * 470
2 2

 4 
t  16.81sec
Cooling from 500C to 100C
T  T hAs
 exp(  )
(Tin  T ) ρVC
 π 
 1500[2 (0.06 2
 0.05 2
)  2 .066  0.05) * 0.1] 
30  10 4
 exp  
100  10 π
 7800 * (0.06  0.05 ) * 0.1 * 470
2 2

 4 
t  4.5167sec
Total time  t 1  t 2  16.81  4.51
Total time  21.32sec
Example4: What is minimum depth to entomb pipe during the winter to
put the pipe in the earth to prevent the freezing .The temperature of earth
(20°C) suddenly lowering to (–15oC) for (60days).  1.38 *10 7
Solution
T(x, t)  Ts  x 
 erf  
Tintial  Ts 2  t 
0  (15)
 0.429
20  (15)
 x 
erf    0.429
 2  t 
 x 
   erf 1 (0.429)  0.4 From table in Arabic
2  t 
x
0.4 
2 1.38 *107 * 60 * 24 * 3600
x  0.677m
Q2{24/6/2007):A quenching chamber (h=W/[Link],T∞= –15°C) is used
for quenching steel balls (D=0.1m,α=1.172×10–5m2/s,k=43W/m.K).The
balls initially at (400°C) pass through the chamber by transmitted belt so
that 70% of its total thermal energy above –15°C must removed.
5
 1. Calculate the required speed for transmitting belt ( take the length as
5m)
2. Calculate the temperature of the balls at the end of the chamber.
Solution
q t 
%
q stead state
  
t
ρVCpθ in 1  e 
τ

0.7   
ρVCpθ in
ρVCp 43 0.05 1
τ  5
* *  244.6sec
hAs 1.172 * 10 3 250
t

0.7  1  e 244.6

t  294.5sec
distance 5
Vbelt  
time 294.5
Vbelt  0.017m/sec
10/6/2006:A long hollow steel cylinder its external diameter (6cm) and
internal (4cm) .Initial temperature (400°C) floats in a cold fluid its
Temperature (20°C) ,heat transfer on external surface (300W/[Link]) and
internal surface (150W/m2.°C). Calculate the total required to reach
(100oC) and rate of heat transfer. Consider k=54W/m.°C ,Cp=470J/kg.K
,ρ=7800kg/m3.
Solution
V π(0.032  0.02 2 )L π(0.032  0.02 2 )
L c  Lim  Lim  Lim  0.0125m
L As L 2 (0.032  0.02 2 )  π(0.04)L L π(0.04)
V π(0.032  0.02 2 )L π(0.032  0.02 2 )
L c  Lim  Lim  Lim  0.0083
L As L 2 (0.03 2  0.02 2 )  π(0.04)L L  π(0.06)
hL c 150 * 0.0083
Bi1    0.07  0.1
k 54
hL c 300 * 0.0075
Bi1    0.02  0.1
k 54
T  T h As  h 2 As 2
 exp(  1 1 )t 
Tin  T ρVC

6
 100  20 300 * π * 0.06  150 * π * 0.04
 exp( )t
400  20 7800 * π(0.06 2  0.04 2 ) * 470
t  136.84sec
13/6/2004: A long steel sold cylinder its diameter (25mm) in furnace to
(600oC) after it puts in water its temperature (10°C) .The required time to
cylinder arrival to water (5sec) .Find the time to cooled to (200°C) .Heat
transfer in water (800W/m2.K) and air (30W/m.K). k=55W/m.K
,ρ=7833kg/m3 ,C=0.456kJ/kg.K
Solution
r 0.0125
For cylinder L c  o   0.00625m
2 2
h.L c 30 * 0.00625
Bi1    0.0034  0.1
k 55
h.L c 800 * 0.00625
Bi    0.0909  0.1
k 55
For air
T  T h As
 exp(  1 )t
Tin  T ρVC
T  10 30 (0.025)
 exp( ) *5
600  10 7833 * π(0.01252 ) * 465
T  592.276o C
For water
200  10 800 (0.025)
 exp( )t
592.27  10 7833 * π(0.01252 ) * 465
t  31.8682sec
3/11/2007: A titanium alloy from an axial compressor for which
(k=25W/m.K) and (ρ=4500kg/m3) and (Cp=520J/kg.K) is initially at
(60oC) .The characteristic length of the blade is (5mm) and in gas steam at
(600°C). The blade experience a heat transfer coefficient (500W/m2.°C).
Determine the thermal time constant and estimate the temperature of blade
after (1sec) and (5sec).
Solution
ρVCp ρCp V ρCp 4500 * 520
τ     Lc  * 0.005
hAs h As h 500
  23.4sec

7
T  T
t

e τ
Tin  T
T  600
1

when t  1   e 23.4
60  600
T  82.59o C
T  600
5

when t  5   e 23.4
60  600
T  163.89o C
Q1(sheet3): The temperature time history of a pure copper sphere in an air
stream is shown in figure below. Find the heat transfer coefficient between
the sphere and air stream. Take ρ=8933kg/m3, Cp=389J/kg.K,
k=398W/m.k.
T∞=66°C
T(0)=66°C
T(69sec)=55°C
D=12.7mm

Solution
T  66 when t  0
B.C  
T  55 when t  69
T  T
t

e τ
Tin  T
66  27
0

 e τ  e 0 .........................................1
Tin  27
55  27
69

 e τ ..................................................2 
Tin  27
66  27
69
eo 39
 69  eτ
55  27  29
e τ
  208.23sec

8
 3
4π  12.7 *10 3 
8933 *   * 389
ρVCp 3  2 
τ  232.9  2
hAs  12.7 * 10 3 
h * 4π 
 2 
h  35.3W/m .K 2

Q2(sheet3): Gas temperature is measured by thermometer by using

welding point like a spherical its diameter (1mm) the properties of this
point (k=35W/m.K , Cp=320J/kg.K ,ρ=8500kg/m3) ,heat transfer
coefficient between the point and gas (20W/m2.K). Calculate the required
time to get (99%) from initial difference for temperature.
Solution
4
8500 * (0.0005) 3 * 320
 3  2.1587 sec
210 * 4(0.0005) 2
  
t
ρVCpθ in 1  e 
τ

q t 
t
%  0.99     0.99  1  e

2.1587
q stead state ρVCpθ in
t  9.94  10sec
Q3(sheet3): A person is found dead at (5PM) in a room whose
temperature is (20°C). The temperature of the body is measured to be
(25°C) when found, and the heat transfer is estimated to be
(h=8W/m2.°C). Modeling the body as a (30cm) diameter, (1.7m) long
cylinder. Estimate the time of death of that person (Hint: The average
human being body is 72% water by mass, and thus we can assume the
body to have the properties of water at the average temperature
(37+25)=31°C, k=0.617W/m.°C, ρ=996kg/m3, Cp=4178J/kg.K).
Solution
T  37 when t  0
B.C  
T  25 when t  ?
τ
ρVCp


996 * π 0.15 2 * 1.7 * 4178 
 35847.9sec
hAs  
8 * 2π 0.152  2π * 0.15 * 1.7 
T  T
t

e τ
Tin  T
37  20
0

 e τ  e 0 .........................................1
Tin  20
9
25  20
t

 e 35847.9 ..................................................2 
Tin  20
37  20
t
eo 17 43869.7
   e 35847.9  t sec  43869.7sec  hr
25  20 
t
21087.6
5 3600
e
t  12.2hr
Q6(sheet3): A (300K) is initial temperature and (1000W/m) power
dissipation, diameter and properties of heating element is shown in figure
below and air (ύ=32.39×10-6m2/s, k=0.0373W/m.K, Pr=0.686) .
Determine:–
1. Steady–state temperature.
2. Time to come within (10oC) of steady–state temperature.

Tin=300K
K=240W/m.K
Ρ=2700kg/m3
Cp=900J/kg.K Air
D=0.01m V=10m/s
T∞=300K

10
Q1(sheet3): The temperature time history of a pure copper sphere in an air
stream is shown in figure below. Find the heat transfer coefficient between
the sphere and air stream. Take ρ=8933kg/m3, Cp=389J/kg.K,
k=398W/m.k.
T∞=66oC
T(0)=66oC
T(69sec)=55oC
D=12.7mm

Solution
T  66 when t  0
B.C  
T  55 when t  69
T  T
t

e τ
Tin  T
66  27
0

 e τ  e 0 .........................................1
Tin  27
55  27
69

 e τ ..................................................2 
Tin  27
66  27
69
eo 39
 69  eτ
55  27  29
e τ
  208.23sec
3
4π  12.7 *10 3 
8933 *   * 389
ρVCp 3  2 
τ  232.9  2
hAs  12.7 * 10 3 
h * 4π 
 2 
h  35.3W/m2 .K
Q2(sheet3): Gas temperature is measured by thermometer by using
welding point like a spherical its diameter (1mm) the properties of this
point (k=35W/m.K , Cp=320J/kg.K ,ρ=8500kg/m3) ,heat transfer
coefficient between the point and gas (20W/m2.K). Calculate the required
time to get (99%) from initial difference for temperature.
Solution

1
 4
8500 * (0.0005) 3 * 320
 3  2.1587 sec
210 * 4 (0.0005) 2
q t 
%
q stead state
  
t
ρVCpθ in 1  e τ 
0.99   
ρVCpθ in
t

0.99  1  e 2.1587

t  9.94  10sec
Q3(sheet3): A person is found dead at (5PM) in a room whose
temperature is (20oC). The temperature of the body is measured to be
(25oC) when found, and the heat transfer is estimated to be (h=8W/[Link]).
Modeling the body as a (30cm) diameter, (1.7m) long cylinder. Estimate
the time of death of that person (Hint: The average human being body is
72% water by mass, and thus we can assume the body to have the
properties of water at the average temperature (37+25)=31oC,
k=0.617W/[Link], ρ=996kg/m3, Cp=4178J/kg.K).
Solution
T  37 when t  0
B.C  
T  25 when t  ?
τ
ρVCp


996 * π 0.15 2 * 1.7 * 4178 
 35847.9sec
hAs   
8 * 2π 0.152  2π * 0.15 * 1.7 
T  T
t

e τ
Tin  T
37  20
0

 e τ  e 0 .........................................1
Tin  20
25  20
t

 e 35847.9 ..................................................2 
Tin  20
37  20
t
eo 17 43869.7
   e 35847.9  t sec  43869.7sec  hr
25  20 
t
21087.6
5 3600
e
t  12.2hr

2
Q4(sheet): Stainless steel ball bearings (ρ=8085kg/m3, k=15.1W/[Link],
Cp=0.480kJ/kg.K and α=3.91×10-6m2/sec) having a diameter of a
(1.2cm) are to be quenched in water. The balls leave the oven at a uniform
temperature of (900oC) and are exposed to air at (30oC) for a while before
they are dropped into the water. If the temperature of the balls is not fall
below (850oC) prior to quenching and the heat transfer coefficient in the
air is (125W/[Link]). Determine how long they can stand in the air before
being dropped into the water.
Solution
ρVCp 8085 * 0.006 * 480
τ   62sec
hAs 125 * 3
T  T
t

e τ
Tin  T
850  30
t

 e 62
900  30
t  3.7sec

3
 Free Heat Convection
q c  hA(Ts  T )
q 'c'  h (Ts  T )
q' ': Heat Flux Convection (W/m 2 ).
h  Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m 2 .C).
h x : Location Heat Transfer Coefficient (W/m 2 .C)

Factors active heat transfer coefficient

1. Type of flow (laminar ,turbulent).
2. Figure of body (plate, pipe, spherical).
3. Location of flow (outer, inner).
.‫ ﯾﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﻮق ﻟﻮح ﻣﺴﺘﻮي‬:‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬
‫وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن‬

ϲ ѧϓ
ϥΎѧϳήΠϠ
ϟ
ϞѧѧϗΎϨϟ΍
ς ϴѧΤϤϟ΍
ϭϲ ѧο ήόϟ΍
ϊ ѧτ ϘϤϟ΍
ΔΣΎ
ѧδϣϦϴѧΑ
ΔΒѧδϨϟ΍Ϯѧ
ѧϫ
ϲ ϜϴϟϭέΪѧѧϴϬϟ΍
ήѧѧτ Ϙϟ΍
ϑ ήϋ
.‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ذات اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي‬
4A crosssection
Dh  for non circular section
P
D h  D external  D in for pipe inside pipe(united centroid)


ϝΎѧϘΘϧ΍
ϲ ѧϓ
ϪѧΘϴϤϫ΃
ϭ Δѧϳέ΍
ήΤϟ΍ 
ΔϳέΎѧθΘϧϻ΍ϭΔѧΟϭΰϠϟ΍
ΓϮѧϗϦϴѧΑΔΒѧδϨϟ΍
ϮѧϫPranle number  ϑ ήѧϋ

