Shiv Chhatrapati Shikshan Sanstha’s
SANT TUKARAM NATIONAL MODEL SCHOOL, LATUR
CLASS: IX NUMBER SYSTEM Sub: Mathematics
Content:
1) Introduction
2) Main concepts and Sub-concepts
3) Gist of the Lesson
4) Video
5) Graph
6) Mind Map
7) Bibliography
8) Question Bank
Introduction
The collection of numbers is called the number system. These numbers
are of different types such as natural numbers, whole numbers, integers,
rational numbers and irrational numbers. Let us see the table below to
understand with the examples.
Natural Numbers N 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
Whole Numbers W 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5…
Integers Z …., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Rational Numbers Q p/q form, where p and q are integers and q is not zero.
Irrational Numbers Which can’t be represented as rational numbers
Main concepts:
1) Irrational Numbers
2) Real Numbers and their Decimal Expansions
3)Representing Real Numbers on the Number Line
4)Operations on Real Numbers
5)Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers
Gist of the chapter:
Natural Numbers
All the numbers starting from 1 till infinity are natural numbers, such as
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,…….infinity. These numbers lie on the right side of the
number line and are positive.
Whole Numbers
All the numbers starting from 0 till infinity are whole numbers such as
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,…..infinity. These numbers lie on the right side of the
number line from 0 and are positive.
Integers
Integers are the whole numbers which can be positive, negative or zero.
Example: 2, 33, 0, -67 are integers.
Rational Numbers
A number which can be represented in the form of p/q is called a rational
number. For example, 1/2, 4/5, 26/8, etc.
Irrational Numbers
A number is called an irrational number if it can’t be represented in the
form of ratio.
Example: √3, √5, √11, etc.
Real Numbers
The collection of all rational and irrational numbers is called real
numbers. Real numbers are denoted by R.
Every real number is a unique point on the number line and also every
point on the number line represents a unique real number.
Difference between Terminating and Recurring Decimals
Terminating Decimals Repeating Decimals
If the decimal expression of a/b terminates. A decimal in which a digit or a set of
i.e. comes to an end, then the decimal so digits repeats repeatedly periodically
obtained is called Terminating decimals. is called a repeating decimal.
Example: ¼ =0.25 Example: ⅔ = 0.666…
Some Special Characteristics of Rational Numbers
[Link] Rational number is expressible either as a terminating
decimal or as a repeating decimal.
Every terminating decimal is a rational number.
Every repeating decimal is a rational number.
Irrational Numbers
The non-terminating, non-repeating decimals are irrational numbers.
Example: 0.0100100001001…
Similarly, if m is a positive number which is not a perfect square, then
√m is irrational.
Example: √3
If m is a positive integer which is not a perfect cube, then 3√m is
irrational.
Example: 3√2
Properties of Irrational Numbers
These satisfy the commutative, associative and distributive laws for
addition and multiplication.
Sum of two irrationals need not be irrational.
Example: (2 + √3) + (4 – √3) = 6
Difference of two irrationals need not be irrational.
Example: (5 + √2) – (3 + √2) = 2
Product of two irrationals need not be irrational.
Example: √3 x √3 = 3
The quotient of two irrationals need not be irrational.
2√3/√3 = 2
Sum of rational and irrational is irrational.
The difference of rational and irrational number is irrational.
Product of rational and irrational is irrational.
Quotient of rational and irrational is irrational.
Real Numbers
A number whose square is non-negative is called a real number.
Real numbers follow Closure property, associative law, commutative
law, the existence of an additive identity, existence of additive inverse
for Addition.
Real numbers follow Closure property, associative law, commutative
law, the existence of a multiplicative identity, existence of
multiplicative inverse, Distributive laws of multiplication over Addition
for Multiplication.
Rationalization
If we have an irrational number, then the process of converting the
denominator to a rational number by multiplying the numerator and
denominator by a suitable number is called rationalization.
Example:
3/√2 = (3/ √2) x (√2/√2) = 3 √2/2
Laws of Radicals
Let a>0 be a real number, and let p and q be rational numbers, then we
have:
i) (ap).aq = a(p+q)
ii) (ap)q = apq
iii)ap/aq = a(p-q)
iv) ap x bp = (ab)p
Example: Simplify (36)½
Solution: (62)½ = 6(2 x ½) = 61 = 6
Video: [Link]
Activity:Locate √9.3 on number line
Mind Map
Bibliography:
1) RD Sharma
2) [Link]
3) Reliable
Question Bank
EXERCISE:1.1
[Link] zero a rational number? Can you write it in the form ,
where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0?
[Link] six rational numbers between 3 and 4.
[Link] five rational numbers between .
