SHEET NO.

1
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW AND ISENTROPIC FLOW

1-The Concorde aircraft flies at M=2.3 at an altitude where the ambient

temperature is -56.34 oC. What is the aircraft velocity?
[Answ. 2443 km/h]

2- Air is flowing isentropically in a duct of 5 cm-diameter. At a certain

section, To=300oC, P=120 kPa, and m =0.4 kg/s. Estimate, at this section, the
air velocity and Mach number.
[Answ. 262.4 m/s, 0.564]

3- For isentropic flow of perfect gas, show that the velocity can be calculated
from the following relation:
 k 1

 Pk 
V  2C pTo 1   
2

  Po  
 
4- Air is flowing isentropically through the nozzle shown in (figure P4). The
nozzle has a rectangular cross-sectional area of constant width of 10 cm.
Given; Po=2 bar, To=350K and M1=0.4. At what distance, from section 1,
Mach number become 0.6?
[Answ. 7.174 cm]

1
10 cm o
10

10 cm

Section 1

Fig. P4

-1-
5- A stream of air flowing isentropically in a duct at a pressure of 140 kPa
has a Mach number of 0.7. Determine:
(a) The max. percentage reduction in area which could be introduced without
reducing the flow rate of stream.
(b) The total pressure of the stream.
[Answ. 8.63%, 194.2kPa]

6- Air flows through an isentropic convergence-divergence nozzle with

stagnation conditions of 300 kPa and 500 K. The throat area is 5 cm 2 and the
exit area is 10 cm2 and Mach number at throat is 0.8. Find:
a- Mach number at exit section (assuming subsonic flow)
b- What is the exit pressure required to choke the throat?
[Answ. 0.293, 281.25 kPa]

7- A convergent- divergent nozzle has a ratio of exit to throat areas of 1.6

(area ratio). This isentropic nozzle is supplied from an air reservoir in which
the pressure is 550 kPa and the temperature is 310 K. Determine the range of
exit pressure within it the nozzle is choked. Determine the max. velocity
possible at the nozzle exit.
[Answ. Pe≤492.6 kPa, Me=1.94]

8- Air is flowing isentropically through a converging duct which is fed from a

large reservoir where the temperature and pressure are 300 K and 400 kPa,
respectively. The maximum mass flow rate through the duct is 4 kg/s.
Determine the Mach number, pressure, temperature and velocity at a point
where the cross-sectional area is 0.01 m2.
[Answ. 0.26, 381kPa, 296 K, 89.67 m/s]

-2-
9- Air is flowing isentropically through a converging duct which is fed from a
large reservoir where the temperature and pressure are 350 K and 200 kPa,
respectively. At a certain point along the duct, where the cross-sectional area
is 0.005m2, the velocity is 200 m/s. Determine the temperature, Mach number
and pressure at that point and also calculate the mass flow rate.
[Answ.330.1 K, 0.549, 162.8 kPa, 1.718 kg/s ]

10- At the discharge of an air-conditioning duct, it is desirable to reduce the

cross-sectional area of the duct, as shown in (Fig. 1). The cross-sectional area
of the smaller duct is 0.02 m2. At section 1 of the larger duct, the pressure,
stagnation temperature and velocity are 150 kPa, 327 K and 71 m/s,
respectively. If the flow throughout the duct is isentropic and discharge to an
ambient pressure of 100 kPa, determine the mass flow rate.
[Answ. 6.66 kg/s]

2
1
Fig. 1

11- Air is to flow isentropically through a convergent-divergent nozzle at a

rate of 1.2 kg/s from a large reservoir. At the nozzle exit, the pressure is to be
Pe = 14 kPa and the Mach number is Me = 2.8. Determine:

(a) The pressures at the reservoir Po and at the throat Pt.

(b) The areas of throat and exit (At and Ae).

-3-
12- Air flows through an isentropic convergence-divergence nozzle with
stagnation pressure and temperature of 250 kPa and 300K, respectively. The
throat area is 5 cm2 and the exit area is 10 cm2 and Mach number at throat is
0.8. Find:
(a) Mach number at the exit section.

(b) Air temperature at the exit section

13- An isentropic C-D nozzle receives air from a large reservoir where the
pressure and temperature are Po = 200 kPa and To = 300 K. The throat and
exit cross-sectional areas are 0.001 m2 and 0.002 m2, respectively. The flow
in the diverging part is supersonic. Determine (a) the mass flow rate and (b)
Mach number, temperature and pressure at the exit section.

14- Air is flowing isentropically through a converging-diverging duct (Fig.