ϡΪΨΘѧδϳ Ϛϟάϛϭ Ε Ϯϳΰϟ΍ 
ϡ΍ΪΨΘγ΍
ΪϨϋ ϞΜϣΓήϴΒϛ
ϪΘϤϴϗΖ ϧΎϛ΍Ϋ·Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ 
ϝΎϘΘϧ΍
ϞϣΎ
όϣΪϳΰϳ
Ϫϧ΍
Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍

1.026 Pr 1 / 3 ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ واﻟﮭﯿﺪرودﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
 th

1
prove that Nu x  2Nu x for laminar flow

to get Nu x  2 Nu x should be h x  2hx

4.64 x
From that   prove that Nu x  0.332 Re 0x.5 Pr 1 / 3
Re x

T  3 1 3 y2 
kf k  .  . 3  (Ts  T)
yy 0  2  t 2  t  y 0 3k 
hx    ::  1.026 Pr1/ 3
(Ts  T) (Ts  T) 2 t  t
3k 
hx  ::  t 
2 t 1.026 Pr 1 / 3
3k Pr 1 / 3
hx   1. 5k
 4.64 x
2
1.026 Pr 1 / 3 Re x
k
h x  0.332 Re 0x.5 Pr 1 / 3
x
x x x
1 1 k 0.5 1/3 k 1/3 Re 0.5
h x   h x dx   0.332 Re x Pr dx  0.332 Pr  x dx
x0 x0 x x 0
x
0.5
 ux 
x   0.5
u 
x
0.332kPr1/3  ν  0.332kPr1/3 x 0.5
hx 
x 0 x dx    
 ν  x 0 x dx
u 
0.5 x
0.332kPr1/3 0.5  u 
0.5
0.332kPr1/3  x 0.5 x

hx    
 ν 
0 x dx  
 ν 
 
 0.5

0
x x

0.5 0.5
u  0.332kPr1/3 0.5  u  x  0.332kPr1/3
hx     x  
 ν  x  ν  0.5x
h x 0.664(k/x)Re 0.5
x Pr
1/3
h x  0.664Re Pr 0.5
x
1/3
  2
h x 0.332(k/x)Re 0.5
x Pr 1/3

h x 
 2h x *
x
k
h .x h .x
 x 2 x
k k

2
 Nu  2Nu

1. Laminar flow ‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬.

Re x:critical  5  10 5
[Link] . X
Nu   0.664 Re 0x..5critical Pr1/ 3
k
2. turblent flow ‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮب‬.
Re x:critical  5  105
[Link] . X
Nu   (0.037 Re 0L.5  871) Pr1/ 3
k
Equation of thermal abutting layer

T

dT
q x'' Ts gradian 
dx
T
 kf  hx (Ts  T )
y y 0

T
 kf
y y 0
hx 
(Ts  T )
 T T   2T
C  u V   k 2
 x  y  y
Differential equation of thermal abutting layer

3
 d  H    T
dx  0
(T   T )udy
 y y 0
Integral equation of thermal abutting layer

Let the relation between (y,T) is Polynomials

T  A  By  Cy 2  Dy 3
Boundary conditions
T  Ts when y  0
T  T when y  t
T
 0 when y  t
y
T
 0 when y0
y
From y=0
A=Ts
T
 B  2Cy  3Dy 2 .....................(1)
y
 2T  2T
 2C  6 Dy :: 2 0
y 2 y y 0

0  2C  6 D(0)
C  0.0
T
 B  3Dy 2 .
y
0  B  3D ( t ) 2

B  3D( t ) 2
  T  Ts
  T  T

3
 3 y 1 y 
 .   
 2 t 2  t 

4
 4.64 x
From that   prove that Nu x  0.332 Re 0x.5 Pr 1 / 3
Re x

T  3 1 3 y2 
kf k  .  . 3  (Ts  T)
y y 0  2  t 2  t  y 0 3k 
hx    ::  1.026 Pr1/ 3
(Ts  T) (Ts  T) 2 t  t
3k 
hx  ::  t 
2 t 1.026 Pr 1 / 3
3k Pr 1 / 3
hx   1. 5k
 4.64 x
2
1.026 Pr 1 / 3 Re x
k
h x  0.332 Re 0x.5 Pr 1 / 3
x
Mass flow rate over the plates
o5
prove that m  ρu  Δδ
8
o  
 3 y 1 y3   3 y2 1 y4 
m   udy     .  . 3 u  dy    .  . 3 u 
0 0
2  2    2*2  2*4  
o
3 1  6 1 4
m  u         u    u  
4 8  8 8

In experiment for a plate the relation of Nusult Nu x  0.04 Re x Pr .Derive

0.9 1/ 3

the hL and hL .
h .x
Nu x  0.04 Re 0x.9 Pr 1/ 3  x
k
k  u   u 
hx  0.04    x 0.9 Pr 1 / 3  0.04k    x 0.1 Pr 1 / 3
x     
0 .9 0 .9
 u   u 
L L L
1 1 1
hL   hx dx   0.04k    x 0.1 Pr 1 / 3 dx  0.04 k    Pr   x 0.1dx
1/ 3

L0 L0       L0
0. 9 L 0 .9
 u   u 
L
1 1 x 0 .9 1 L0.9
hL   0.04 k    Pr  
1/ 3
 0.04 k    Pr  
1/ 3

L0    L 0.9 0    L 0 .9
5
 1  
0. 9
k  u L  
hL  0.04    Pr 1/ 3

0.9  L   

Derive relation for average heat transfer coefficient over a plate .the flow is
0.0592
turbulent C fx 
Re 0.2
x

Solution
C fx  2St x Pr 1 / 3 ………………………(1)
hx
St x  ……………………………(2)
u  Cp
1 1  0.0592   2 / 3
hx  C fx Pr  2 / 3 CPu     Pr CPu 
2 2  Re 0.2 
0.0592 0.2 2 / 3 0.0592 0.2  2 / 3
 Re x Pr CPu   Re x Pr CPu 
2 2
0.2
 u x  1
L
 0.0296   Pr 2 / 3
Cpu = hL   hx dx 
   L0
0.2 0.2 0.2
   L  u   u x 
 0.0296 Pr 2 / 3
Cpu        dx

   0
u x     
  u x  
0.8

   
1   2 / 3Cp 2 / 3 k  0.2u0.2    
 0.0296 Cp   u
L  k 2 / 3
k  0.2 0.8 
 
 
 0.8 L 
1   Cp   u  u x 
1/ 3 1/ 3 0.8 0.8
 0.037    
L  k
1/ 3
 
0.8
   0
 
0.037
hL  k Pr 1 / 3 Re 0L.8
L

Thickness of boundary layer in convection in vertical is given by

T - T y
  cx1/2 and distirbution of temperature  (1  ) 2 . Find
Ts - T 
relation of heat transfer cofficient .
Solution
6
   y  y  
2 2
  y
0 1   Ts  T   1 2    Ts  T 
y  δ  y  δ  δ  
y 0

 2 2y   2Ts  T 
    2  Ts  T  
 δ δ  y 0 δ
q conduction  q convection
T
k  h x Ts  T 
y y 0

 2Ts  T 
k*  h x Ts  T 
δ
2k Ts  T 
hx 
δTs  T 

7
8
Example1: a plate its length (0.3m) and width (0.6m) and its temperature
(150°C). An air flows over this plate its temperature (40°C). Rate of heat
transfer to air (1200W) .Calculate the velocity of air.
Pr (kg/m3) (N.s/m2) Cp(J/kg.K) K(W/m.K)
0.7 0.95039 2.82×10–7 1.0089×103 0.003
Solution
150  40
T  95C
2
1200  h L 0.3  0.6150  40
q  h L A(Ts  T ) replacing

h L  60.6W/m 2 .o C
First trail:: Let, The flow is laminar
h .L 60.6  0.3
Nu L  L  0.664Re 0.5 L Pr 1/3
  0.664  Re 0.5
L (0.7)
1/3

k 0.03
Re L  10.56 105  5 105
The flow is not laminar
Second trail: The flow is combined
h .L 60.6  0.3
Nu L  L  (0.037Re 0.5L  871)Pr
1/3
  (0.037Re 0.8
L  871)(0.7)
1/3

k 0.03

Re L  6 105  5 105
The flow is turbulent
ρu L 0.95039  0.3u 
Re    6  10 5 
μ 2.82  10 7
u   0.593m/s
Example2: Air flows on a plate its length (1m) and its width (0.4m). The
air flows on longitude of plate that temperature of plate (120°C) and air
temperature (34°C)and air velocity (20m/s) .Calculate the following :–
(1) Rate heat transfer from plate.
(2) Rate heat transfer in the laminar part.
(3) If the flow on widen side, Calculate the change in heat transfer.
Pr  Cp K
0.697 20.36×10–6 1005 0.003

1
Solution
ρU  L 20  01
Re L0.3   6
 9.823  10 5
μ 20.36  10
The flow is combined
h .L
Nu L  L  (0.037Re 0.5 L  871)Pr
1/3

k
0.03
hL  (0.037(9.8 23  10 5 ) 0.8  871)(0.697 )1/3  38.68W/m 2 .C
1
q  h L A(Ts  T )  38.68  (1  0.4)  (120  34)  1330.3W
q total  q laminar  q turbulent
qlaminar  h laminar (x critical w)(Ts  T )
20x critical
Re critical  5  10 5  5  10 5 
20.36  10 6
x critical  0.51m

h laminar 
0.03
0.51
 
0.664  (5  10 5 ) 0.5  (0.697)1/3  24.54W/m 2 .C

q laminar  24.54  (0.51  0.4)  (120  34)  430.53W

q total  q laminar  q turbulent
1330.6  430.52  q turbulent
q turbulent  900W
For widen side

ρU  w 20  0.4
Re w 0.4   6
 3.93  10 5
μ 20.36  10
The flow is laminar
k 0.03
h w  0.664Re 1/2 Pr 1/3  (93.3  10 5 ) 0.5  (0.697)1/3
w 0.4

h w  27.7W/m 2 .C
q total  h w AΔT   q total  27.7  0.4  1(120  34)  952.88W
Δq  q total longitude,side  q total widen,side
 1330.6  952.88

2
 Δq  377.72W
Example3: Air its temperature (37°C) and (1bar) flows over a plate its
length (1m) and with (0.5m) and air velocity (15m/s) and plate
temperature (117°C) .Calculate the percentage of heat transfer in last third
parts µ=208*10–7N.s/m2.
Solution
P 101.325  10 3
ρ   1.00kg/m 3
R Tf  37  117  
287     273
 2  
ρu L 1 15  1
Re L    7
 7.27  10 5
μ 208  10
μCp 208  10 7  1064
Pr    0.738
k 0.03
h L  0.037Re L0.8  850   (7.27  10 5 ) 0.8  850   26W/m 2 .C
k 0.03
L 1
q total  h L A(Ts  T )  26  1  0.5   117  37   1040W
2 2 2
At x  L  1 
3 3 3
2
1 15 
ρu x 3  4.85  10 5
Re L   
μ 208  10 7
Then, the flow is laminar
k 0.03
hL   0.664Re0.5
x Pr
1/3
  0.664  (4.85 105 ) 0.5  (0.738)1/3  18.8W/m2 .C
L (2/3)
2
q 2 h 2 A(Ts  T )  18.8  (  0.5)(117  37)  501.33W
x x 3
3 3

q third part  q total  q 2  1040  501.33  538.67W

x
3
q third part 538.67
heat transfer ratio   * 100%  51.8%
q total 1040
heat transfer ratio  51.8%

3
Example4: A plate its temperature (120ºC) ,air flows over the plate its
temperature (30ºC) . If laminar rate of heat transfer equals to turbulent
.Length of laminar part (0.5m) .Calculate rate of heat transfer so length of
plate .
ρ  0.995kg/m 3 , k  0.03W/m.K, Cp  1009J/kg.K, μ  577  10 6 Νsm 2 
Solution
ρu  x criticaL ρu
Re   5  10 5   .......... .......... .(1)
μ μ
 q total  q Laminar  q turubelent
 q Laminar  q turubelen
 q total  2q Laminar
The flow is combined
k 0.03
h laminar  0.664Re 0.5
x Pr
1/3
 0.664(5 *10 5 ) 0.5 Pr 1/3
x crit 0.5
h la min ar  939.037kPr1/3
k
h combined  L  871)Pr
(0.037Re 0.8 1/3

