‫المجموعة اإلرشادية عبر فيسبوك‬

‫لجميع التخصصات‬

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 English Language Evaluation Exam Revision

Like in the Arabic language, in order to make a full correct sentence in the English
language, you need:
Subject Verb Object
Example: I love English.

Notes: - The first word of a sentence always starts with a capital letter. (I vs i)
-We put a full stop (.) at the end of every sentence.

Subjects: can be nouns, or pronouns

Pronouns:
I, you, He/She/It, They, We
Note: The pronoun (I) is always written in Capital form, even in the middle of
sentences.

Verbs: are written in time tenses

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Present Simple:
- To express a general truth or fact, or habits.

I love English
He/She/It loves English
They love English
You love English
We love English

General Rule: verb remains in base form (called infinitive) as in no change occurs
with all pronouns, except with He/She/It -> We must end the verb with (s)

Other verb examples:

He eats
She sleeps
They swim

Some verbs do not follow the general rule:

Verb to have:
I have
You have
He/She/It has
They have
We have

Verb to do:

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I do
You do
He/She/It does
They do
We do

Verb to be:
I am
You are
He/She/It is
They are
We are

Past simple:
- To express an action that has already finished.
Example: I visited my grandparents yesterday.

I visited
You visited
He/She/It visited
They visited
We visited

General Rule: Must add (-ed) to create past simple tense with all pronouns.

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Note: There are words in a sentence that help you know it is in past simple tense,
like yesterday, ago, last week/month/year. These words are called keywords.

Other verb examples:

I started studying.
He climbed the mountain.
You invited all her friends.
Note: If verb already ends with an (e), we only add the (-d).
Example: Invite (base form) -> in past form: invited (X DO NOT write: inviteed X)

When the verb is only one syllable, we have to double the last letter then add (-
ed). Example: Nod -> Nodded
Stop -> Stopped
When the verb ends in (y), we have to turn it into (i) then add (-ed).
Example: Cry -> Cried
Try -> Tried
Note: If there is a vowel before the (y), the (y) can stay. Example: Stay -> Stayed

Some verbs do not follow the general rule: (These verbs are called irregular verbs)
Verb to have:
I had
You had
She/He/It had
They had

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We had

Verb to do:
Becomes (did) with all pronouns. Example: I did my homework yesterday.
Verb to be:
I was
You were
He/She/It was
They were
We were

Other verbs examples:

Present -> Past
Go -> Went , Drink -> Drank
Grow -> Grew , Know -> Knew
Eat -> Ate , Write -> Wrote
Give -> Gave , Leave -> Left
Cut -> Cut , Put -> Put
Read -> Read , Think -> Thought
Buy -> Bought , Wear -> Wore

Another form of past simple: (used to)

Example: I used to sleep late during the summer break.
It describes an old habit that has now ended.

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Note: After (to) comes infinitive (base) form of verb, there is no need to add (ed)
in this case.
More examples:
She used to swim in the lake with her sister when she was a child.
They used to visit their grandparents every week.
Future Simple Tense:
- To express an action the will happen in the future.
Example: I will go to school tomorrow.
Keywords: tomorrow, the next day/week/month/year, later.

Forms of Future Simple:

1) Will
I will go
You will go
He/She/It will go
They will go
We will go

General Rule: Will is followed by the verb in infinitive (base) form, this is
true for all pronouns.

2) Going to
I am going to swim tomorrow.
You are going to swim tomorrow.
He/She/It is going to swim tomorrow.
They are going to swim tomorrow.
We are going to swim tomorrow.

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 General Rule: After (going to), verbs come in infinitive (base) form.

3) Present Continuous (can be used to express future)

I am leaving for Lebanon tomorrow.
You are leaving for Lebanon tomorrow.
He/She/It is leaving for Lebanon tomorrow.
They are leaving for Lebanon tomorrow.
We are leaving for Lebanon tomorrow.

