i

A PROPOSED 12-STOREY MID-RISE CONDOMINIUM

A Research Paper

Presented to

Architect

Joanne Cristabel S. Bernardino, UAP

Bachelor of Science and Architecture

University of Batangas Lipa Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the subject

Design 6 – AD106

By

Romero, John Kenneth B.

February 23, 2024

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

I. CHAPTER 1: Introduction…………………………………………………............1
I.1 History of the Condominium…………………………………………………..3
I.2 Existing Condition of Mid-Rise Condominium……………………………….4
1.3 Owner of Condominium and Condominium Units……………………………
6
II. CHAPTER 2: Related Literature…………………………………………………..7
Guidelines of National Building Code and P.D. 957…………………………….7
Building Classification and Building Height Classification……………………...9
III. CHAPTER 3: Research Methods………………………………………………..12
Space Programming………………………………………………………………12
Matrix Diagram…………………………………………………………………….13
Bubble Diagram……………………………………………………………………13
IV. CHAPTER 4: Site Selection……………………………………………………...16
Site Criteria…………………………………………………………………………16
Site no.1: Tabangao Lobo Rd, Batangas City.………………………………….16

Site no.2: Ayala-Pres. JP Laurel Highway Lipa City……………………...……17

Site no.3: Gov. Carpio Ave. Sto. Tomas Batangas………………………….…17
V. CHAPTER 5: Building Utilities System………………………………………….19
Architectural Features…………………………………………………………….19
Sustainable Features…………………………….……………………………….19
Structural System………………………………………………………………….21
Electrical System…………………………………………………………………..23
Mechanical System………………………………………………………………..24
Fire Protection System……………………………………………………………26
Sanitary System …………………………………………………………………..27
Waste Management System……………………………………………………..28
Landscape System………………………………………………………………..29
*REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….3
2
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study

As a country of over 7,641 islands primarily cultivated by various tribes, the

colonization of Spanish and American catalyzed quite the impact on Philippine history
and culture for four centuries. That is the reason why, the late national hero for
architecture, Leandro Locsin once said that Philippine Architecture is an elusive thing,
because while it makes full use of modern technology, it is a residue of the different
overlays of foreign influences left in the Philippines (Noche, n.d). From the caves where
our Filipino ancestors fiddled away from the elements to the high-rise condos that
populate our cities’ skyline, Filipino homes have come a long way.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the first condominium structures were
built in Metro Manila, ushering in the history of condominium living in the Philippines. In
response to the increasing demand for housing in urban areas, condominium
arrangements were a more cost-effective option to single-family residences.

Furthermore, condominiums are generally appreciated in value. Similar to

apartments, condominiums which are also known as condos, are perfect for residents
who enjoy living in a divided community without worrying about the maintenance and
servicing including property management and lawn work (Chen 2019). Although it is
much similar to apartments, there’s still a big difference between the two and that is
ownership. As we all know, an apartment is specified as a rented residence in a sizable
residential building. On the contrary, condos, which are similar in structure are owned
rather than rented. It is a building wherein the property taxes are usually paid by the
owner monthly and they are responsible for all the interior maintenance (Franklin, 2019).

The classifications of a condominium vary in three aspects: The Low-Rise

Buildings, Mid Rise Buildings, and the High-Rise Buildings. To start off, the Low-rise
Condos has fewer floors and has more space to enjoy condominium amenities. This
could be as tall as 3 floors or 99m in height and has no elevators, making them a walk-
up building. The construction of these costs could be lower, therefore, more budget
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friendly as this could also be built faster than high rise buildings and residents could
move in faster.

A condominium, also known as a condo, is a large housing complex divided into

individual units for the purpose of sale, with each unit having an individual title and
hence could be separately owned. When an individual rents a condo unit, he is renting
directly from the condominium owner or landlord.

On the other hand, Mid-Rise Condos are defined as buildings that have at least 5
floors to 12 floors. Unlike the low-rise condos that rely on stairs and have no elevators,
mid-rise buildings usually have elevators because floors with more than three storeys
are to be equipped with elevators.

Condo owners specifically own the airspace of a unit in a multi-unit development.

They are responsible for what goes on within their individual units, including
maintenance and repairs. Beyond that however, ownership does not extend to include
the four walls that divide their unit from other units or common areas in the development.
Hence, condo residents typically share certain common areas and amenities with their
neighbours. These include parking lots, garages, recreational and function rooms, roof
decks, swimming pools or gymnasiums and other facilities available within the premises.