L
q total  q combined  2q Laminar
h combined A total ΔT  h Laminar A crit ΔT]  ΔT
k
(0.037Re0.8 L  871)Pr * (L.w)  1878Pr1/3 * (1* w)]  wPr 1/3
1/3

L
778223
Re  778223  L 
5 *10 5
778223
L  1.55m
5 *10 5
Example5: Air its temperature (27°C) and (1bar) flows on a plate with
velocity (2m/s) Calculate the boundary layer thickness at distance
(20cm,40cm) from left side so Calculate heat transfer rate mass flow rate
which inters between (x=20cm,x=40cm). Consider (=1.98×10–6N.s/m2).
K Cp  Pr
0.02749 1060 17.36×10–5 0.7
Solution
4.46 x
x 
Re x
μ 1.78  10 5
ρ   1.14kg/m 3

υ 17.36  10 6

4
 1.14  2  0.2
Re x 0.2  5
 0.23  105
1.98  10
1.14  2  0.4
Re x 4  5
 0.46  105
1.98  10
4.46x 4.46  0.2
δ x 0.2    0.00612m
Re x 0.23  10 5
4.46x 4.46  0.0.4
δ x 0.4    0.00865m
Re x 0.46  10 5
o 5 5
Mass flow rate  m  ρu  (δ 2  δ1 )   1.14  2(0.00685  0.00612)
8 8
Mass flow rate  3.6  10 3 kg/m 3
Example6: Air at (350oC) and standard atmospheric pressure(=20*10–6
m2/s) flows along a smooth plate at (12m/s) .For laminar flow ,at what
length from the leading edge does the boundary layer thickness reach to
(0.5cm)?
Solution
4.46 x 4.46 x
x   0.5 *10  2 
Re x Re x
Re x  861184x 2 ................................(1)
u x 12 * x
Re L     578034.68x .................... .........(2)
ν 20.76  10 6
578034.68
From 1 and 2  x   0.67cm
861184
x  0.67cm
Example7: Air flows over a plate its length (1m) and its width (0.4m) ,air
temperature (34°C) and plate temperature (120°C) air velocity (10m/s).
The air moves longitude ,Calculate rate of heat transfer, If the air moves
widen, So Calculate the change of rate of heat transfer . for longitude so
find rate of heat transfer in last half of parts. Take k=0.03W/m.°C,
μ=2.075×10–5N.s/m2, Cp=1009J/kg.K
Solution
P 101325
ρ   1.0087kg/m 3
RTf   120  34 
287  273   
  2 

5
 μCp 2.075  10 5  1009
Pr    0.697
k 0.03
ρu L 1.0087  10  1
Re L    5
 4.86  105
μ 2.075  10
The flow is considered laminar.
k
h L   0.664Re L0.5 Pr 1l3 
L
0.03
1
 
 0.664  4.86  10 5  0.697 1l3

h L  12.325W/m2 .C
q L  h L AΔT   12.325  0.4  1120  34   424W
Second case widen flow
ρu  w 1.0087  10  0.4
Re w   5
 1.944  105
μ 2.075  10
The flow is considered laminar.
k
h L   0.664Re 0.5
L
L Pr
1l3

0.03
1
 
 0.664  1.944  10 5  0.6971l3

h L  19.48W/m 2 .o C

q L  h L A ΔT  19.48  (0.4  1)(120  34)  670.112W

Δq  q widen  q Longitude  670.112  424  246.112W
Third case in the half of the Plate(x=0.5)
ρu  x 1.0087  10  0.5
Re x 0.5   5
 2.43  105
μ 2.075  10

h L/2 
k
L/2
 0.664Re L0.5 Pr 1l3 
0.03
0.5
 
 0.664  2.43  10 5  0.6971l3

h L/2  17.43W/m 2 .o C

q L/2  h L /2 A ΔT  17.43  (0.5  1)(120  34)  300W

q Last half  q total  q first half  670.112  300  124.2W
Example8: Water its temperature (10ºC) flows a longitude toward with
velocity (2m/s) over a plate its length (2m) and its width (0.8m) and its
temperature (90ºC) and critical Relonds (5×105).Calculate rate of heat
transfer the laminar part, for the same first rate of heat transfer If the flow
becomes widen. Calculate new velocity of air.
6
Take: ρ=988kg/m3 , =547×10–6 , k=0.644, Pr=3.55
Solution
ρu  x critical 988  2  x critical
Re x:critical   6
 5  105
μ 547  10
x critical  0.1384m

h x Laminar 
k
x Laminar
 0.664Re L0.5 Pr 1/3 
0.644
0.1384
 
 0.664  5  10 5  3.551/3

h x critcal  3333.136 W/m 2 .C

q Laminar  h x criticalA ΔT  3333.136  (0.1384  0.8)(90  10)

q Laminar  329523W
ρu  L 988  2  2
Re L    7.225  10 5

μ 547  106
k
hL  L  871)Pr
(0.037Re 0.8 1/3

L
0.644
hL  (0.037(7.225  10 5 ) 0.8  871)(3.55)1/3
2
h L  5161.7W/m 2 .C

q total  h L AΔT
q total  5161.7  0.8  2  90  10  660700W
q turbelent  q total  q laminar
q turbelent  66700  29523  631200W
Second case
h w  h L  5161.7W/m 2 .o C
u w 988  0.8u
Re w    1.445u  105
 547  10 6

k
hw  (0.037 Re 0L.8  871) Pr 1 / 3
w
let the flow is combined
0.644
5161.7  (0.037 (1.445u  10 5 ) 0.8  871)(3.55)1 / 3
2
7
 u   0.797m/s
Re w  1.445  0.797  10 6  4.08935  10 6
Example9: Air its temperature (20°C) and pressure (1bar) flows with the
velocity (3.5m/s) over a plate its length (75cm) and its temperature
(60°C). Calculate the heat transfer from the plate. Take
Pr k  Cp
0.7 0.02723 2×10–7 1007
Solution
Ts  T 60  20
Tf    40C
2 2
P 101325
ρ   1.128kg/m3
RTf 287  (287  40)
u L 1.128  35  0.75
Re L    1.475  106
 2  10 7

k
hL  (0.037 Re 0L.8  871) Pr 1/ 3
L
0.02723
hL  (0.037(1.475  106 )0.8  871)(0.7)1 / 3
0.75
h L  75.3W/m2 .C

q total  h L AΔT
q total  75.3  0.75  1  60  20  2259W
q total  2259W
Example10: Air its temperature (20ºC) and pressure (20kPa) flows with
the velocity (30m/s) over a plate its temperature (65ºC). Calculate the heat
transfer coefficient at the distance (30cm) from the plate left end, So
Calculate the heat transfer .Consider width of a plate (1m) .Take
Pr K 
0.78 0.02574 181.1×10–7
Solution
Ts  T 65  20
Tf    42.5C
2 2

8
 P 20000
ρ   0.221kg/m3
RTf 287  (287  42.5)
ρu  x 0.221 30  0.3
Re x    1.09  10 5

μ 181.1 107
First case
hx 
k
x
 0.332Re L0.5 Pr 1l3 
0.02574
0.3
 
 0.332  1.09  10 5  0.781l3

h x  8.69W/m2 .C
Second case
hx 
k
x
 0.664Re L0.5 Pr 1l3 
0.02574
0.3
 
 0.664  1.09  10 5  0.781l3

h x  17.38W/m2 .C

q total  h L AΔT
q total  17.38  0.75  1 60  20  234.6W
Example11: Air its temperature (2ºC) flows with the velocity (30m/s)
over a plate its length (1.5m) and its width (1m) and its temperature
(52ºC). Heat transfer in the first third part (544W) from the plate left
end, Calculate the location heat transfer in the middle of plate .So
Calculate heat transfer on the long plate .Take
Cp K 
1007 0.0263 15.8×10–6
Solution
1 1
x L   1.5  0.5m
3 3
q total  h L AΔT
544  h x  (1  0.5)  (52  2)
h1/3  21W/m2 .C
μCp 184.6  10 6  1007
Pr    0.7876
k 0.0236
hx 
k
x
 0.332Re 0.5
L Pr
1l3

0.0263
0.5
 Re 0.5  
L  1.09  10  0.7876
5 1l3

Re 1  4.84  10 5  5  10 5
x L
3

9
 u   0.5
4.84  105 
15.88  10 6
u   15.54m/s
The flow is laminar
Second case
u L 15.54  0.75
Re    6
 7.34  105  5  105
υ 15.88  10
k
h x  0.0296 Re 0.8
x
L Pr 1l3
 0.0296 
0.0263
0.75

 7.34  10 5 
0.8
 0.78761l3

h x  47.4W/m 2 .C
3)Rate of total heat transfer
u L 15.54  1.5
Re    6
 14.678  105  5  105
υ 15.88  10
The flow is turbulent
k
h L  (0.037Re L0.8  871)Pr 1/3 
L
0.0263
1.5
 
0.037(14.6 78  10 5 ) 0.8  871  865.26

h L  865.26W/m2 .C
qtotal  hL AT
q total  865.26  (1.5 1)(52  2)  64894.5W
Example12:A thin plate its length (1m) separates between cold air and hot
air the is longitudinal .Calculate the heat flux in midway of the plate and
total heat transfer consider the width (0.6m). Take
ρ (new) K Cp u T  
–5
Cold air 0.871 2.3*10 0.034 1024 50 140
Hot air 0.9956 2.1*10–5 0.05 1010 10 30
Solution
q' '  UΔT 
1
U
1 1

h cold air h hot air
μCp 2.3  10 5
Pr    0.6927
k 0.034
For cold air
10
 ρu  X 0.871  50  0.5
Re cold,air   5
 9.46739  10 5  5  10 5
μ 2.3  10
The flow is turbulent
k 0.034
h x 0.5m   0.0296Re 0.8
x Pr
1/3
  0.0296  (9.46739  10 5 ) 0.8  0.69271/3
x 0.5
h x 0.5m  107.5556W/m 2 .C
For hot air
ρu  X 0.9956  10  0.5
Re hot,air   5
 2.37  10 5  5  10 5
μ 2.1  10
The flow is laminar
k 0.034
h x 0.5m   0.332Re 0.5
x Pr 1/3
  0.332  (2.37  10 5 ) 0.5  0.69271/3
x 0.5
h x 0.5m  9.7365W/m 2 .C
1
U  8.92W/m 2 .C
1 1

107.2 9.73
q' '  8.92  (140  30)  981.8W/m2
3) heat for along of the plate
ρu  L 0.9956  10  1
Re L:hotair   5
 4.74  10 5  5  10 5
μ 2.1  10
0.05
hL   0.664  (4.74  10 5 ) 0.5 (0.424)1/3  17.1718W/m 2 .C
1
ρu L 0.871  50  1
Re L:hot air    5
 18.93  10 5  5  10 5
μ 2.3  10
0.034
hL   0.0296  (18.934  105 )0.8 (0.6927)1/3  77W/m 2 .o C
1
1
U  13.9W/m 2 .C
1 1

77 17.171
q  UA ΔT  13.9 * 0.6 * 1 * 110  919W
Example13:A ceiling of car like a plate its length (2m) and its width
(1.7m) temperature of external (28°C) and air temperature (92°C) rate of
heat transfer from air to inside car(2176W/m2.°C). Calculate the car speed.
Solution
ρ  Cp K
11
 1.142 16.5×10–6 1005 0.0272
Solution
q  h L AT  2176  h L  (1.7  2)(92  28)  h L  10W/m2 .o C
μCp 16.15  10 6  1005
Pr    0.5967
k 0.0272
Let the flow is laminar
k 0.5 1/3 0.0272
h L  0.664 Re Pr  10  0.664   Re 0.5  0.59671/3
L 2
Re L  17.3  10 5  5  10 5
The letting is incorrect
Let the flow is combined
Re L  6.947 105  5 105
ρu L 2u 
ReL    694708.9 
μ 16.15  10 5
u   5.6m/s
Example14: Air its temperature (35°C) and its (7kPa) flows over a plate
its dimension and its velocity (7.5m/s). The temperature of the plate
(60ºC). Calculate the heat transfer .Take µ=2.029×10–5N.s/m2,
k=0.028W/m.°C, Pr=0.7
Solution
35  65
Tf   50  323K
2
P 7000
ρ   0.0755kg/m 3
R Tf 287  323
ρu  L 0.0755  0.3  7.5
Re L    8372.55
μ 2.021  10 5
The flow is laminar
k 0.5 1/3 0.028
h L  0.664 Re Pr  0.664   8372.55 0.5  0.71/3  5.035W/m 2 .C
L 0.3
q  5.053  0.3  0.365  35
q  13.59W
Example15:A plate its length (1m) and with (3m) ,air flows over it its
temperature (27°C) and velocity (2m/s). Calculate the Drag force on the
plate, so Calculate the air when in with side
12
Solution
ρU  L 2  1.1614  1
Re L1   7
 1.26  10 5
μ 184.6  10
Drag force  τ w  Area  τ w  2τ x
1
τ x  C f ρu 2 For
laminar
 only x  0.332 Re x 0.5 ρu 2
2
τ x  0.332  (1.26  10 5 ) 0.5  4.34  10 3 N/m 2
Drag force  τ w  Area  4.34  10 3  (3  1)  1.305  10 2 N