[Link] whether the following statements are true or false. Give
reasons for your answers.
(i) Every natural number is a whole number.
(ii) Every integer is a whole number.
(iii) Every rational number is a whole number.
EXERCISE:1.2
Question 1:
State whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your
answers.
(i) Every irrational number is a real number.
(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form , where m is a natural
number.
(iii) Every real number is an irrational number.
Question 2:
Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not, give an
example of the square root of a number that is a rational number.
Question 3:
Show how can be represented on the number line.
EXERCISE: 1.3
Question 1:
Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of decimal
expansion each has:
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v) (vi)
Question 2:
You know that . Can you predict what the decimal
expansion of are, without actually doing the long
division? If so, how?
[Hint: Study the remainders while finding the value of carefully.]
Question 3:
Express the following in the form , where p and q are integers
and q ≠ 0.
(i) (ii) (iii)
Question 4:
Express 0.99999…in the form . Are you surprised by your
answer? With your teacher and classmates discuss why the answer
makes sense.
Question 5:
What can the maximum number of digits be in the repeating block
of digits in the decimal expansion of ? Perform the division to
check your answer.
Question 6:
Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form (q ≠ 0),
where p and q are integers with no common factors other than 1
and having terminating decimal representations (expansions). Can
you guess what property q must satisfy?
Question 7:
Write three numbers whose decimal expansions are non-
terminating non-recurring.
Question 8:
Find three different irrational numbers between the rational
numbers and .
Question 9:
Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:
(i) (ii) (iii) 0.3796
(iv) 7.478478 (v) 1.101001000100001…
EXERCISE 1.4
Question 1:
Visualise 3.765 on the number line using successive magnification.
Question 2:
Visualise on the number line, up to 4 decimal places.
EXERCISE: 1.5
Question 1:
Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v) 2π
Question 2:
Simplify each of the following expressions:
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
Question 3:
Recall, π is defined as the ratio of the circumference (say c) of a
circle to its diameter (say d). That is, . This seems to
contradict the fact that π is irrational. How will you resolve this
contradiction?
Question 4:
Represent on the number line.
Question 5:
Rationalise the denominators of the following:
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
EXERCISE:1.6
Question 1:
Find:
(i) (ii) (iii)
Q2. Find:
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv)
Question 3: Simplify:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Question Bank as per the paper pattern
1 Mark questions:
Q.1: Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.
Q.2: Find five rational numbers between 3/5 and 4/5.
Q.3: Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not, give an
example of the square root of a number that is a rational number.
Q.4: Find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5/7
and 9/11.
[Link]: (√5 + √2)2.
[Link] the value of √(3)-2.
[Link] a rational number among the following numbers :
2 + √2, 2√2, 0 and π
[Link] 1.8181… in the form pq where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
[Link] : √45 – 3√20 + 4√5
[Link] the value of’
[Link] the value of
2 Mark Questions
[Link] : (√5 + √22 + (√8 – √5)2
[Link] ‘a’ be a non-zero rational number and ‘b’ be an irrational number. Is ‘ab’
necessarily an irrational ? Justify your answer with example.
[Link] x and y be a rational and irrational numbers. Is x + y necessarily an
irrational number? Give an example in support of your answer.
3 Mark Questions
[Link] √3 on the number line.
[Link] √3.2 on the number line.
[Link] the square root of 10 + √24 + √60 + √40.
[Link] x = 9 + 4√5, find the value of √x – 1x√.
[Link] x = 15√−2 , find the value of x3 – 32 – 5x + 3
[Link] ‘x’, if 2x-7 × 5x-4 = 1250.
[Link]:
5 Mark Questions
[Link] x = p+q√+p−q√p+q√−p−q√, then prove that q2 – 2px + 9 = 0.
[Link] a = 13−11√ and b = 1a, then find a2 – b2
[Link]:
[Link] that:
[Link] a and b, if
[Link] xa = y, yb = z and zc = x, then prove that abc = 1.
[Link] that:
[Link] that:
Answer Bank
EXERCISE:1.1
[Link]. Zero is a rational number as it can be represented as etc
[Link] are infinite rational numbers in between 3 and 4.
3 and 4 can be represented as respectively.
Therefore, rational numbers between 3 and 4 are
[Link] are infinite rational numbers between .
Therefore, rational numbers between are
4.
(i) True; since the collection of whole numbers contains all natural
numbers.
(ii) False; as integers may be negative but whole numbers are positive.
For example: −3 is an integer but not a whole number.
(iii) False; as rational numbers may be fractional but whole numbers may
not be. For example: is a rational number but not a whole number.