As for the High-Rise Condos, opposed to low-rise, are buildings which have 13
floors or above are generally most in 100 meters in height. It is mostly used as
residential or office buildings. However, these shouldn’t be confused with the
skyscrapers, which are much taller than high-rise buildings that have 200 meters in
height. There are also buildings that are called ‘super tall’ buildings that rise until 300
meters in height.

There are some misconceptions between condominium and apartments. The key
difference between an apartment and a condo lies in the ownership. Typically, apartment
buildings are owned by a property management company, and you would rent an
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apartment within the building. Apartment renters liaise with the property manager to pay
rent, get repairs done or settle disputes. On the other hand, condo owners simply pay
dues to the condominium management to cover maintenance costs for common areas of
the condominium development. In the case of tenants, they pay rent to the respective
landlord or owner of the specific condo unit, in which they are staying.

The target market for condos are usually first-time buyers who are not ready to
make a substantial investment in a landed house, or older buyers, who are looking to
downsize, due to either old age or shrinkage in the core family size. Condos provide the
convenience that comes with low maintenance as a main selling point to these buyers.
Condos also typically come with many amenities ranging from a swimming pool to 24-
hour security. The more amenities there are, the more appealing the condo is to tenants
and buyers.

1.1 History of the Condominium

The condominium as a type of ownership has been present in various forms in

Europe since the end of the Middle Ages. In the United States, condominium ownership
appeared in the latter half of the 19th century and has been popular in crowded urban
areas. The word "condominium" is an invented Latin word formed by adding the prefix
con- ‘together’ to the word dominium ‘dominion, ownership’. Condominia originally
referred to territories over which two or more sovereign powers shared joint sovereignty.

In our time, Condominiums are not a new concept. Whereas the word
condominium determines a form of ownership of a real property. As early as the 6 th
century B.C., this form of ownership which is used for condos was pre-owned by the
Romans in Europe (Spring,1996). Therefore, the concept has always been existing for
more than centuries. The concept has existed in South American countries for at least
two centuries.

After World War II, essentially the only type of commonly owned housing that
was available to the general population was the cooperative. However, even if there are
available purchasers and consumers from the purchasing shares in the cooperative,
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they are still ineligible to own a house because the cooperative had several major
drawbacks (Spring, 1996).

Repudiate in Philippine history, the Figures 1 to 3 are the first projects of Federal
Homes, Inc. in 1970s (Humble Beginnings, 2019): Federal Land Incorporation is one of
the pioneers of the Philippine real estate developers. Founded in 1972 as Federal
Homes Inc. The same year, they launched their first residential condominium project
which is the Soler Tower, provisioning the Filipino - Chinese community in Binondo,
Manila.

The triumph of the Soler Tower gave an idea to the investors to expand and
develop more condominiums such as Tytana Plaza, Mandarin Mansion and many more.
Henceforth, one of the most popular types of housing in the Philippines is condominium
(Humble Beginnings, 2019). The shift towards smaller living spaces is arbitrated by the
need for feasible, accessible, and independent lifestyle kindled by the business industry.
While condominium life is an exciting and convenient experience, it also pays to have
enough knowledge about it.

1.2 Existing Condition of Mid-Rise Condominium

As stated by Thomas Downs (n.d), when the timing and market variables are in
place, the condominium development can also be rewarding even if it is demanding and
difficult. With so many conditions affecting the market, a program designed around
phased development — which minimizes market risk both for the developer and the
lender — has been an important strategy in recent projects.
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Current market conditions that favorably affect condominium development

include attractive interest rates, an aging baby boomer market seeking less upkeep but
more luxury, and a growing economy. Combine these with a swimming pool, mountain
view, highways, city lights and some of the key elements for successful condominium
development are in place.

The condominium developer’s target market should determine unit sizes,

amenities, and rules and regulations of the association. This requires close attention to
local demographics.

In this figure it explains the property relative to the sun’s position. However, here are the
things to note:

 A north - south orientation is the safest bet for most Filipino properties. This
means that the path of the sun goes through the sides of the building rather than
the front and back part. Since the unit is a north - south orientation, the condo
tends to be cooler and dimmer.
 A south - east orientation is the most popular choice because this type of facing
receives strong and direct sunlight in the morning.
 An east - west facing is quite unusual and most of the developers tried to avoid it,
as it exposes the property to full sunlight all through the day.