ρU  L 2  1.1614  3
Re L1   7
 3.775  10 5
μ 184.6  10
Drag force   w  Area   w  2 x
τ x  0.332Re x0.5ρu 2  τ x  0.332  (1.26  10 5 ) 0.5  2.51  10 3 N/m 2
τ x  2  2.51  10 3  5.02  10 3 N/m 2
Drag force  τ w * Area  5.02  10 3  (3  1)  15.06  10 2 N
Example16:The weight of thin plate (50×50cm2) is (2kg) ,if a fan is
turned on and air at (25°C) flows down ward and over both surfaces of the
plate with free stream. Velocity of (10cm) .then determine the new weight
of the plate.
(ρ=1.177kg/m3, Cp=1.005kJ/[Link], k=[Link], =1.57*10–5m2/s ,
Pr=0.721)
Solution
U L 10  1  0.5
Re L0.5     318471.33
ν 1.57  10 5
τ x  0.664  (318471.33 ) 0.5 * 1.177  10 2  0.13848N/m 2
Drag force  τ w  Area
FD  0.13848  (0.5  0.5)  0.03462N
Wnew  Wo  2FD
Wnew  2 * 9.81  2 * 0.03462  19.68924N
m  2.0071kg

13
Example17:Garson its temperature (30°C) flows over a square plate
(30cm×30cm). Drag force actives on this plate (8.4N) on side plat.
Calculate heat transfer coefficient for this flow, Consider:–
Pr ρ  Cp K
5664 1258.1 66.49×10–2 2995.9 0.286
Solution
ρU  L 1258.1  1.5  0.3
Re L0.3    851.471
μ 66.49  10 2
Drag Force  τ w  Area  8.4  τ w  (0.3) 2
8.4  τ w  49.445N/m 2
τ w 98.89 1
τw    49.445N/m 2  τ w  C fx ρu 2
2 2 2
1
49.445   C fx 1258.1  1.5 2  C fx  0.035
2
0.035  56642/3
Cfx  2St x Pr 2/3
 St x   5.507 105
2
hx
St x 
ρCpu 
h x  5.507  105  1258.1 2445.9  1.5  254.2 W/m2 .o C
Example18:Discuss the conditions which the longitudinal flow equals to
widen flow over the plate (2L*L). Consider (the critical Renolds =5*105)
Solution
Let the longitudinal flow is laminar
k
hL  0.664 Re 0L.5 Pr 1 / 3
L
Let the widen flow is turbulent
k
hL  2L  871)Pr
(0.037Re 0.8 1/3

2L
Re2L  2ReL
q Long  q widen
hL AT  hw AT
k k
(0.037 Re 02.L8  871) Pr 1/ 3  0.664 Re 0L.5 Pr 1 / 3
2L L
14
 k k 1/ 3   k 1/ 3 
 2 L ( 0 . 037 ( 2 Re L ) 0 .8
 871 ) Pr 1/ 3
 0 . 664 Re 0 .5
L Pr 
  L Pr 
L
1 0.5 
 2 ( 0 .037 ( 2 Re L ) 0.8
 871 )  0 .664 Re L 

 0.0322(Re L )  871)  0.664 Re L
0 .8

0 .5

(Re L ) 0.8  20.61 Re 0L.5  27041  0

by Newton–Raphson
Re L  614049.5
The letting is false
Let the longitudinal flow is combined
k
hL  (0.037 Re 0L.8  871) Pr 1/ 3
L
Let the widen flow is laminar
k
hL  0.664 Re 02.L5 Pr 1/ 3
2L

Re 2 L  2 Re L
q Long  q widen
hL AT  hw AT
k
(0.037 Re 0L.8  871) Pr 1/ 3  0 . 664
k Re 02 .L5 Pr 1 / 3
L 2L
k k 1/ 3   k 1/ 3 
 L ( 0 . 037 ( 2 Re L ) 0 .8
 871) Pr 1/ 3
 0 . 664 Re 0 .5
L Pr 
  L Pr 
2L
(0.037 Re 0L.8  871)  0.332 Re 0L.5 
(Re ) 0.8  9 Re 0L.5  23540  0
L 
by Newton–Raphson
Re L  379859
The letting is true
Example19:A copper ball (D=16mm,Cp=387J/kg.K ,r=8933kg/m3,
k=399W/m.K) is removed from oven at an uniform temperature (75oC)
then the ball is subjected to the flow air [T  =23oC,u 

15
=10m/s,µ=181.6×10–7, µs=197.8×107N.s/m2 ,q=15.36m2/s
,k=0.0268W/m.k , Pr=0.709] Determine the average heat transfer
coefficient and the time required to cool the transfer coefficient and the
time required to cool the ball to (45oC).
Solution
u  D 10 * 0.016
Re    10416.66
 15.36 *10 6
The flow is laminar
 2
 
Nu D  2  0.4 Re D  0.06 Re D3  Pr 0.4  
0 .5

   s 
 
1.4
181.6 *10 7 
Nu D  2  0.410416.66  0.0610416.66  73
0.5 2/3
 6 
15.36 *10 
73 * 0.0268
hD   122.3
0.016
hA s
(T  T )  t
e ρVc

(Ti  T )
45  23
122.3*3
 t
 e 8933*0.008*387
75  23
t  68.84sec

16
 Internal Flow
ρu m D
Re D 
μ
u m : Average velocity
Re D  2300 For circular and non - circular

u   r 2 
 2 1    
um o   ro  
u o : max velocity

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺗﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ؟‬:‫ﻋﻠﻞ‬

‫ﻟﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺧﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ إﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد اﺿﻄﺮاب أو اﻧﺪﻣﺎج ﺑﯿﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬

ϲ ѧϓϲ ϗΎ
ѧΒτϟ΍ϭ Ώήτѧѧπ Ϥϟ΍ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ 
ϦѧѧϣϞѧѧϛϲ ѧϓ
ϞϴϜѧθΘϟ΍
ϡΎ
ѧΗϥΎ
ѧϳήΠϟ΍ϲ ѧϓ
Ϣѧϗέ Reήϴ Λ΄ѧѧΗ
Ϯѧѧϫ
Ύϣϝ΍Άѧγ
.‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
‫– ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻋﺪد ﻟﯿﺲ ﻟﮫ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬1

ΔѧΟέΩϞѧ ѧΜ
ϤϳϪѧϧϷΓέ΍ήѧ
ѧΤϟ΍ϝΎѧϘΘϧ΍
ϞѧѧϣΎόϣ
ϰѧ ѧϠϋήΛΆѧϳ ReΩΪѧ
ѧϋϥΈѧϓ
Ώήτ ѧπ Ϥϟ΍ 
ϥΎѧϳήΠϟ΍ ϲ ѧϓ–2

ΕΎ ѧΌϳΰΟ ρϼ ΘѧΧ΍
ΐ ΒѧδΑΓέ΍ήѧΤϟ΍ 
ϝΎѧϘΘϧ΍
ϞѧϣΎ όϣΩ΍Ωΰѧϳ
Ώ΍ήτ ѧο ϻ΍ΪϳΰϳΎϤϠ
ϛϭ ϊ΋Ύ
ϤϠ ϟ
Ώ΍ ήτ ο ϻ΍
Nu D  0.023Re0.8 n
D Pr ‫اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻻﺿﻄﺮاب‬

Laminar Flow Inside Pipes

(1) Heating when heat flux is constant
h D .D
Nu   4.364
k
(2) Heating when temperature is constant
h D .D
Nu   3.66
k
Tin  Texit
q  hA(Ts  Tb ) By
using
 Tb
 Tb 
2
q  hAΔTLmtd 
Texit  Tin
ΔTLmtd 
 Ts  Tin 
Ln  
 Ts  T exit 

1
 Texit  Tin
q  hAΔTLmtd   hA
 Ts  Tin 
Ln  
 Ts  Texit 

Power Supplied For Moving Fluid

o
power  V ΔP
L ρu 2
Δp  f
D 2
L u 2o
 power  m f
D 2
Internal flow in ringer hollow
π
4 * (D o2  D in2 )
4A crosssection 4 (D  D in )(D in  D o )
Dh    o  (D o  D in )
Ptotal π(D in  D o ) (D in  D o )
Final/6/2008: Hot oil is to be cooled in a double tube counter flow heat
exchanger .The copper tube has a diameter (2cm) and negligible thickness .The
inner diameter of the outer tube (the shell) is (3cm) .Water flows through the
tube at a rate of (0.5kg/s) and the oil through the shell at a rate of (0.8kg/s)
with (Nu=5.45) .Take the average of water and oil is to be (45oC,80oC)
respectively .Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat
exchanger.
Properties of water at 45oC are
ρ=990 kg/m3 , Pr=3.91, k=0.637W/[Link] ,υ=0.602×10–6
Properties of oil at 45oC are
ρ=852 kg/m3 , Pr=490, k=0.138W/[Link] ,υ=37.5×10–6
Solution
1
U
1 1

h W h oil
For oil:–
 The oil flows in ringlar hellow
 D h  D o  D in  0.03  0.02  0.01m
h D h .D h
Nu   h D  75.21W/m 2 .o C  h oil`
k
2
For water:–
o
4m 4 * 0.5
Re    53409.49  2300 Then the flow is turbulent
Pμ π * 0.02 * 990 * 0.602 *10 6
k 0.637
h D  * 0.023Re D0.8 Pr n  * 53409.49 0.8 * 3.910.3 n  0.3 because the water is heated by oil
D 0.02
h D  6677W/m 2 .o C  h w
1
U  74.9W/m 2 .o C
1 1

75.7 6677
Example2: Water its temperature (20ºC) flows through the pipe its diameter
(60mm) with mass flow rate (0.01kg/s) . The water is heated by a constant heat
flux (1500W/m2) .Calculate the length of pipe which required to obtained on
(60ºC). So Calculate temperature in end of pipe.
Solution
o
q  q A  1500  π  0.06L  m Cp(Texir  Tin )
//

1500  π  0.06L  0.01 4181(60  20)

L  5.915m

4m 4 * 0.01
Re D   6
 385.8  2300
Pμ π * 0.06 * 550 * 10
The flow is laminar
L h  0.05DReD Pr  0.05 * 0.06 * 385.8 * 3.57  4.132  5.915
The flow is full developed.
4.364  0.643
Nu  4.364  h D   46.767W/m 2 .o C
0.06
q  h D As(Ts in  Tin )
1672.4  46.767  π  5.915  (Tsin  20)
Tsin  52.1o C
q  h D As(Ts o  Texit )
1672.4  46.767  π  5.915  (Tsexit  60)
Ts exit  92.037o C

3
Example3: Pipe its diameter (6mm) and its length (1.6m).Water flows in this
pipe with mass flow rate (15kg/s).The water is heated by constant heat flux
internal water temperature (20ºC). What is the value of heat transfer if the
temperature of surface exceed (100ºC). Under the same the pipe is Substituted
by the pipe its diameter (12mm) to get same temperature of water. So
Calculate length of pipe. Take properties:–
μ  7.65  10 4 , Cp  4179 J/kg.C, k  0.0623 W/m 2 .C, ρ  994.9kg/m3
Solution
o
4m 4  (15/3600)
Re D    1157.32
Pμ (π  0.006)  7.65  10 4
4.364  0.623
Nu D  4.364  h D   453.128
0.006
The flow is laminar
‫ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أي ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬Tb‫إن أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﯾﺼﻠﮭﺎ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
q  m CpTexit  Tin   h D A surface (Ts in  Tin )
o