EXERCISE:1.2
Question 1:
(i) True; since the collection of real numbers is made up of rational and
irrational numbers.
(ii) False; as negative numbers cannot be expressed as the square root
of any other number.
(iii) False; as real numbers include both rational and irrational numbers.
Therefore, every real number cannot be an irrational number.
Question 2:
If numbers such as are considered,
Then here, 2 and 3 are rational numbers. Thus, the square roots of all
positive integers are not irrational.
Question 3:
We know that,
And,
Mark a point ‘A’ representing 2 on number line. Now, construct AB of unit
length perpendicular to OA. Then, taking O as centre and OB as radius,
draw
an arc intersecting number line at C.
C is representing .
EXERCISE: 1.3
Question 1:
(i)
Terminating
(ii)
Non-terminating repeating
(iii)
Terminating
(iv)
Non-terminating repeating
(v)
Non-terminating repeating
(vi)
Terminating
Question 2:
Yes. It can be done as follows.
Question 3:
(i)
Let x = 0.666…
10x = 6.666…
10x = 6 + x
9x = 6
(ii)
Let x = 0.777…
10x = 7.777…
10x = 7 + x
(iii)
Let x = 0.001001…
1000x = 1.001001…
1000x = 1 + x
999x = 1
Question 4:
Let x = 0.9999…
10x = 9.9999…
10x = 9 + x
9x = 9
x=1
Question 5:
It can be observed that,
There are 16 digits in the repeating block of the decimal expansion of .
Question 6:
Terminating decimal expansion will occur when denominator q of rational
number is either of 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, and so on…
It can be observed that terminating decimal may be obtained in the
situation where prime factorisation of the denominator of the given
fractions has the power of 2 only or 5 only or both.
Question 7:
3 numbers whose decimal expansions are non-terminating non-recurring
are as follows.
0.505005000500005000005…
0.7207200720007200007200000…
0.080080008000080000080000008…
Question 8:
3 irrational numbers are as follows.
0.73073007300073000073…
0.75075007500075000075…
0.79079007900079000079…
Question 9:
(i)
As the decimal expansion of this number is non-terminating non-
recurring, therefore, it is an irrational number.
(ii)
It is a rational number as it can be represented in form.
(iii) 0.3796
As the decimal expansion of this number is terminating, therefore, it is a
rational number.
(iv) 7.478478 …
As the decimal expansion of this number is non-terminating recurring,
therefore, it is a rational number.
(v) 1.10100100010000 …
As the decimal expansion of this number is non-terminating non-
repeating, therefore, it is an irrational number
EXERCISE 1.4
Question 1:
3.765 can be visualised as in the following steps.
Question 2:
= 4.2626…
4.2626 can be visualised as in the following steps.
EXERCISE: 1.5
Question 1:
(i) = 2 − 2.2360679…
= − 0.2360679…
As the decimal expansion of this expression is non-terminating non-
recurring, therefore, it is an irrational number.
(ii)
As it can be represented in form, therefore, it is a rational number.
(iii)
As it can be represented in form, therefore, it is a rational number.
(iv)
As the decimal expansion of this expression is non-terminating non-
recurring, therefore, it is an irrational number.
(v) 2π = 2(3.1415 …)
= 6.2830 …
As the decimal expansion of this expression is non-terminating non-
recurring, therefore, it is an irrational number.
Question 2:
(i)
(ii)
=9−3=6
(iii)
(iv)
=5−2=3
Question 3:
There is no contradiction. When we measure a length with scale or any
other instrument, we only obtain an approximate rational value. We
never obtain an exact value. For this reason, we may not realise that
either c or d is irrational. Therefore, the fraction is irrational. Hence, π
is irrational.
Question 4:
Mark a line segment OB = 9.3 on number line. Further, take BC of 1 unit.
Find the mid-point D of OC and draw a semi-circle on OC while taking D
as its centre. Draw a perpendicular to line OC passing through point B.
Let it intersect the semi-circle at E. Taking B as centre and BE as radius,
draw an arc intersecting number line at F. BF is .
Question 5:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
EXERCISE:1.6
Question 1:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Q2. Find:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Question 3:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Question Bank Answers as per the paper pattern
1 Mark questions:
We have to find five rational numbers between 1 and 2.
So, let us write the numbers with denominator 5 + 1 = 6
Thus, 6/6 = 1, 12/6 = 2
From this, we can write the five rational numbers between 6/6 and 12/6 as:
7/6, 8/6, 9/6, 10/6, 11/6
Q.2:
We have to find five rational numbers between 3/5 and 4/5.