So mainly, consider north - south or southeast facings first, unless the developer has
specific reasons and solutions to do otherwise.
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Especially for midrise building, the users will find the different types of blocks and
facings. In other words, the users can expect the biggest and more expensive units to
feature the Mt. Makiling view.

Other than having a view, there could be a premium priced for units that have the
best privacy. This includes the quietest facing of the condominium as well.

1.3 Owner of Condominium and Condominium Units

Things are very different now than they used to be. In the past, people thought
that owning a house like a bungalow, penthouse, rest house, mansion and many more
was like living the dream, in other words, the bigger the house, the better it was (Lamudi,
2018). Nowadays, people tend to realize and think that they want smaller but
convenient; phones and computers got smaller, and these days, many people want their
spaces to be more compact as well, which means getting a condo unit.

Henceforth, mid-rise condos are usually located in highly accessible areas. One
can find them in main business and commercial districts, presenting an attractive choice
for active young professionals, single or with a family (The Phil Star, 2015).

In accordance with Lamudi (2018), Filipino citizens and corporations can own
condominiums. On the flip side, foreigners are restricted to owning no more than 40
percent of the total and outstanding capital stock of a corporation, which must be
Filipino-owned and controlled. Along with this restriction, foreigners and foreign
corporations are, by law, prohibited to own land.

Whereas Filipino citizens and corporations can own condominium units. This
time, however, foreigners, by virtue of the Condominium Act or The Republic Act of
4726, are allowed and enabled to purchase and acquire condominium units.
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CHAPTER II: RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter dives into existing research to give you the background and context
for this study's findings. It's broken down into six sections exploring key areas: critical
discourse analysis (CDA), opinion editorials, ideology, the language used in editorials,
and how power and social relations play a role.

Presidential Decree No. 957 or the Subdivision and Condominium Buyers

Protective Decree, when it was originally conceptualized, was meant to protect
subdivision and condominium buyers from fraudulent and unscrupulous subdivision and
condominium sellers and operators.

On the other hand, National Building Code of the Philippines is also one of the
major laws needed to be considered in designing and constructing a mid-rise
condominium. Most consideration should be followed as it will be going to affect the
designing process and future impact of the structure to the users and community. Below
are some of the most important considerations that can be use in designing a mid-rise
condominium according to Presidential Decree No. 1096, National Building Code of the
Philippines

Open spaces shall be made accessible inside the project site in compliance with
the requirements of the National Philippines Building Code and its Implementing Rules
and Regulations. These include courts, yards, setbacks, light wells, open driveways,
road access, parking, buffer strips, playgrounds, and parks. Open space is also reserved
for basic utilities and facilities public equipment or common areas. This common
consideration will benefit other consideration.

When it comes to site topography, not all flat area is ideal for constructions of
other structure since the slope is also a factor to consider. The finished grade must have
the desired slope to make it possible for rainwater to be connected into drains in the
streets. Where it is required to cut and fill, an acceptable to prevent any depression in
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the area, the grade must be achieved grading and ditching shall be performed in such a
way as to avoid erosion or flooding of contiguous properties.

Parks/Playground (exclusive of easements, access roads, driveways, parking

space) is also important feature for housing especially on mid-rise condominium and
shall be required for: Projects with a gross saleable area of 1.000 square meters: Or
a.1.2 Projects with ten(10) or more condominium units. Except when the condominium is
part of a subdivision project or a park/playground not more than or 800 meters away and
in reaching it, the pedestrian will not be unduly exposed to hazard.

 The minimum area for a single park/playground is 50 square meters, man.

Increments of 3.00 square meters for each additional family a dwelling type of
more than 10 units shall be added.
 Parks/playgrounds shall be properly landscaped to accommodate both active
and passive activity.
 Parks/playground may be accommodated in the yard/s provided such yards are
adequate and usable as park.
 Other facilities (optional) such as tennis courts, swimming pool, etc. maybe
integrated with the park/playground.