General Rule: Verb to be + verb + ing

Forming Questions and Negative sentences:

- Negative sentences:
We add (not)
Examples:
I will not go to school tomorrow. (future simple)
He is not going to swim tomorrow. (future simple)
They are not leaving for Lebanon tomorrow. (Present Continuous)
They do not love English. (present simple)
He did not visit his grandparents yesterday. (past simple)
We did not use to sleep late during the summer break. (past with
used to)

Note: In past simple, we add did before not in negative sentences, so now
there is no need to add (ed) to the main verb.
Example: She bought a dress yesterday. (+ve)
She did not buy a dress yesterday. (-ve)
Note: We can shorten the phrases using an apostrophe (‘).
Example: is not -> isn’t
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 Will not -> won’t
Cannot -> can’t
Did not -> didn’t
These are called abbreviations.
Punctuation Marks:
. -> used to signal end of a sentence
? -> used to signal a question
! -> used to signal exclamation
, -> in middle of sentences offering a small pause but not a complete stop.
Used when listing items (example: I ate an apple, an orange, and a banana.)
: -> used when listing. (example: The basket is full with many fruits: banana,
orange, and apple.)
“ ” -> Used to quote and relay exactly what someone else has said.
Example: “I love English,” said Salma.
Salma said, “I love English.”
‘ -> Used to show ownership. Example: Those are Sam’s gloves.

- Questions:
Present:
Example:
Sentence: They love English.
Question: Do they love English?
Note: WH-word can be added before the do. Example: Why do they love
English? How much do they love English?

Other WH words: How? Why? Where? When? What? Who? How long? How
much?

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 Past:
Example:
Sentence: He visited his grandparents yesterday.
Question: Did he visit his grandparents yesterday?

Future
Example:
Sentence: They will go home.
Question: Will they go home?
Example:
Sentence: She is going to swim tomorrow.
Question: Is she going to swim tomorrow?

- Compound Sentences
We can connect two sentences together with commas and linking words
(and, or, but)

Example: I will visit my grandparents tomorrow. I will study.

➔ I will visit my grandparents tomorrow, and I will study.

Present Perfect Tense:

- To express an action that started in the past and still affects in the present.
Example: She has broken her leg.
Keywords: yet, already, since, for.

General Rule:
Subject + verb to have (in present form) + main verb in past participle form (3 rd
form)

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I have broken my leg.
You have already finished your homework.
She/He/It has already finished her/his/its homework.
They have already finished their homework.
We have already finished our homework.
Negative:
She has not broken her leg.
They have not finished their homework yet.

Question:
Have they finished their homework?

Since Vs For
Since is used to describe when the start of the action
Example: They have been married since 2013.
For is used to describe the duration (how long) of the action.
Example: They have been married for 10 years.

Note: 10 years = a decade

100 years = a century
Example: They have been married for a decade.

3rd form of a verb is called past participle:

Present -> Past -> Past particle (3rd form)

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Have -> Had -> Had , Visit -> Visited -> Visited
Do -> Did -> Done , Go -> Went -> Gone
Is/Are -> Was/Were -> Been , Give -> Gave -> Given
Eat -> Ate -> Eaten , Drink -> Drank -> Drunk
Grow -> Grew -> Grown , Begin -> Began -> Begun
Buy -> Bought -> Bought , Know -> Knew -> Known
Write -> Wrote -> Written , Wear -> Wore -> Worn
Take -> Took -> Taken , See -> Saw -> Seen
Say -> Said -> Said , Hear -> Heard -> Heard
Become -> Became -> Become , Put -> Put -> Put

Causative: A form of present perfect.

It expresses something getting done, it is not important who did it.
Example: I need to have my car cleaned.

Modals Tense:
Example: I can swim, and he can play basketball.
General Rule: After Modals, the verb is in infinitive form.

Modals:
Can/Could -> to express being able to
May/ Might -> to express given permission to
Shall/ Should -> to express advice
Must -> to express necessity

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 Must not -> to express prohibition (not allowed to)

Examples:
You should get your headache checked out. (advice)
“They may go to the bathroom,” the teacher said. (permission)
The teacher said, “You must not leave the classroom!” (not allowed to)

Note: notice how punctuation marks are used in a quotation, there are
important!

Past Perfect Tense:

- To express an action that started and finished in the past, before another
action started.
Example: I had brushed my teeth before I went to bed.
Keywords: after, before.
General Rule: Subject + Had + past participle (3rd form)

Examples:
I had met with Sarah before I left the University.
Our neighbor asked if we had seen her dog.

After Vs Before
Example:
Action 1: I brushed my teeth
Action 2: I went to bed

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General Rule:
Action 1 happens before action 2 so action 1 is past perfect and action 2 is past
simple.
After -> Action 1 -> , -> Action 2
Before -> Action 2 -> , -> Action 1

After I had brushed my teeth, I went to bed.