15
 4179  (Texit  20)  453.128  π  0.006  1.6(100  20)
3600
Texit  82.786o C
For other pipe
q  m CpTexit  Tin   q 
o 15
 4179  (82.786  20)  1093.26W
3600
o
4m 4  (15/3600)
Re D    578  2300
Pμ (π  0.012)  7.65  104
The flow is laminar
4.364  0.623
Nu D  4.364  h D   226.6
0.012
‫ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أي ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬Tb‫إن أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﯾﺼﻠﮭﺎ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
q  h D A surface (Tsin  Tin )
1093.23  226.6  (π  0.012)L(100  20)
L  1.6m
Example4: In the pipe its diameter (7.5cm) and its length (7m) . amount of air
is heated by mass flow rate (120kg/hr) from (21ºC) to (55ºC). The flow is
fully–developed . Calculate :-
1. Temperature of surface when the temperature is constant.
4
 2. Temperature of end pipe when heat flux is constant.
μ  7.65 104 , Cp  4179 J/kg.o C, k  0.0623W/m.o C, ρ  994.5kg/m3
Solution
o
4m 4  (120/3600)
Re D    28294.2  2300
Pμ (π  0.075)  2  10 5
The flow is turbulent  Nu D  0.023Re0.8
D Pr
n

h D  0.023  (28294.2)0.8 (0.7585)0.4  26.3W/m2 .o C

q  m CpTexit  Tin   q 
o 120
 1006  (55  21)  1140.13
3600
First case (Ts=constant)
  55  21 
q  h D A surface (Ts  Tb )  1140.13  26.3  π  0.075  7 Ts   
  2 
Ts  64.28o C
Anther
Texit  Tin
q  h D A surfaceΔTLmtd  h D A surface
 Ts  Tin 
Ln  
 Ts  Texit 
55  21  Ts  21 
1140.13  26.3  π  0.075  7  Ln    0.038
 Ts  21   Ts  55 
Ln 
 Ts  55 
Ts  67.87 o C
For q //  constant  1140.13  26.3  π  0.075  7Ts  55
Ts exit  81.1
Example5: Pipe its diameter (25mm) and its out surface temperature (100ºC).
It is used water (1kg/s) from (34ºC) to (70ºC). Find the length of pipe. Take
Cp  4180kJ/kg.o C, k  0.683W/m.o C, ρ  990 kg/m3 , μ  577 *10 4
Solution
o
4m 4 1
Re D    88266.17  2300
Pμ π  0.025  577  10 6
The flow is turbulent
0.8  577  10  4180 
6
0.683
Nu D  0.023ReD Pr  h D  0.023
0.8 0.4
 (88266.17)  
0.025  0.683 
5
 h D  9419.25

q  m CpTexit  Tin   q  1 4180  (55  21)  150480W

o

  70  34 
q  h D A surface (Ts  Tb )  150480  9419.25 π  0.025L100   
  2 
L  4.2377m
Example6: Water its temperature (20ºC) flows through a hollow pipe its inner
(30mm) and external (40mm). To make temperature of water (80ºC). The
heated by heat generation (1.4*106W/m3) the insulating from out surface
.Calculate the length of pipe to get final temperature of water required . So
calculate temperature of out surface. Consider the mass flow rate of water
(0.015kg/s) and full developed in end of pipe. Take properties:–
μ  352  10 6 N.s/m 2 , Cp  4181J/kg.o C
Solution
o
4m 4  0.015
Re D    1808.57  2300
Pμ π  0.03  352  10 6
The flow is laminar and fully-developed
Because the pipe contains heat generation the system is heated by a constant
heat flux.
q  m CpTexit  Tin   0.015  4181(80  20)  3,762.9W
o

π
q  q o AL  3762.9  1.4 *10 6 (0.042  0.032 )L pipe
4
L pipe  4.89m
Example7: Air its temperature (20ºC) flows (0.7kg/s) in a pipe its diameter
(2.5cm) and its length (6m) at pressure (2kN/m2) heated at constant heat flux
temperature of pipe (55ºC).Calculate final temperature of air. Take :
μ  6.8 104 N.s/m2 , Cp  4144J/kg.C, k  0.0629W/m.C, Pr  4.55
Solution
20  55
Tf   37.5o C Mean temperature
2
P 2  103
ρ   0.02244
RTf 287  310.5

6
 o
4m 4  0.7
Re   4
 52427.5  2300
Pμ π  0.025  6.8 10
 52,427.5  4.550.4  6328.35
0.629
Nu  0.023Re0.8   
0.4 0.8
D Pr h D 0.023
0.025
q  h D A surface Ts exit  Texit   m CpTexit  Tin 
o

6328.35  π  0.02  655  Texit   0.7  4144  (Texit  20)

Texit  25.12o C
Example8: Water its temperature (93ºC) flows with mass flow rate
(0.6kg/sec). It's cooled to (38ºC) by pipe its diameter (6cm) and its length (6m)
and its temperature (16ºC).Calculate mass flow rate can be cooled. Take
k  0.629W/m.o C & Cp  4188J/kg.K & μ  4.3  104 N.s/m2
Solution
o
4m 4  0.6
Re D    29610.2
Pμ π  0.06  4.3  104
L 6
  100  60, , Ts  Tb , , n  0.3
D 0.06
0.623
NuD  0.023 Re0D.8 Pr 0.3  hD  0.023  29610.20.8  2.8630.3  1248.6
0.06
Texit  Tin 38  93
q  h D A surface  1248.6  π  0.06  60869.6W
 Ts  Tin  16  93 
Ln   Ln 
 Ts  Texit  16  38 
o o
q  m Cp(Tin  Texit )  60869.6  m 4188  (38  93)
o
m  0.264kg/s
Example9: Air its temperature (2bar) and its temperature (200ºC) flows
through the pipe its diameter (2.54cm) and velocity (10m/s). Calculate rate of
heat transfer per unit length .The pipe is heated by constant heat flux and its
temperature increased (20ºC) .So find the change a long (3m). Consider : –
k  0.0386W/m 2 .o C, Cp  1025J/kg.o C, μ  257  10 7 N.s/m 2
Solution
P 12 *101325
ρ   1.843kg/m 3
RTfluid 287 * (200  273)

7
 ρu m D 1.483  10  0.0254
Re D    14656.7  2300
μ 257  10 7
Then the flow is turbulent
L 3
  118.1  60 and Ts  Tb
D 0.0254
0.0386
Nu D  0.023Re 0.8
D Pr 0.4
 h D  0.025   14656.7 0.8  0.6820.4
0.0254
h D  64.9W/m2 .o C
q  h D A surfaceΔT  64.9  π  0.06  20  31.74W
o
o
4m
Re   m  7.51  10  3 kg/s
Pμ
o
q  m CpΔp
310.7  7.51 * 10 3 * 1025 * ΔT
ΔT  40C
Example10:Air its temperature (27ºC) flows with velocity (33m/s) in a pipe its
diameter (5cm) and its temperature of internal surface of pipe (50ºC)
.Calculate heat transfer coefficient and So gradient in temperature through
(1m).Take the properties : –
Solution
μ  185 10 6 , k  0.0263W/m2 .o C, Cp  1007 J/kg.o C, ρ  1.16 kg/m3
L 1
  60
D 0.05
0.0263
Nu D  0.023Re 0.8
D Pr
0.4
 h D  0.023   (10354.87) 0.8  7 0.4
0.05
h D  43.144W/m2 .C
o π
m  ρAu m  1.161  33   (0.05) 2  0.075kg/s
4
o
q  m Cp(Texit  Tin )  h D A surface (Ts  Tb )
Texit  27
q  0.075  1007(Texit  27)  43.144  π(0.05)  (50  )
2
8
 Texit  27.64 o C
For Exiting Temperature Difference
ΔT  Texit  Tin  27.64  27  0.64 o C
Example11: Water flows through a pipe its diameter (2.5cm) and Renolds
number (1500) and temperature of water (35ºC). Calculate maximum velocity
of flow and heat transfer coefficient when the pipe is supplied to constant heat
flux. Take : –
ρ  998kg/m 3 , C p  4176J/kg. o C, k  0.626W/m. o C, μ  695  10 6 N.s/m
Solution
ρu D 993 * 0.025u m
Re  m  1500   u m  0.042
μ 695 *10 6
u o  2u m  u o  2 * 0.042  0.84m/s
Then the flow is laminar and fully–developed
4.364 * 626 * 10 3
Nu D  4.364  h D   109.27
0.025
Example12:Air flows through a pipe and its diameter (2.5cm) with mass flow
rate and its cooled from (227ºC) to (138ºC) .the temperature of the pipe
(93ºC). Calculate the length of pipe.
ρ  884kg/m3 , Cp  4391kJ/kg.C, k  0.6W/m.o C, μ  1.52 *10-4 J.s/m
Solution
o
4m 4 * 0.5
Re D    167531  4000
Pμ π * 0.025 *1.52 *10 4
The flow is turbulent
hD 
k
D
0.023Re 0.8
D Pr
n

since n  0.3 cooling process

μCp 1.52 *10 4 * 4391

Pr    1.11
k 0.6
hD 
0.6
0.025

0.023(1675 31) 0.8 * 1.110.3 
h D  8606W/m 2 .C
h D As
 8606.2As
o 
Te  Ts  (Ts  Tin )e m Cp
 138  227  93  (93  227)e 0.5*4391

L  3.42m

9
Other methods
(Tb:out  Tb:in ) o
q  h D A surface  m Cp(Tb:out  Tb:in )
 (Ts  Tb:in ) 
Ln  
 (Ts  Tb:in ) 
138  227
8606.2 * π * 0.025L  0.5 * 4391 * (138  227)
 93  227 
Ln 
 93  138 
L  3.42m
Example13:Water flows with (800kg/hr) inside pipe .the water is heated from
(15ºC) to (50ºC) when the temperature of surface (75ºC) and length of pipe
(5m).Calculate the diameter of pipe.
μ  528  10 6 , k  0.645W/m 2 .C, Cp  4180J/kg.C, ρ  998 kg/m 3
Solution
Let the flow is laminar and fully- developed
o
4m 4 * 0.5
Re D    16751.5  2300 and Ts  Tb  n  0.3
Pμ π * 0.025 *1.52 *10 4
μCp 1.52 *10 4 * 4391
Pr    1.11
k 0.6
0.6
Nu D  0.023Re 0.8
D Pr
0.3
 h D  0.023 * * 167531.5 0.8 * 1.110.3
0.025
Nu D  8606.2W/m 2 .C
o
q  h D A surface (Ts  Tb )  m Cp(Texit  Tin )
227  138
8606.2 * π * 0.025L(93  )  0.5 * 4391 * (138  227)
2
L  10m
h .D h .D
Nu D  D  3.66  D  h D .D  2.3607
k 0.645
o (Texit  Tin )
m Cp(Texit  Tin )  h D A surface
 (T  Tin ) 
Ln  s 
 (Ts  Texit ) 
o
1
m* 4180  2.3607 * π * 5 *
 75 - 15 
Ln 
 75 - 50 

10
 o
m  0.01kg/s
o
4m 4 * 0.01
Re   2300 
Pμ πD * 528 * 10 6
D  0.01m
Example14:Hollow pipe its external diameter (1.6cm) and internal diameter
(1.45cm). Fluid flows inside the pipe with velocity (2cm/s) and length (8m)
initial fluid temperature (20ºC). Find the temperature of pipe and fluid at end
of pipe. The pipe is heated by constant heat flux (2200W/m2). Take
Cp  2387J/kg. o C , ρ  1116 kg/m 3 , ν  19.18 * 106, k  0.249 W/m.o C, Pr  204
Solution
ρu m D 2 * 10 2 * 0.0145
Re    15.12  2300
μ 19.18 * 10 6
The flow is laminar
L t  0.05DReD Pr  0.05 * 0.0145 *15.12 * 204  2.236  3m
Then the flow is fully-developed
4.364 * 0.249
Nu D  4.364  h D   75W/m2 .o C
0.0145
π
q  q // A  q  2200 * * (1.6 2  1.452 ) *10 4  0.8W
4
q  h D As(Ts in  Tb:in )
0.316  75 * π * 0.0145 * (Ts in  20)
Ts in  21o C
Example15:Water flows with mass flow rate (0.025kg/s) through the pipe its
diameter (10cm).The water inters with (5ºC) after (3m), the temperature
becomes (38ºC). Calculate the temperature of pipe.
Cp=4181.3 μ=971.1×10–6 k=605.2×10–3
Solution
o
4m 4  0.025
Re    327.78  2300
Pμ π  0.1  971.1  10 6
μCp 4181.3 * 971.1 * 10 6
Pr    6.71
k 605.2 * 10 3
Lh  0.05DReD Pr  0.05 * 327.78 * 0.1 * 6.71  11m  L  3m
Then the flow is laminar and non-fully –developed