The parking space requirement for a residential condominium project snail shall
comply with the provisions of the National Building The Philippines Code. Multi-family
dwelling units located in residential condominium (R-5) buildings/structures regardless of
number of storeys Units with a gross floor area of from 18.00 to 22.00 sq. meters -
provide one(1)pooled parking slot* for every eight (8) units or for a fraction thereof, e.g.,
another slot*shall be provided if there are more than eight (8) units but less than sixteen
(16) units, etc. But compliance with additional parking spaces as required by local
ordinance shall be mandatory.

Roads shall serve every building, parking space, park/playground, and service
points (e.g. garbage collection points). Minimum roads or right-of-way shall be 8 meters,
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6 meters thereof shall be the carriageway and the remaining 2 meters shall be
developed as sidewalk/planting strip.

 Path walks shall be provided for pedestrian circulation with a minimum width of
1.2 meters.
 Hierarchy of Roads For horizontal condominium projects, the hierarchy of roads
shall be the same as the minimum design standard requirements for subdivision
projects.
 Pavement All roads (major, minor, motor court) for both residential and
commercial condominium projects shall be paved with concrete/asphalt.

For technicalities when it comes to mechanical equipment like elevator and

escalator; ropes, wires or pipes shall not be installed in hoist ways, except when
necessary for the operation of the elevators. When four (4) or more elevators serve all or
the same portion of a building, they shall be located in not less than two (2) hoist ways
and in no case shall more than four (4) elevators be located in any one hoist way.

In apartments or residential condominiums of five (5) storeys or more, at least

one (1) passenger elevator shall be kept on twenty-four (24) hour constant service.
When the facilities can be made accessible at any other level which is accessible by
means of an elevator with a minimum width of 800 mm;

 LOW-RISE - One-storey up to 5-storeys in height, i.e., from3.00 meters up to a

maximum of 15.00 meters above established grade; while not generally requiring
an elevator if the building/structure is for purely residential use; fire escapes and
other safety systems are mandatory for all low-rise buildings/structures.
 MEDIUM-RISE - From 6-storeys up to 15-storeys in height, i.e., from18.00meters
up to a maximum of 45.00 meters above established grade; elevators, fire
escapes, sprinkler systems and other safety systems are mandatory for all
medium-rise buildings/structures.
 HIGH-RISE - 16-storeys or taller in height, i.e., from 48.00 meters above
established grade; elevators, fire escapes, sprinkler systems, arresters, beacons,
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and other safety systems, particularly if near airports, are mandatory for all high-
rise buildings/structures.

Centralized garbage depository area and efficient refuse collection and disposal
services shall be provided whether independently or in conjunction with the city or
municipality garbage collection and disposal services. It shall conform to the provisions
of the Sanitation Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules and
Regulations/pertinent referral codes.

Single-Occupancy Unit Single occupancy units shall have a minimum floor area
of 18 square meters, however, a net floor area of 12 square meters may be allowed
provided that:

 These are intended for students/employees/workers and provided further that the
condominium project to which these will be integrated is within highly urbanized
areas.
 The same shall be provided with common basic facilities such as laundry/drying
area and support amenities such as visitor's lounge and dining area.
 Said facilities/support amenities including all other measures that will ensure
compliance with the intended use of the unit shall be explicitly indicated in the
master deed/ contract to sell.
 Family Dwelling Unit The minimum floor area of family condominium units shall
be 36 square meters and 22 square meters for open market and medium cost
condominium project respectively.

Mid-rise condominium can be classified as Residential 5(R-5)/ Condominiums 6.00 up to

9.00 (at an 18-storey or 54.00 m BHL).

The minimum road right-of-way (RROW) width that services the lot on which the
basement can be constructed should be at least 10.00 meters wide; For basements to
be allowed, the prescribed setbacks and yards must be satisfied for the
building/structure above grade in as much as the very same setbacks shall apply below
grade to determine the maximum depth or width of the basement level.
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A primary or main natural light and ventilation shaft (vertical) with a clear distance
of at least 3.00 meters shall be located at the center of the building and shall traverse
the entire combined height of the building above and below grade;

Secondary or support natural light and ventilation shaft/s (angular) with a clear
distance of at least 1.20 meters shall emanate from the front and rear perimeters of the
building and shall traverse the entire depth of the basement; the angular shaft/s shall
beat an angle of 60º from the horizontal, consistent with the maximum Philippine solar
angle; separate angular shafts emanating from the side perimeters of the building are
encouraged.