I went to bed after I had brushed my teeth.
Note: there is no comma if (after) comes in the middle of the sentence.

Before I went to sleep, I had brushed my teeth.

I had brushed my teeth before I went to bed.

Nouns:
Singular Vs Plural
Singular: Only one
Plural: more than one

Singular:
We use (a) or (an) before a singular noun in a sentence.
General Rule: we use an if the noun starts with a vowel (a, o, i, e, u)
Examples:
A lamp a butterfly a flower
An apple an umbrella an olive

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 (the): can come before any noun (whether it starts with a vowel or not)
Example:
the Lamp the butterfly the flower
the apple the umbrella the olive
Plural:
General Rule: To turn a noun from singular to plural, we add (s) at the end of
the word.
Example
An Apple -> two Apples
A flower -> three flowers

Sometimes, we have to add (es) instead of only (s):

This happens with words that end in (s, ss, z, x, sh, ch)
Example:
A bus -> Four Buses
One Box -> Five Boxes

Some nouns do not follow the general rule:

1- Nouns that end in (f) or (fe), the (f) is turned into (v) after adding the plural s
Examples:
A wife -> two wives
A knife -> two knives
A leaf -> Six leaves
A thief -> three thieves

Spelling tip: it is always spelled (ie) except when they come after (c) then it is (ei).

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Examples: friend, thief, believe, niece, achieve
receive, receipts, ceiling, deceive

2- Nouns that end in (y) are sometimes turned into (i) then we add (es)
Example: Army -> Armies Baby -> Babies City -> Cities
If there is a vowel before the (y), then the (y) stays. Example: key -> keys
3- Irregular nouns:
Example:
child -> children foot -> feet man -> men
mouse -> mice tooth -> teeth person-> people

4- Uncountable nouns: there are nouns that only exist in singular form and
cannot be transformed into plural by adding (s).
Example: Water -> X you CANNOT say waters X
You can say A bottle of water, two bottles of water, …

Other examples: Milk, snow, butter, juice, intelligence, air, wind, nature,
information, meat, advice, homework, food, money

Much Vs Many
Many is used with countable nouns
Much is used with uncountable noun

Example: I don’t have much money but I have many ideas.

Few Vs Little
Few is used with countable nouns
Little is used with uncountable nouns

Example: He has little information about the subject so he will only take a
few minutes to discuss this.

Adjectives

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Used to describe nouns. May come before or after the noun.
Example: Laith smiled when he saw the fast car.
The car is fast.

Comparing: Comparative and Superlative forms of adjectives

Comparative:
Used to compare between two nouns.
Example: Grass is shorter than an apple tree.

General Rule:
Noun 1 -> Verb to be -> Adjective in comparative form -> than -> Noun 2

Add (er) to an adjective to make it comparative.

Example: Short -> Shorter high -> higher small -> smaller
Tall -> Taller Long -> longer old -> older

Adjectives with more than 2 syllables have another form of comparative:

using (more)
Example: A plane ticket is more expensive than a bus ticket.

More beautiful more interesting more difficult

Note: DO NOT use both (er) and (more) in same sentence. You can only use
one.
X I find science more harder than math. X

Note: to compare, we use (than) and not (then).

Superlative:
Example: Tareq is the tallest in the class.

General Rule:

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 Noun -> Verb to be -> the -> Adjective -> est

Add (est) to an adjective to make it superlative.

Example: Short -> the shortest High -> the highest
simple -> the simplest young -> the youngest
If adjective is more than 2 syllables, use (most)
Example: Lara found Mathematics to be the most difficult subject in school.

Note: DO NOT use both (est) and (most) in same sentence. You can only use
one.
X I find science to be the most hardest subject. X

Some adjectives do not follow the general rule:

Example:
Adjective -> Comparative -> Superlative
Good -> Better than -> The Best
Bad -> Worse than -> The worst
Little -> Less than -> The least
Many -> More then -> The most

Synonyms Vs Antonyms
Synonym: are 2 words that have similar meaning.
Example: End = Finish
Quick = Fast

Antonyms: are 2 words that have opposite meanings.

Example: Start ≠ End
Tall ≠Short

Prefix and Suffix

They can change the meaning of an adjective creating antonyms.