11
 D
0.0668  Re Pr
Nu  3.66  L
2/3
 D  
1  0.04  Re Pr 
 L  
 0.1 
0.0668  * 327.78 * 6.71
Nu  3.66   3   6.539
2/3
 0.1  
1  0.04  * 327.78 * 6.71
 3  
6.539 * 0.0605
hD   39.6
0.1
o
q  h D As(Ts  Tb )  m Cp(Texit  Tin )
35  5
39.6 * π * 0.1 * 3 * (Ts  )  0.025 * 4181.3 * (38  5)
2
Ts  114 o C
Example16:A hot air flows with mass flow rate (0.05kg/s) through a plate
stream non-insulated its diameter (0.15m) .The later passes inside undercroft of
house. The air enters to the stream with (103oC) and the air is cooled to (77ºC)
at (5m) distance.
T  0C, h  6W/m. C
Solution
o
q  m Cp(Texit  Tin )  0.05 *1010 * (77  103)  1313W
o
4m 4 * 0.05
Re    20404.5  2300
Pμ π * 0.5 * 208 * 10 7
Nu D  0.023Re0.8
D Pr
0.4

0.003
hD  * 0.023 * (20404.5)0.8 * 0.70.4  11.6W/m2 .o C
0.75
To  T 77  0
q //    304.5W/m 2
1 1 1 1
 
h L h o 11.6 6
Example17:Water flows turbulent inside pipe its diameter (30mm) and its
length (5m) its temperature of surface (70ºC).The water enters (15ºC) and exit
with (55ºC). If mass flow will be doubled, Calculate water temperature at exit .
k=0.63, Cp=4180J/kg.K,μ=5,77*10-4N.s/m2
12
Solution
o o
o
4m 4m
Re    73555.14 m
Pμ π * 0.03 * 5.77 * 10 4
μCp 5.77 *10 4 * 4180
Pr    3.83
k 0.63
h D .D 0.63 o
 0.023Re D Pr  h D  0.023 *
0.8 1/3
* 0.023 * (73555.14 m) 0.8 * 3.830.4
k 0.03
o
h D  6464.28 (m) 0.8
o
h D A surface 6464.28 (m )0.8 *π*0.03*5
o o

Texit  Ts  (Ts  Tin )e m Cp

 55  70  (70  15)e 4180 (m )

o
m  6.63 kg/sec
o
m 2  2 * 6.63  13.26kg/se c
6464.28(1.37)0.8 *π*0.03*5
 o

Texit  70  (70  15)e 4180 (m )

Texit  34.38o C
Example18:A hot at (80ºC) enters on (8m) long insulated square duct of cross-
section (0.2m×0.2m) that passes through the attach of house at a rate of
(0.15m3/s). The duct is observed to be nearly is thermal at (60ºC). Determine
the temperature of air .
  1.009 kg/m3 , Cp  1.008 J/kg.C, k  0.0297 W/m.C, Pr  0.706
  2.06 *10-6 m 2 / s
Solution
4A crosssection 4  0.2  0.2
Dh    0.2m
P 4  0.2
o
4m 4  0.15135
Re   5
 46198.8  2300
Pμ π  0.2  (2.06 * 10 *1.009)
k
Ts  constant  h Dh  0.023Re D0.8 Pr 0.3  16.588 W/m 2 .C
D
o o o
m Cp(Te  Tin )  h D As(Ts  Tb ) :: m  ρ V  1.009 * 0.15  0.15135 kg/s
T  80
0.15135 * 1008 * (Te  80)  16.588 * 0.2 * 8 * (60  e )
2
13
 Te  71.41C
Example19: Metallic pipe its length (1.5m) and diameter (3mm). water enters
the pipe (0.015kg/s) and its temperature (87ºC). Calculate exit temperature of
water If surface temperature is fixed (27ºC). Find exit temperature of water If
the pipe is covered by insulator its thickness (0.5mm) its thermal conductivity
(0.05W/m.K) and temperature external surface is (27ºC). k=0.65W/m.K,
Cp=J/kg.K ,=489*10–6N.s/m2.
Solution
o
4m 4 * 0.015
Re    13018.81  2300  The flow is turbelent
Pμ π * 0.003 * (489 *10 6 )
Cp 489  10-6  4184
Pr    3.14
k 0.65
k 0.65
Ts  constant  h Dh  0.023Re0.8
D Pr
0.3
 0.023  13018.80.8  3.140.3
D 0.003
h D  7.02 W/m 2 .C

h D As
 o

Te  Ts  (Ts  Tin )e m Cp

7.02*π*0.003*1.5

Te  27  (27  87)e 0.015*4184

Te  86.9 o C
Second case
Ts out  T 27  87
q   5.6144W
1 Ln(ro /rin ) 1 Ln(.002/0.0015)
 
h D As 2π kL 7.02 * π * 0.003 *1.5 2π * 0.05 *1.5
q  h D As(Ts  T )  5.6145  7.02 * π * 0.003 *1.5(Ts in  87)
Ts in  30.42 o C
h D As
 o

Te  Ts  (Ts  Tin )e m Cp

7.02*π*0.003*1.5

Te  30.42  (30.42  87)e 0.015*4184

Te  86.9C

14
Final 29/6/2008: Water is heated from (15ºC) to(65ºC) as it flows through of
(3cm) internal diameter and (5m) long tube. The tube equipped with an electric
resistance heater that provides uniform heat flux through out the surface of
tube. Assuming that all the heat generated in the heater is transferred to the
water and water is to be provide at a rate (10L/min). Determine:–
1. The power required for heater.
2. The inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit.
3. The power required for pumping the water.
Take the properties:–
ρ  992.1kg/m 3 , Pr  4.32, k  0.631W/m.o C, υ  0.658  10 6 m 2 /s, Cp  4179kJ/kg.K
Solution
o (0.01/60)
V  Au   u    0.235m/s
π 2
(0.03)
4
o o 10  10 3
m  ρ V  992.1 *  0.165kg/s
60
o
q  m Cp(Texit  Tin )  0.165 * 4179 * (65  15)
q  34476W
o
4m 4  0.165
Re D    10750  2300

Pμ π  0.03  992.1  0.658  10 6 
The flow is turbulent
hD 
k
D

0.023Re 0.8
D Pr
n
0.631
0.03

0.023 * 10750 0.8 * 4.32 0.4 
h D  1458W/m 2 .C
q  h D As(Ts exit  Texit )  34476  1458 * (π * 0.03 * 5)(Ts exit  65)
Ts exit  115C
f  64Re1  64 *107501  0.005953
L ρu 2 5 992.1 * 0.2352
ΔP  f  0.005953 * *  27.36Pa
D 2 0.03 2
o 0.01
Power pump  V ΔP  * 27.36  0.00456W
60

15
 ‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
‫‪.1‬ﺣﺰﻣﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ أو اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺔ‬
‫‪1. In–line bank of tube‬‬
‫‪SL‬‬

‫‪SL‬‬

‫‪[Link]‬‬
‫‪Vmax ‬‬
‫‪TT  D‬‬
‫‪ST‬‬ ‫‪Transfer pitch‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﻌﺮﺿﯿﺔ‬
‫‪SL‬‬ ‫‪Longitudinal pitch‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻟﻄﻮﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪Pipe diameter‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬

‫‪.2‬ﺣﺰﻣﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ أو ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬

‫‪Staggered bank of tube‬‬
‫* ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﮭﻤﺔ*‬
‫)‪If (ST–D)>2(SD–D‬‬
‫‪[Link]‬‬
‫‪Vmax ‬‬
‫)‪2(SD  D‬‬
‫‪ρV .D‬‬
‫‪Re D |  max‬‬
‫‪max‬‬ ‫‪μ‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
Example1:Pipe system is arranged like matrix diameter of one (10mm)
and (ST=SL=20mm) all row contains (5) .The cold water inters inside pipe
to stay the external surface temperature (27ºC) .The hot gases passes over
the system with (427ºC) and velocity (5m/s) by cross–flow .Determine
rate of heat transfer per unit length consider number of matrix (110).
Solution
q  hAs(Ts  T ) If temperature of surface is costant
q  hAs(Ts  T )If temperature of surface is vairable
T in  T1 427  27
T    500K
2 2
ρ  0.6964kg/m 3 , Cp  1030J/kg.K, k  0.0407W/m.C
Nu  1.131RePr
μCp 270.1 * 10 7 * 1030
Pr    0.6835
k 0.0407
VST 20 * 5
Vmax    10m/s
ST  D 20  10
Vmax D.ρ 10 * 0.01 * 0.6964
Re D:max    2578.3
μ 270.1 * 10 7
ST 20 S
  2 and L  2 from table or given C1  0.329, m1  0.632
D 10 D
Nu D  1.131 * 0.329 * (2578.3) 0.632 * 0.68351/3  h D  134.5W/m 2 .K
q  h D As(T  T )  134.5 * π * 0.01 * 0.01 * 50(27  427)  845.1kW/m
If temperature surface is constant

Example2:Pipe its diameter (15mm) and its temperature (80ºC).It's put

vertically with pipe forward in air stream its velocity (2m/s). Take air
temperature (200ºC). Calculate heat transfer per unit length .Take k=0.0284
Pr=0.7 ,   17.95  10
6

Solution
uD 2  0.015
Re D    1671.3  2300
υ 17.95  10 6
The flow is laminar and crossable
Nu  C Re nD Pr1/ 3 from tables C=0.683,n=0.466
19.263  0.0284
Nu  0.683(1672.3) 0.466 (0.7)1/ 3  19.263  hD   36.471
0.015
2
 q  hD As (Tsi  Tbi )
q  36.471  π  0.015  (80  20)  103.12W/m
Big Book: Bank of pipe is arranged by a commutative form .The water flow
inside of these pipes while the air flow over it crossly .External diameter
(16.4mm) and length step (ST=31.3mm) and with step (SL=34.3mm). There is
seven rows at air forward .temperature of these cylinders (70oC) .Air
temperature before the air (15oC) and velocity (6m/s).
1. Calculate average heat transfer coefficient .
2. What is the value of pressure drop across bank of pipes.
Consider : Prs=0.701,Pr∞=0.705

3
 Heat Exchanger
Heat exchanger: a device which used to exchange heat transfer between two
fluids that that separator separates between them.

First fluid

Second Fluid

[Link] pipe heat exchanger

a. parallel flow
fluid 1

fluid 2

b. Counter flow

fluid 1

fluid 2

1
[Link] out thermal resistance of pipes
1
U
1 1

h1 h 2
[Link] thermal resistance of pipes
1
U
1 r1Ln(r2 /r2 ) r1 1
 
h1 k r2 h 2

[Link] mean temperature deference

fluid 1

Thin,Th1
dTh
fluid 2

Tho,Th2

Tco,Tc2
dTc

dA Area –axis
h :hot fluid
o :outlet fluid
c :cold fluid
in:inlet fluid
A:seperated area

2
 Type of fluid flow in heat exchanger
1. counter flow
ΔTh 1  ΔTh 2
q  UA :: ΔTh 1  Th 1  Tc 2
ΔTh 1
Ln
ΔTh 2
ΔTh 1  Th 2  Tc1
[Link] flow
ΔTh1  ΔTh 2
q  UA :: ΔTh1  Th1  Tc1
ΔTh1
Ln
ΔTh 2
ΔTh1  Th 2  Tc 2
Hint: for condensing Th2=Th1

Steam temperature
Tc2

Tc1

3
 q  UAf ΔTLmtd

q act

q max
For parallel flow
o o
q act  m c Cp c (Tc 2  Tc1 )  m h Cp h (Th 1  Th 2 )
Tc 2  Tc1
Thermal efficiency for cooling c 
Th 1  Tc1
Th 1  Th 2
Thermal efficiency for heating h 
Th 1  Tc1
For parallel flow
o o
q act  m c Cp c (Tc 2  Tc1 )  m h Cp h (Th 1  Th 2 )
Tc 2  Tc1
Thermal efficiency for cooling c 
Th 1  Tc 2
Th 1  Th 2
Thermal efficiency for heating h 
Th 1  Tc 2
Maximum heat transfer
o
q max  m c Cp c (Th 1  Tc1 )

4
 UA
NTU  o
m Cp min

For parallel flow

1  exp[ NTU(1  (C min /C max )]

1  exp[1  (C min /C max )]
For counter flow
1  exp[ NTU(1  (C min /C max )]

1  (Cmin /Cmax )exp[ NTU(1  (C min /C max )]

Example1:Water flows with (3.8kg/s) inside the pipes in heat exchanger

(cylinder-pipe) the water is heated from (37.8ºC) to (54.5ºC). The hottest
fluid is water too flows in a cylinder with (1.9kg/s) enters the cylinder with
(93.3ºC). If the heat transfer over all ( 1419W/m2.ºC), the velocity of water
inside pipes their diameter (1.19cm) is to be (0.37m/s) the length of pipe
should not exceed (2.5cm). Explain any can be used (one shell passes or two
shell passes). So Calculate a suitable length ,Hint corrected factor for pipes
(two passes) (0.86). Take the properties : –
o o
Cp Ρ mc U mh
4182 990 3.8 1419 1.9
D u L
1.19cm 0.37 2.5m