A Mid-rise Condominium has construction features capable of surviving flames,

as it has a greater risk and a higher number of inhabitants relative to other
establishments. According to the Forms of Construction referred to in Rule IV of the
National Building Code, a structure of elements such as steel, iron, concrete or masonry
construction shall be referred to as Type V and shall have a fire-resistance of four hours.
Moreover, external doors and windows shall have a one-hour fire resistance rating on all
forms of building.

As per Position on Property Section 704 of the NBCP, there are two forms of
firewall construction that can be used for condominiums. Next, where there are firewalls
on each side of the R-5 occupancy, the maximum overall duration permitted to be
erected is 75% of either side of the property line, given that all firewall development on
the Side Property Line shall not surpass 50 per cent of the total perimeter of theR-
5Property. In the other hand, where there is a firewall on just one side of the rear
property line, the maximum overall length that can be erected is 65 percent of the side
property line, given that all firewall development is not more than 60 per cent of the total
perimeter of the R-5 land. In addition, all types of firewall holes must be completely
sealed in order to protect the fire integrity of the surrounding buildings.

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODS

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SPACE PROGRAMMING

The most important step in designing a building layout, likely, is figuring out how
much space each area needs. This involves back-and-forth discussions with the client to
ensure the final plan meets their specific desires. In mid-rise condos, creating a well-
rounded living experience for residents requires a variety of spaces. While this list isn't
exhaustive, here are some spaces to consider:

 Lobby
 Reception
 Public Lounge
 VIP Lounge
 Admin Offices
 Elevators
 Common Toilet
 Main Stairs
 Employees Lounge
 Showroom
 Control Room
 Mechanical Room
 Utility Room
 Security Room
 Units
 Medical
 Fire Exit
 Gym
 Multi-Faith Area
 Function Area
 Guard House
 Maintenance Room 
 Swimming Pool
 Kid’s Playground
 Court
 Gazebo

MATRIX DIAGRAM
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When designing a mid-rise condo, it's important to consider how different spaces
connect and influence each other. An adjacency matrix diagram can be a helpful tool to
analyze these relationships. This diagram visually shows which spaces should be close
together and which should be separated, considering both functionality and privacy.

BUBBLE DIAGRAM

Understanding how people move through and use different areas in a building is
essential for good design. A bubble diagram is a great tool for visualizing this. It shows
the spaces in a project, their sizes, and how they connect. In mid-rise condo design, this
is a crucial first step. The figures you can't see here are likely bubble diagrams, one for
the overall site layout and another for a specific floor plan. They show how the spaces
are arranged after considering circulation and function.
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CHAPTER IV: SITE SELECTION

One of the most exciting phases when it comes to architectural project is site
selection. In this phase, it involves scouting of locations chosen, and decision where to
put the structure and its amenities.

Three chosen site has its own distinction when it comes to site condition,
accessibility, utilities, and climatic influence. Below are infographics that show the
analysis made by the proponents. Considering the condition, climate, utility factor, and
accessibility of each and every possible site.

Almost every aspect of our lives is affected by the climate, from our food sources
to our transport infrastructure, from what clothes we wear to where we go on vacation. It
has an enormous impact on our livelihoods, on our health, and on our future.

Accessibility may contribute to its overall functionality, being able to grant access
to certain type of community may increase its ability to attract the public, thus granting
the facility the possible clients it certainly need in order to function accordingly.

Nearby utility sites are also essential in considering the site for the proposed
project, having a nearby utility site makes it easier for the access of water, electricity and
everyday essentials.

Maintenance is also considered in the site selection, wherein the possible

sustainable source of natural resources was given thought. Sustainability is strongly
regarded in making the decision in coming up with the decision of choosing a feasible
site for the project.
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SITE NO.1
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SITE NO. 2

SITE NO. 3
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Among these sites, the researcher had chosen the Batangas City location based on the
result of the ratings that had conducted in the following Chapter 4. This site met the
conditions of the researcher that had put in mind. Researchers believe that the Batangas
City area site has the potential to prosper more when a proposed midrise condominium
would be established. The site has the capability to flourish because it is a province in
the Philippines and is a continuous expansion or an extended urban area of Metro
Manila which reaches the southernmost part of Lipa. This site also has a high density of
population where can be considered as target users. Beyond infrastructure, businesses
are attracted to the city because of its superior level of human capital. Batangas City's
primary asset is its people. Batangueños are dependable world-class service providers.
High level of English proficiency is complemented by competencies in various academic
and technical fields. Batangas City also boasts top-tier universities, healthcare facilities,
and a range of urban conveniences, ensuring a well-rounded and fulfilling lifestyle. Thus,
while Batangas offers a respite from the bustling metropolis, you can still enjoy the
vibrant city life within. The site has 2-way,1 lane main road connecting to the main city
and market. Overpass and sidewalks and ramps provided. PUJ and Tricycle terminals.
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CHAPTER V: BUILDING UTILITIES SYSTEM