So, let us write the given numbers by multiplying with 6/6, (here 6 = 5 + 1)
Now,
3/5 = (3/5) × (6/6) = 18/30
4/5 = (4/5) × (6/6) = 24/30
Thus, the required five rational numbers will be: 19/30, 20/30, 21/30, 22/30, 23/30
Q.3:
No, since the square root of a positive integer 16 is equal to 4. Here, 4 is a rational
number.
Q.4:
The given two rational numbers are 5/7 and 9/11.
5/7 = 0.714285714…..
9/11 = 0.81818181……
Hence, the three irrational numbers between 5/7 and 9/11 can be:
0.720720072000…
0.730730073000…
0.808008000…
5. Here, (√5 + √22 = (√52 + 2√5√2 + (√2)2
= 5 + 2√10 + 2 = 7 + 2√10
6.
7. O is a rational number.
8. Let x =1.8181… …(i)
100x = 181.8181… …(ii) [multiplying eqn. (i) by 100]
99x = 180 [subtracting (i) from (ii)]
x = 18099
Hence, 1.8181… = 18099 = 2011
9. √45 – 3√20 + 4√5 = 3√5 – 6√5 + 4√5 = √5.
10.
11.
2 Mark Questions
1. (√5 + √2)2 + (√8 – √52 = 5 + 2 + 2√10 + 8 + 5 – 2√40
= 20 + 2√10 – 4√10 = 20 – 2√10
2. Yes, ‘ab’ is necessarily an irrational.
For example, let a = 2 (a rational number) and b = √2 (an irrational number)
If possible let ab = 2√2 is a rational number.
Now, aba = 22√2 = √2 is a rational number.
[∵ The quotient of two non-zero rational number is a rational]
But this contradicts the fact that √2 is an irrational number.
Thus, our supposition is wrong.
Hence, ab is an irrational number.
3. Yes, x + y is necessarily an irrational number.
For example, let x = 3 (a rational number) and y = √5 (an irrational number)
If possible let x + y = 3 + √5 be a rational number.
Consider pq = 3 + √5, where p, q ∈ Z and q ≠ 0.
Squaring both sides, we have
∵ pq is a rational
⇒ √5 is a rational
But this contradicts the fact that √5 is an irrational number.
Thus, our supposition is wrong.
Hence, x + y is an irrational number.
3 Mark Questions
1:
On the number line, take OA = 1 unit. Draw AB = 1 unit perpendicular to OA. Join
OB.
Again, on OB, draw BC = 1 unit perpendicular to OB. Join OC.
By Pythagoras Theorem, we obtain OC = √3. Using
compasses, with centre O and radius OC, draw an arc, which intersects the number
line at point
D. Thus, OD = √3 and D corresponds to √3.
2. First of all draw a line of length 3.2 units such that AB = 3.2 units. Now, from point
B, mark a distance of 1 unit. Let this point be ‘C’. Let ‘O’ be the mid-point of the
distance AC. Now, draw a semicircle with centre ‘O’ and radius OC. Let us draw a
line perpendicular to AC passing through the point ‘B’ and intersecting the semicircle
at point ‘D’.
∴ The distance BD = √3.2
Now, to represent √3.2 on the number line. Let us take the line BC as number line
and point ‘B’ as zero, point ‘C’ as ‘1’ and so on. Draw an arc with centre B and radius
BD, which intersects the number line at point ‘E’.
Then, the point ‘E’ represents √3.2.
3.
.
4. Here,
x = 9 + 4√5
x = 5 + 4 + 2 x 2√5
x = (√52 + (22 + 2 x 2x √5).
x = (√5 + 2)2
√x = √5 + 2
Now, 1x√ = 15√+2
5.
∴ x – 2 = √5
Squaring both sides, we have
x2 – 4x + 4 = 5
x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 …(i)
Now, x3 – 32 – 5x + 3 = (x2 – 4x – 1) (x + 1) + 4
= 0 (x + 1) + 4 = 4 [using (i)]
6
We have 2x-7 × 5x-4 = 1250
⇒ 2x-7 × 5x-4 = 2 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
⇒ 2x-7 × 5x-4 = 21 × 54
Equating the powers of 2 and 5 from both sides, we have
⇒ x – 7 = 1 and x – 4 = 4
⇒ x = 8 and x = 8
Hence, x = 8 is the required value.
7.
5 Mark Questions
1.
Squaring both sides, we have
⇒ q2x2 + p2 – 2pqx = p2 – q2
⇒ q2x2 – 2pqx + q2 = 0
⇒ q(q2 – 2px + q) = 0
⇒ qx2 – 2px + q = 0 (∵ q ≠ 0)
2.
3.:
4. a
5.
6. We have xa = y, yb = z and zc = x
7. Taking L.H.S., we have
8.
The End