.‫ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ أي ﻧﻮع اﺻﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﺠﺪ اﻟﻄﻮل ﻟﻜﻼ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﺎرﻧﮫ باﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺆال‬
o o
m c C C (Tc1  Tc 2 )  m h C h (Th 1  Th 2 )
3.8 * 4180 * (54.5  37.8)  1.94182(93.3  Th2 )
Th 2  59.9 o C
ΔTLtmd 
Th 1  Th 2   Tc1  Tc 2 
 Th 1  Th 2 
Ln  
 Tc1  Tc 2  

5
ΔTLtmd 
93.3  59.9  54.5  37.8  24
 93.3  59.9 
Ln  
 54.5  37.8 
o
m 3.8
N   37
ρu  A π 2
990 * 0.37 * * 0.019
4
‫*ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ذات اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
q  NUA ΔTLtmtd  265262.8  1419 * 37 * π * 0.019 * 24L
L  3.5m
‫*اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ذات اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻻن اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ‬
q  NUA( TLtmtd ) *
(TLtmtd )*  F (TLtmtd )  24 * 0.86  20.64
q  NUATLtmtd   265262 .8  1419 * 37 *  * 0.019 * 20.64 * 2 L
*

L  1.69 m

‫*اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ذات اﻟﻤﻤﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻻن اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ‬
Example2:Double-pipe heat exchanger used to heated the water to its final
temperature (25ºC) and its mass flow rate (2000kg/hr).The process is done
by hot water its temperature at entire heat exchanger (85ºC) and its mass flow
rate (1500kg/s), side surface of heat exchanger and heat transfer over all
(1400Wm2.ºC). Find activity of heat exchanger and final temperature of cold
water and hot so rate of heat transfer
Cph=4137kJ/[Link] ,Cpc=4174 kJ/[Link]
Solution
o 2000
Cc  m c Cc  * 4174  2318.8  C max
3600
o 1500
Ch  mh Ch  * 4137  1723.75  C min
3600
UA 1400 * 2
NTU    1.625
C min 1723.75
C 1723.85
Cr  min   0.7436
C max 2318
1
 2 0.5 1  exp[NTU(1  c r )
2 0.5
]
 21  C r (1  c r ) 
 1  exp[NTU(1  c r2 ) 0.5 ] 

6
 1
 0.5 1  exp 1.61  0.7436  
 21  0.64361  0.7436    0.1266
 1  exp 1.61  0.7436  
q o
 act  q max  (m C) min (Th in  Tc in )  1723.75 * (85  25)  103425W
q max
 q act  0.1266 * 103425  13093.605W
o
q act  m cold Cp(Tco  Tc in )  Tc o  32.596o C
o
q act  m hot Cp(Th in  Th o )  Th in  79.356o C

q  UA surface
Th1  Tc1   Th 2  Tc 2   1400 * 2 * 85  25  79.35  32.6
 Th 1  Tc1   Ln
85  25
Ln  
 Th 2  Tc 2   79.35  32.6
q  158.8kW
Example3: Condenser in steam power plant represented by a heat exchanger
that the steam is condensed to liquid water. The heat exchanger from
(cylinder –pipe) and contains one pass and (30,000Pipes) and each pipe has
two passes. The pipe its diameter (25mm). The steam is condensed at external
surface and heat transfer coefficient (11,000W/m2.ºC) and heat transfer
(2×109W). Heat is transferred by cold water with mass flow rate (3×104kg/s)
for all pipes entire temperature of water (20ºC) while the stem is condensed at
(550ºC).
1. What is the temperature of outer cold water?
2. What is the required length of pipe?
Cp Tc1 Μ K Pr
4179 27 855*10–6 0.613 5.83
Solution
o
q  m c C c (Tc1  Tc 2 )
2 *109  3 *104 * 4179(Tc1  20)
Tc1  36o C
q  nNUATLtmtd
*

N: ‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
n: ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻤﺮات‬
Mass flow rate for one pipe

7
 o 3 * 10 4
m 1
3 * 10 4
o
4m 4 *1
Re D   * 10 6  59,566.7  2300
Pμ π * 0.025 * 855
The flow is turbulent
Nu D  0.023Re0.8
D Pr
0.4

0.613
hD  * 0.025(5956 6.7) 0.8 (5.83) 0.4  7552W/m 2 .o C
0.025
1
U  4477.8
1 1

7552 11000
t o  t i 36  20 t t 50  50
P   0.53 & P  o i  0
t i1  t i 50  20 t i1  t i 36  20
For one pass
2 * 109  4477.8 * π * 0.025 * L * 1 * 21 * 2 * 30000
L  4.51m
Example4:Counter heat exchanger (pipe inside pipe) used to cool the oil in
o
the gas turbine unit . m  0.2kg/s mass flow rate of water in inner pipe
o
(Din=25mm) .oil mass flow arte in the external ( m  0.1kg/s )and diameter
(45mm).if entire of oil and water (Thin=100oC,Tcin=30oC) respectively
.Calculate length of the pipe to get (Tho=60oC) for oil at end of pipe.
For Oil
C h  2131J/kg.o C, μ  3.25 *10 2 N.s/m 2 , k  0.138W/m.K
For Water
Cp  4178J/kg.K, μ  725 *10 6 , k  0.625W/m.K , Pr  4.85
solution

8
 o
4m 4 * 0.2
Re    313.4128
Pμ 0.025 * π * 3.25 *10 2
 313.4128  2300 and heating by constant heat flux
 the flow is laminar and Nu  4.36
h D .D 3.66 * 0.138
Nu   hD   20.2032
k 0.025
For oil
D h  D o  D in  0.045  0.025  0.02m
o
4m 4 * 0.1
Re    8780.96 then the flow is turbulent
Pμ π * 0.02 * 725 * 10 6
Nu  0.023Re 0.8
D Pr
0.3
(cooling process)
0.625
hD  * 0.023 * 8780.96 0.8 * 4.85 0.3  1648.67
0.02
1 1
U   19.955W/m 2 .o C
1 1 1 1
 
h 1 h 2 20.2 1648.67
o o
m c C C (Tc 1  Tc 2 )  m h C h (Th 1  Th 2 )
0.2 * 4178 * (Tc 2  30)  0.1 * 2131 * (100  60)
Tc 2  40.2 o C
o
q  m Cp(Th1  Th 2 )  0.1* 2131 * (100  60)  8524W
(Th 1  Tc 2 )  (Th 2  Tc1 ) (100  40.2)  (60  30)
q  UAs  8524  19.955 * (π * 0.025L)
 (Th 1  Tc 2 )   58.8 
Ln   Ln 
 (Th 2  Tc1 )   30 
L  280m
Example5:Oil of machine flows (500kg/h) is cooled by water from (100ºC)
to (50ºC) through parallel heat exchanger (Double Pipe). The water flows in
the pipe its inlet temperature (20ºC) and exit (40ºC). Heat transfer overall
coefficient (1kW/m2.ºC). Calculate water mass flow rate also heat exchanger
area If the heat exchanger operate with counter for same rate of heat transfer
Calculate the ratio in change of area.
Cp oil  1800J/kg.K, Cp w  4179J/kg.Kρ  990kg/m3 , Pr  5.84,
k  0.614W/m.o C, μ  9.6 *10 4 N.s/m 2
Solution

9
o o
m c C C (Tc1  Tc 2 )  m h C h (Th 1  Th 2 )
o
m c *1800 * (100  50)  500 * 4179 * (40  20)
o
m c  538.4063kg/h
o 500
q  m Cp(Th 1  Th 2 )  * 1800 * (100  50)  12500W
3600
(Th 1  Tc 1 )  (Th 2  Tc 2 )
for parallel 12500  UAs  A parallel  0.306509m 2

 (Th 1  Tc 1 ) 
Ln  
 (Th 2  Tc 2 ) 
(Th 1  Tc 2 )  (Th 2  Tc 1 )
for counter 12500  UAs  Acounter  0.2888m 2

 (Th 1  Tc 2 ) 
Ln  
 (Th 2  Tc 1 ) 
0.3065  0.2888
%  0.0577
0.3065
24/5/2005:Water flows (225kg/hr) is heated from (35ºC) to (95ºC) in heat
exchanger (Double Pipe) by oil its temperature (210ºC) with (225kg/hr). If
diameter (100mm) and heat transfer overall (500W/m2.K). Calculate the
length of heat exchanger by LMTD and NTU .Consider Cpw=4190J/kg.K
,Cpoil=2095J/kg.K
Solution
By consider the flow is parellel
o 225
C min  m oil Cp oil  * 2095  130.9375
3600
o
225 C
C max  m w Cp w  * 4190  261.875  min  0.5
3600 C max
q max  C min (Th in  Tc in )  130.9375 * (210  35)  22914W
o 225
q act  m c Cp(Tc 2  Tc1 )  * 4190 * (95  35)  15712.5W
3600
225
15712.5  * 2095(210  Th 2 )  Th 2  100
3600
q act 15712.5
ε   0.685
q max 22914

10
By consider the flow is parellel
1  exp[ NTU(1  (C min /C max )]
 
1  exp[1  (C min /C max )]
1  exp NTU(1  (130.9375/261.875))
0.667 
(1  (130.9375/261.875))
The flow is counter
1  exp[ NTU(1  (C min /C max )] 1  exp(0.5NTU)
  0.685 
1  (C min /C max )exp[ NTU(1  (C min /C max )] 1  0.5exp(0.5NTU)
0.685  0.3425exp( 0.5NTU)  1  exp(0.5NTU)
0.3425exp(0.5NTU)  0.31427  exp(0.5NTU)  0.9176  NTU  0.1719
UA
NTU   A  0.363  L  1.156m
C min
ΔT1  Th 1  Tc 2  210  35  175
ΔT2  Th 2  Tc 2  100  95
ΔT1  ΔT2 175  5
q  UA  15712.5  500A  A  0.6572  L  2m
ΔT1 175
Ln Ln
ΔT2 5
10/6/2006: Heat exchanger (Double–pipe) and counter flow used to heat
(450kg/min) water from (10ºC) to (85ºC) when it passes in internal pipe .On
external steam condensed in (120ºC). Heat transfer on steam side
(1500W/m2.K) and water side (8000W/m2.K). Calculate Area of heat
exchanger. If water mass flow rate decrease to (180kg/min). Calculate exit
temperature of water. Consider Cmin for water Cp=4190J/kg.K
UA

ε  1 e C min
.
o
450
C min  m Cp w  * 4190  31425
60
o 450
q act  m Cp w (Tc 2  Tc1 )  * 4190 * (85  10)  2356875
60
o 450
q max  m Cp w (Th 1  Tc1 )  * 4190 * (120  10)  3456750
60
UA 1263.15A
q  
2356875
ε  act   0.6818  ε  1  e Cmin  0.6818  1  e 31425
 A  28.5m 2
q max 3456750
o 450
For second case : q max  m Cp w (Th 1  Tc1 )  * 4190 * (120  10)  3456750
60

11
 UA 1263.15*28.5
 
ε  1 e C min
 1 e 4190*(180/60)
 0.9428
q act
ε  q act  0.9428 * 3456750  3259331
q max
o 180
q act  m Cp w (Tc 2  Tc1 )  3259331  * 4190 * (Tc 2  10)  Tc 2  113.708
60
13/6/2004: Heat exchanger (Double–pipe) operate with counter flow system
used to cool the oil by water .Its entire oil and water (150ºC, 13ºC)
respectively and Its outer oil and water (97ºC, 37ºC) respectively. The length
(4.5m). Calculate the length if oil temperature to decrease to (77ºC). Its entire
oil and water and mass flow rate is same.
Solution
(Th 1  Tc1 )  (Th 2  Tc 2 )
q  UAs
(Th 1  Tc1 )
Ln
(Th 2  Tc 2 )
(150  13)  (97  37)
q  UP * 4.5 ....................(1)
137
Ln
60
(150  13)  (77  37)
q  UP * L ....................(1)
137
Ln
40
(150  13)  (97  37) (150  13)  (77  37)
4.5 L  L  5.3264m
137 137
Ln Ln
60 40
11-5Book: Feed water heater supplies (10,000kg/h) water its temperature
(65ºC), entire water temperature (20ºC). Saturated steam used to heat at
(1.3bar) and heat transfer overall (2000W/m2.K).
1. Calculate the area by using NTU and LMTD.
2. Steam mass flow rate condensing.
Solution
o 10000
q  m Cp(Texit  Tin )  * 4180 * (65  20)  522500W
3600
Tsaturated  270.1o C and h fg  2174.16 when P  130kPa