This chapter presents the building utilities relevant to the concept of the present
study. It also shows and specifies the architectural features, structural, building
construction, electrical, mechanical, fire protection, and sanitary system. The
background and information essential for the accomplishment of this study.

Architectural Features

This stage is crucial and requires careful planning for the entire project, whether
it's a building, structure, or development site. Researcher are focused on identifying key
design elements that will create ideal living spaces for future residents. For mid-rise
condominium, below are different architectural features will going to be use by the
researcher.

 Wooden Cladding – This is a common widely used for structures with double
walls. Thus, the inner wall is usually made of paneling, plaster, or drywall.
Furthermore, exterior timber cladding is often used in combination with a
moisture barrier, which allows the remaining cavity to be fitted with plumbing,
electrical wiring, and insulation.
 Wooden Pergola - A wooden pergola is an outdoor structure that is designed to
provide protection from the elements. It is often made from weather-resistant
wood, metal, or stone. Pergolas are used to create shaded walkways, designated
gathering spaces, and climbing plant designs. They provide respite from the sun
without blocking it completely, offering a shady area that is still filled with
light. Pergolas are also used to extend living spaces, improve property aesthetics
and value, and for outdoor family gatherings.
 Rainwater Harvesting System - Rainwater harvesting is the simple process or
technology used to conserve rainwater by collecting, storing, conveying, and
purifying of rainwater that runs off from rooftops, parks, roads, open grounds, etc.
for later use. Here, let us have a look at the diagram of rainwater harvesting
system. Water is a precious, essential and an abiotic component of the
ecosystem. Today we all are heading toward the scarcity of water, and this is
mainly because of the lack of water conservation and pollution of water bodies.
So, let us not waste a drop of water and start conserving water for further use.
 20

The process of rainwater harvesting involves the collection and the

storage of rainwater with the help of artificially designed systems that run off
naturally or man-made catchment areas like- the rooftop, compounds, rock
surface, hill slopes, artificially repaired impervious or semi-pervious land surface.

Why do we harvest rainwater?

The rainwater harvesting system is one of the best methods practised
and followed to support the conservation of water. Today, scarcity of good quality
water has become a significant cause of concern. However, rainwater, which is
pure and of good quality, can be used for irrigation, washing,
cleaning, bathing, cooking and also for other livestock requirements.

 Passive Cooling Feature – This feature is a design approach that improves the
thermal comfort by bringing fresh air inside with low or no usage of energy
consumption. There are two types of natural ventilation. Cross ventilation
happens when the air flows freely from one side of the building to the other side
that creates a low pressure while Stack ventilation relies on the temperature
difference between the air inside the building and the outdoors to drive the flow of
air.
 Vegetation - A large part of the unpaved area of the house should be dedicated
to trees. This helps to reduce the effect of heat on urban islands when heat from
the sun is absorbed and radiated to the environment by concrete surfaces so
common in urban areas.
 Solar Panel - Renewable energy provides a reliable power supply that enhances
energy security and conserves natural resources. Solar panels use solar power
which is pollution frees resource coming from the radiant light and heat of the
sun. It also reduces the fuel consumption and is available even in cloudy days.
 Roof top Garden - They can be intended to grow produce, provide space for
play, provide shade and shelter, or just be there as a living, green area. There are
two main divisions of garden types: extensive and intensive. Green roofs serve
several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater, providing
insulation, creating a wildlife habitat, increasing benevolence, and reducing
stress by providing a more esthetically pleasing landscape for the people around
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the roof, and helping to reduce urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat
island.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Structural system, in building construction, the particular method of assembling

and constructing structural elements of a building so that they support and transmit
applied loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in the
members. Basic types of systems include bearing-wall, post-and-lintel, frame,
membrane, and suspension.