1), which is fed from a large reservoir where the temperature and pressure are
300 K and 400 kPa, respectively. The maximum mass flow rate through the
duct is 4 kg/s. Determine the Mach number, pressure, temperature and
velocity at a point in the subsonic diverging part where the cross-sectional
area is 0.01 m2

15-Air is to flow isentropically through a convergent-divergent nozzle at a

rate of 1.2 kg/s from a large reservoir in which the temperature is 298 K. At
the nozzle exit, the pressure is to be 14 kPa and the Mach number is 2.8.
Determine:
(1) The pressures at the reservoir and at the throat (2) The throat and exit
areas of the nozzle.

-4-
16- Air is to flow isentropically through a convergent-divergent nozzle at a
rate of 1.2 kg/s from a large reservoir in which the temperature is 298 K. At
the nozzle exit, the pressure is to be 14 kPa and the Mach number is 2.8.
Determine:
(1) The pressures at the reservoir and at the throat (2) The throat and exit
areas of the nozzle.

17- Air flows isentropically through a c-d nozzle at a rate of 1.2 kg/s from a
large reservoir in which the temperature is 310 K. At the nozzle exit, the
pressure is to be 14 kPa and the Mach number is 2.4. Find:
(1) The pressures at the reservoir and at the throat (2) The throat and exit
areas of the nozzle.

18- A large tank supplies air to a converging-diverging nozzle. The pressure

and temperature in the tank are 6 MPa and 1000 K, respectively. The flow
through the nozzle is isentropically. The exit cross sectional area of the
nozzle is 0.001 m2. Mach number at exit section is 3.0. Determine the throat
area and the mass flow rate through the nozzle.
19- Air flows through an isentropic converging-diverging nozzle (Fig. 2)
with stagnation conditions of 300 kPa and 500 K. The throat area is 5 cm 2
and the exit area is 10 cm2 and Mach number at throat is 0.8. Find Mach
number and the air velocity at exit section (assuming subsonic flow).

Ae=11 cm2

At = 4 cm2
Mt=0.8 Fig. 2
-5-
20- Air flows isentropically through a subsonic converging diverging duct.
The inlet and throat areas are 1 m2, 0.7 m2, respectively (Fig. 3). If the inlet
Mach number and the pressure are 0.3 and 80 kPa respectively, calculate
Mach number and the pressure at throat.

Throat
Inlet Exit

Fig. 3
1

21- Air flows isentropically through the convergent-divergent duct shown in

Fig. 4 where At= 0.1 m2,P1=85 kPa, Pe=200 kpa. Determine the exit area.

Po =300 kPa Ae

Fig. 4

22- An isentropic C-D nozzle receives air from a large reservoir where the
pressure and temperature are Po = 200 kPa and To = 300 K. The throat and
exit cross-sectional areas are 0.001 m2 and 0.002 m2, respectively. The flow
in the diverging part is supersonic. Determine (a) the mass flow rate and (b)
Mach number, temperature and pressure at the exit section.
23- Air flows isentropically through a converging- diverging nozzle. At a
section in the converging portion of the nozzle, A 1=0.1 m2, P1=600 kPa,

-6-
T1=20oC and M1=0.6. For section 2 in the diverging part of the nozzle,
determine A2, P2, T2 if M2=3.

1 2

Fig. 5

24- Air is to flow isentropically through a converging-diverging nozzle at 1.2

kg/s from a large reservoir in which the temperature is 20 oC. At the nozzle
exit, the pressure is to be 14 kPa and the Mach number 2.8. Determine:
1) The pressures in the reservoir and the nozzle throat.
2) The throat and exit areas of the nozzle.
3) Air velocity at exit section.

25- A nitrogen (k=1.4, R=297 J/kg.k) flows isentropically through a

converging-diverging nozzle having a throat area of 0.05 m2. The static
temperature and pressure at the throat section are 333 K and 140 kPa
respectively. At section 2 (see figure 1) the static pressure is 70 kPa. Answer
the following;

(1) Is the throat chocked? Explain by sketch.

(2) Determine the cross-sectional area of section 2
(3) Determine the mass flow rate of the nitrogen.

26- Air is flowing isentropically through a converging – diverging nozzle

(Fig. 6). The static pressure and temperature of throat section are 140 kPa and

-7-
60 oC respectively. The throat area is 0.05 m2. If the static pressure of section
2 is 70 kPa, answer the following:
1- Is the nozzle chocked? Explain.
2- Find the cross-sectional area of section 2
2

Throat

Fig. 6

27- A converging nozzle of 6 cm diameter is attached to a reservoir

containing air with stagnation conditions of 27 oC and 180 kPa. Is the nozzle
choked? What is the exit air velocity? Now, it is required to attach a
diverging section with exit diameter of 10 cm. Estimate the highest exit
pressure required to chock the throat. Take Pa=1 bar.

Throat

Fig. 7

-8-