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Prefix: comes before an adjective.
Example:
Countable -> Uncountable (They are opposite in meaning (antonyms)).
Possible -> Impossible
Active -> Inactive
Responsible -> Irresponsible
Legal -> Illegal
Honest -> Dishonest
Use -> Misuse
Suffix: comes after an adjective
Example:
Care -> Careless
Use -> Useless

Prepositions:
In -> for months. Example: In October.
On -> for days. Example: on Monday.
At -> for hours. Example: at 7 o’clock.

If clauses:
Zero Conditional:
Used with facts and general truths.
Example: If you boil water, it evaporates.
General Rule: Both clauses of the sentence are in present simple.

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Note: If the sentence starts with the if-clause, we must use a comma. There’s no
need to use a comma when the If-clause comes in the middle of the sentence.
Example: If you leave ice in the sun, it melts. (Use Comma)
Ice melts if you leave it in the sun. (No comma)

First Conditional
Used to talk about possibilities in the present or the future.
Example: If it rains, I will stay home.
You will succeed if you study.
General Rule: If-clause uses present simple, second clause uses future simple with
(will).

Second Conditional
Used to talk about imaginary situations in the present or future.
Example: If I knew, I would tell you.
General Rule: If clause uses past simple, second clause uses modal (would)
Example: If I won a million dinars, I would buy a fancy car.

Can be also used to give advice using (if I were you):

Example: If I were you, I would quit smoking.

Relative Clauses:
Using who, which, where, when, that to connect two sentences.
Example: The Eiffel tower, which is located in Paris, is a beautiful touristic sight.

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 The man who worked at the factory was walking his dog outside.

Defining Vs Non-defining
Defining relative clauses: no commas used. It is when the meaning of the
sentence would not be complete or understood without the extra clause.
Non- defining clauses: We use commas. It is when the meaning of the full
sentence isn’t affected by the extra clause, it can be understood correctly even
without the extra clause.
Example:
- The boy who bullied other children was punished.
No commas here because it is defining, without the extra clause we would not
understand which boy the sentence was referring to.
The boy was punished. Which boy?

- My mother, who comes from Syria, loves cooking.

We use commas because it is non-defining. The sentence can be fully understood
even without the extra clause. Example: My mother loves cooking.

Note: When is used with time.

Where is used with places.
Which is used with things.
Who is used with people.
Whose is used with belongings (possessive)
That can be used in place of which, where, and when.

Note: Who’s Vs Whose

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Who’s is an abbreviation for (who is). Example: Who’s at the door?
Whose: belonging/possession. Example: The man whose car had been stolen.

Your Vs You’re
You’re = you are. Example: You’re new to the class.
Your = belonging/possession. Example: I like your bicycle.

Its Vs It’s
It’s = It is. Example: It’s cold outside.
Its = belonging/possession. Example: The cat licked its paw.

Verbs After Verbs:

General Rule: Verb 1 decided tense of Verb 2
1) Some verbs can only take infinitive form after them.
Example: I promise to study well.
Promise (verb 1) can only take the infinitive form of (study) (verb 2) after it.
X I promise studying well X the sentence doesn’t work.

Other examples:
Decide, offer, beg, ask, agree, want, arrange, refuse, manage, pretend, fail, claim

We decided to travel.
He claimed to leave the party early the night of the murder.

2) Some verbs can only take verbs with (ing) called gerunds after them.
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 Example: I enjoyed going to the movies yesterday.

Enjoy (verb 1) can only take the gerund form of (go) (verb 2) after it.

X I enjoyed to go to the movies yesterday. X the sentence doesn’t work.

Other examples:
Admit, Avoid, Deny, Suggest, Mind, can’t stand, can’t resist

I can’t stand running in the cold weather.

She doesn’t mind watching her little brothers while her parents go out.

3) Some verbs can take both, infinitive form and gerund (ing) form
Example: I love to paint trees.
I love painting trees.
Both sentences are correct.

Other examples:
Like, Dislike, Hate, Love, Prefer, Try

They tried to convince her to join them.

They tried convincing her to join them.

He prefers cycling to work.

He prefers to cycle to work.
The End

We wish you the best of luck

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 Written by: Yasmin Seif
If you have any questions about the subject or exam, please contact on:
[Link].2@[Link]

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