They fall into three major categories: low-rise, high-rise, and long-span. Systems
for long-span buildings (column-free spaces of more than 100 feet, or 30 meters) include
tension and compression systems (subject to bending) and funicular systems, which are
shaped to experience either pure tension or pure compression. Bending structures
include the girder and two-way grids and slabs. Funicular structures include cable
structures, membrane structures, and vaults and domes or Shell Structures.

Foundations - Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the

superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth. The foundations
of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases
(usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater
area. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be
placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the
exterior wall.

Types of Foundation and their Uses

1. Shallow foundation
 Individual footing or isolated footing
 Combined footing
 Strip foundation
 Raft or mat foundation
2. Deep Foundation
 Pile foundation
 22

 Drilled Shafts or caissons

Types of Shallow Foundations

1. Individual Footing or Isolated Footing

Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common type of foundation

used for building construction. This foundation is constructed for a single column and
also called a pad foundation.

The shape of individual footing is square or rectangle and is used when loads
from the structure is carried by the columns. Size is calculated based on the load on the
column and the safe bearing capacity of soil.

Rectangular isolated footing is selected when the foundation experiences

moments due to the eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces.

2. Combined Footing

Combined footing is constructed when two or more columns are close enough
and their isolated footings overlap each other. It is a combination of isolated footings, but
their structural design differs.

The shape of this footing is a rectangle and is used when loads from the
structure is carried by the columns.

3. Spread footings or Strip footings and Wall footings

Spread footings are those whose base is wider than a typical load-bearing wall
foundation. The wider base of this footing type spreads the weight from the building
structure over more area and provides better stability.

Spread footings and wall footings are used for individual columns, walls and
bridge piers where the bearing soil layer is within 3m (10 feet) from the ground surface.
 23

Soil bearing capacity must be sufficient to support the weight of the structure over the
base area of the structure.

These should not be used on soils where there is any possibility of a ground flow
of water above bearing layer of soil which may result in scour or liquefaction.

4. Raft or Mat Foundations

Raft or mat foundations are the types of foundation which are spread across the
entire area of the building to support heavy structural loads from columns and walls.

Raft or Mat Foundation

The use of mat foundation is for columns and walls foundations where the loads
from the structure on columns and walls are very high. This is used to prevent differential
settlement of individual footings, thus designed as a single mat (or combined footing) of
all the load-bearing elements of the structure.

It is suitable for expansive soils whose bearing capacity is less for the suitability
of spread footings and wall footings. Raft foundation is economical when one-half area
of the structure is covered with individual footings and wall footings are provided.

These foundations should not be used where the groundwater table is above the
bearing surface of the soil. The use of foundation in such conditions may lead to scour
and liquefaction.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Electrical systems, also named circuits or networks, are designed as

combinations of mainly three fundamental components: resistor, capacitor, and inductor.
They are correspondingly defined by resistance, capacitance, and inductance—
generally considered to be lumped-parameter properties. In addition to these primary
electrical components, we also discuss the op amp in this chapter. The voltage or
current sources, which produce the electron motion in an electrical circuit, are the
counterparts of forces or moments in mechanical systems. The focus in this chapter is
on formulating mathematical models with methods of electrical circuit analysis and on
finding and characterizing the natural, free damped, and forced responses of electrical
 24

systems by using MATLAB and Simulink. Analogies between electrical and mechanical
systems are also studied.

 Power Distribution - Large buildings have a much higher electrical load than
small buildings; therefore, the electrical equipment must be larger and more
robust. Large building owners will also purchase electricity at high voltages (in
the US, 13.8kV) because it comes at a cheaper rate. In this case, the owner will
provide and maintain their own step-down transformer, which lowers the voltage
to a more usable level (in the US, 480/277 volts). This transformer can be
mounted on a pad outside the building or in a transformer room inside the
building.
 Lights-Lightings in these buildings is predominantly fluorescent. Lamps range in
size and wattage, and the available colors can range from warm white to cool
white. Incandescent tungsten-filament lamps are used mostly for accent lighting
since their light-output efficiency is low. Mercury-vapour and metal halide-vapor
lamps have the same efficiency as fluorescent lamps, but certain types may have
longer operating lives. High-pressure sodium-vapour lamps have even higher
efficiencies and are used in industrial applications; their marked orange colour
and high intensity has limited their commercial and institutional use, however.
Each of these types of lamps is used in a variety of fixtures to produce different
lighting conditions. Incandescent lamps can be placed in translucent glass globes
for diffuse effects, or in recessed ceiling-mounted fixtures with various types of
reflectors to evenly light walls or floors. Fluorescent lamps are typically installed
in recessed rectangular fixtures with clear prismatic lenses, but there are many
other fixture types, including indirect cove lights and luminous ceilings with lamps
placed above suspended plastic or metal eggcrate diffuser grids. Mercury-vapour
and high-pressure sodium-vapour lamps are placed in simple reflectors in high-
ceilinged industrial spaces, in pole-mounted light fixtures for outdoor applications
on parking lots and roadways, and in indirect up-lighting fixtures for commercial
applications.