12
 o o
q  m h fg  m steam  240.322kg/s
By LMTD method
(T  Tc1 )  (Tsat  Tc 2 )
q  UA sat  A  1.1516m 2
(T  Tc1 )
Ln sat
(Tsat  Tc 2 )
By NTU method
o 10000
q max  m Cp(Tsat  Tin )  * 4180 * (270.1  20)  2903938.89 W
3600
q 522500 C (10000/360 0)
ε  act   0.17992 and min   0.01156
q max 2903938.89 C max 240.322
1  exp[  NTU(1  (C min /C max )] 1  exp{ NTU(1  0.01156)}
  0.17992 
1  exp[1  (C min /C max )] 1  exp{(1  0.01156)}
UA
NTU  0.1202  NTU 
C min
A  0.6978m2

13
 ‫‪Important laws of heat transfer‬‬
‫‪.1‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري داﺧﻠﻲ وﺣﺮة ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﺘﻲ ﺟﮭﺘﯿﮭﺎ أو ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻌﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺘﯿﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪qo 2‬‬ ‫‪Ts  Ts1‬‬ ‫‪Ts  Ts1‬‬
‫‪T ( x) ‬‬ ‫‪(L  x2 )  2‬‬ ‫‪x 2‬‬
‫‪2k‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪k Ts2  Ts1‬‬
‫‪xmax ‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪qo‬‬ ‫‪2L‬‬

‫) ‪Tmax  f ( xmax‬‬

‫‪.2‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري داﺧﻠﻲ و ﻣﻌﺰوﻻ ﻣﻦ إﺣﺪى ﺟﮭﺘﯿﮫ وﻣﻌﺮض إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫‪qo 2‬‬
‫‪T ( x) ‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪون ﻣﺎﺋﻊ )‪( L  x 2 )  Ts................(1‬‬
‫‪2k‬‬
‫‪qo 2‬‬ ‫‪qo L‬‬
‫‪T ( x) ‬‬ ‫‪(L  x ) ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺎﺋﻊ )‪ T ................(2‬‬
‫‪2k‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻮح ﻻ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري‬

‫‪T1  Tlater‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪A plate‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪L L‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ 1  2  ...................... ‬‬
‫‪h right side‬‬ ‫‪k1 k 2‬‬ ‫‪h Left .side‬‬

‫‪. 4‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري داﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪q o 2 2 q o ro‬‬
‫‪T(r) ‬‬ ‫‪(ro  r ) ‬‬ ‫)‪Ln(r/ro )  Ts (general equation‬‬
‫‪4k‬‬ ‫‪2k‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪qo 2‬‬ ‫‪q o ro‬‬
‫‪ΔT  Tmax  Ts ‬‬ ‫‪(rin  ro ) ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪Ln(ro /rin‬‬
‫‪4k‬‬ ‫‪2k‬‬
‫ب‪.‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري داﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪qo 2‬‬ ‫‪q o rin‬‬
‫‪ΔT  Tmax  Ts ‬‬ ‫‪(ro  rin ) ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪Ln(rin /ro‬‬
‫‪4k‬‬ ‫‪2k‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 qo 2 2
T(r)  (ro  r )  Ts (general equation)
4k
q o ro2
Tmax   Ts
4k
q o ro2 q o ro
Tmax    T
4k 2h

T1  T 2
q ( with fluid)
1 Ln(r2 /r1 ) Ln(r3 /r2 ) 1
   ......... 
h1 A1 2π k1 L 2π k 2 L h2 A2
Tin  Tout
q ( without fluid)
Ln(r2 /r1 ) Ln(r3 /r2 ) 1
  ......... 
2π k1 L 2π k2 L 2π rL

T1  T2
q
1 1 1 1
(  )
4πk r1 r2 4πr22

1 1
( )
r r2
R th  1
4π k

2
 2h
hP for rectanglar
m { kt
2h
kA(x) kr
for circlar

heat convection fins‫ﺣﺮاري‬ ‫ زﻋﻨﻔﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ‬.1

h
cosh m ( L  x )  sinh m ( L  x )
 km

b h
cosh mL  sinh mL
km

Heat transfer equation

 h 
 sinhmL  coshmL 
q f  kmA cθ b  km 
 coshmL  h sinhmL 
 km 
Insulated fins

θ coshm(L  x)

θb coshmL
3
Heat transfer equation
t
q f  kmA cθ b tanh(mL c ) By
using

 L c  L 
2
q total  Nq fins  q [Link] ns

‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺰﻋﻨﻒ أﻧﺒﻮب ﯾﺤﻤﻞ زﻋﺎﻧﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﯿﻠﺔ ﻣﻮازﯾﺔ ﻟﻄﻮﻟﮫ‬:‫أوﻻ‬
q between fins  h(D  Nt)L Pipeθ b
‫ إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺰﻋﻨﻒ ﻟﻮح ﯾﺤﻤﻞ زﻋﺎﻧﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﯿﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮﻟﮫ‬:‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ‬
q between fins  h(L wall  Nt)wθ b
(‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺰﻋﻨﻒ أﻧﺒﻮب ﯾﺤﻤﻞ زﻋﺎﻧﻒ ﻣﻮازﯾﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﮫ )ﺣﻠﻘﯿﺔ‬:‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬
q between fins  h(H pipe  Nt)wθ b

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﻮى ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺰﻋﻨﻒ‬

A max  
 πDH  2π (r2c2  r12 ) (annular fin)
A max  2NL fin  L wall w (rectanglar section)
Fixed temperatures at two ends
L
sinh m ( L  x )  sinh( mx )
 b

b sinh mL

Heat transfer equation

 L 
 cosh mL  
b
q f  kmAc b  
 sinh mL 
 
 
Infinite length fins

L
 e  mx
b
q f  kmAc b

4
 hA
(T  T )  st
 e Vc
(Ti  T )
hA
q  (T  T )  st
 e Vc
q  (Ti  T )
hAside

VCp
Q  VCpin (1  e )
T ( x, t )  Ts  x 
 erf  
Tint ial  Ts 2 t 
 x 
erf   : ‫ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ اﻟﺤﺮاري‬
 2  t 
Ts  Ti
q  kA
t

5
 u  x u  x
Re x  
 
Cp 
Pr  
k 
ρ:‫ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬
X: ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔاﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
:‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﻮﻧﻲ‬
:‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ‬

Type of external flow

(Re) ‫ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد‬

[Link] flow Re  5 * 105
[Link] flow Re  5 * 105

Heat flux of external

flow
6
q //  hx (Ts  T )
hx : Location heat transfer coefficient ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﻲ‬

k
h Laminar   0.332Re0.5
x Pr
1/3

x laminar
k
h Laminar   0.664Re0.5
x Pr1/3

x laminar
q Laminar  h LaminarA ΔT
C fx  0.664Rex0.5
for laminar
C fx  1.328Rex 0.5

k 0.8 1l 3
hx  0.0296 Re L Pr
x
k
hx   0.037Re 0.8 x Pr
1/3

L
q turbulent  q total  q laminar
Cfx  0.0592Rex 0.2
For turbulent
Cfx  0.074Rex 0.2

k
hx   (0.037Re0x.8  871) Pr1/ 3
x
q total  h x A  ΔT
  
Cfx  0.074Rex0.2  1742Rex0.5 
Drag force supplied on a plate
Drag force  τ w  Area  τ w  2τ x
 x  0.664 Re x 0.5 u2 Laminar only
7
 Ts  T
Tf 
2
Tf: ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‬
P
 ::R=287
RT f

4.64 x
x 
Re x
x
 1.026 Pr1 / 3
 th
5*105‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻂ إذا ﻛﺎن رﻗﻢ رﯾﻨﻮﻟﺪز ﻻ ﯾﺴﺎوي‬
hx 
k
x

0.037 Re 0x.8  A Pr 1/ 3 

A  0.037Re 0.8
critcal  0.664Re ctitcal
0.5

Stanton number
hx
St x  ...........................................(3)
Cpu 
hL
St L  ...........................................(3)
Cpu
1 L
C f   C fx dx........................................(4)
L 0
C f x  2St x Pr 2/3

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ‬

T  Ts  2  y  1  y  
3
θ
       
θ b T  Ts  3  δ  2  δ  

Mass flow rate over plate

o 5
m  u  
8
8
  
 
1/3   5/8 4/5
h D .D  0.5
0.62Re D Pr  Re D  
Nu D   0.3   .1    
2/3 0.25
k    0.4      282,000  
  1    
   Pr   

 
0.25
2

Nu D  2  0.4 Re D  0.06 Re D3  Pr 0.4  
0.5

   s 

*‫*ﺧﻄﻮات ﺣﻞ أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬

o
ρu o D u o D 4 m
Re D     P  πD
μ υ Pμ
o π o
m  ρuA  ρu D 2  ρV
4
h .D
Nu D  D
k
–: ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ إذا ﻛﺎن‬
L h  0.05DReD Pr  L real
Type of internal flow
a. laminar wh en Re  2300
L
b. turbulent when Re  2300, ,  10, Ts  Tb
D
9
 Texit  Tin
q  h D As(Ts  Tb ) :: Tb 
2
Texit  Tin
q  hA ΔTLmtd  h D A surface
 Ts  Tin 
Ln  
 Ts  T exit 

Texit  Tin
mean Logathem temperature
 Ts  Tin 
Ln  
 Ts  Texit 
h D As
 o

Te  Ts  (Ts  Tin )e m Cp

A. Nu  3.66 ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن طﺒﺎﻗﻲ وﺗﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬

B.‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن طﺒﺎﻗﻲ وﻏﯿﺮ ﺗﺎم اﻟﺘﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬

D
0.0668  Re Pr
Nu  3.66  L
2/3
 D  
1  0.04  Re Pr 
 L  
C. for the entire length
  
1/ 3
D
Nu  1.86   Re D Pr   m 
L   s 
‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺎوي اﻟﻠﺰوﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬q  hD As (Tsi  Tin )

10
 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬q  hD As (Tso  Texit )
o
q  m CpTb ..........................(1)
(Ts i  Tin )  (Ts o  Texit ).........(2)

q  m CpTexit  Tin .................(3)

o

.‫ ﺗﻜﻮن اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‬Tb‫إن أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﯾﺼﻠﮭﺎ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬/1‫م‬
q''=constant‫ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬qo‫اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺣﺮاري‬/2‫م‬
****************
(laminar flow and fully-developed) ‫ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬.1
Nu D  4.364
(turbulent) ‫ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﻀﻄﺮب‬.2

k
hD   0.023  Re 0.8
D Pr
n

D
n  0.4 when Ts  Tbi (heating)
n  0.3 When Ts  Tbi (cooling)

o
power  V Δp
L ρu 2
Δp  f
D 2
0.14
μ 
Nu D  0.023Re Pr  m 
0.8
D
1/3

 μs 

Nu  C Re nD Pr 1 / 3

[Link]
Vmax 
2(SD  D)
ρV .D
Re D |  max
max μ

11
 1
U
1 1

h1 h 2

ΔTLtmd 
Th1  Th 2   Tc1  Tc 2 
 Th 1  Th 2  
Ln  
 Tc1  Tc 2  
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد ﺑﺼﻮرة واﺿﺤﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
q  NUATLtmtd
For power station only
ΔTLtmd 
Tc1  Tc 2 
 Ts  Tc 2  
Ln  
 Ts  Tc1  
‫* إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﻄﻰ إذن ﻻ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ذات اﻟﻤﻤﺮ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬
q  NUA( TLtmtd ) *
( TLtmtd )*  F ( TLtmtd )
F: correct factor
q  NUATLtmtd 
*

UA
NTU 
C min
C min
Cr 
C max

1
 2 0.5 1  exp[NTU(1  c r )
2 0.5
]
 21  C r (1  c r ) 
 1  exp[NTU(1  c r2 ) 0.5 ] 

‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻮازي‬

12
 1  exp[ NTU(1  (C min /C max )]

1  exp[1  (C min /C max )]
(Th 1  Tc1 )  (Th 2  Tc 2 )
for parallel
 (Th 1  Tc1 ) 
Ln  
 (Th 2  Tc 2 ) 
‫اﻟﺠﺮﯾﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬
1  exp[  NTU(1  (C min /C max )]

1  (C min /C max )exp[  NTU(1  (C min /C max )]
(Th 1  Tc 2 )  (Th 2  Tc1 )
for counter
 (Th 1  Tc 2 ) 
Ln  
 (Th 2  Tc1 ) 

q  nNUATLtmtd
*

N: ‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‬
n: ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻤﺮات‬
o
Mass flow rate for each pipe m
Mass flow rate for one pipe  
no. of pipe ρu  A crosssection

13