MECHANICAL SYSTEM

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM a vital part of a building or structure for this

serves as an air purifier and regulator. Air Conditioning system also provides
 25

comfortability to the user of the structure, specially that the Philippines is a tropical
country that has high humidity. Moreover, air conditioning system also decreases asthma
rounds and prevent heart attack for the residents of the condominium. It also increases
the possibility of better sleep since that the sensation brought by the air condition is
relaxing. With these positive effects, choosing the right kind of air conditioning system is
important to fully achieve this benefit but at the same time doesn’t lessen up the
aesthetic and vibe of the unit/structure. The researchers have come up with the
conclusion of using s Ductless Multi-Split Type Air Conditioning System. A Multi-split AC
cools a multiple room at a time when compared to a standard split type of air condition
that only cools one room at a time. This becomes possible from the construction itself,
wherein a regular split type consists of one compressor and one air outlet while the
multi-split AC can run up to five air outlets that are connected into a single compressor.

This kind of Air Conditioning System provides:

 Flexibility and Convenience. Multi-split AC For larger living rooms and smaller,
quieter ones for the bedrooms, all powered by one outside unit, you can install a
high-capacity air conditioner. This enables you, on a room-by-room basis, to
control the temperature and environment in your home.
 Energy Efficiency. Combined with the ability to heat or cool individual rooms;
energy saving settings help to reduce power and running costs. Also, choosing
the right indoor air outlet unit to suit each room ensures that you don't waste
energy. In a room, the wrong unit can result in the air not being properly cooled
and energy wasted. Compared to a smaller unit running for a longer period of
time, a unit that is too big for a smaller room also uses more power every time
you turn it on. Multi split system air conditioners are among the most energy
efficient of all air conditioners through the operation of multiple indoor air
conditioners from one external air compressor.
 Space Saving. Instead of several outdoor units, multiple interior units can be
linked to one outside device. This gives you greater versatility for installation and
options for saving space. For installation, long pipeline runs offer even greater
choices.
 Evenly Control Indoor Temperature. These systems will not only function as an
additional heating and cooling device once properly installed and sized, but can
also regulate room temperature evenly. A ductless air conditioner offers you the
 26

same level of comfort within the room, as conditioned air is distributed evenly by
its internal fan, unlike window-type AC systems where there is a notable
difference between the temperature in areas near and away from the system.

GENERATOR. A generator is a mechanism that transforms electrical energy into

mechanical energy. It operates based on the theory of electromagnetic induction's
faraday law. With a generator, you can keep all the appliances in your home running
during a power outage, like the furnace or air conditioner. This prevents getting too hot
or too cold in your house, which can lead to heat stroke, hypothermia, and other health
concerns. Even if uncomfortable temperatures are not high enough to pose health
problems, before the electricity turns back on, they will make the family miserable.

ELEVATOR. Traction Elevator will be use and here are ropes in this elevator that
pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor situated above the shaft. The primary
function of the ropes is to raise the elevator vehicle and lower it. It can be used for both
mid-rise and high-rise applications and can travel much faster than hydraulic elevators.
Like other types of elevators, this system uses a counterweight that eliminates the
weight of the occupants and the car so that the elevator load is moved more easily by
the engine. Below are dimensions of the elevator that are going to use in the project.

 Maximum Travel Distance: Knowing the total vertical distance that the elevator
must travel helps manufacturers determine the correct type of system to employ.
 Minimum Floor Height: This dimension represents the landing-to-landing
distance, which will help manufacturers program the elevator’s movement control
and identify any limitations on the car’s size.
 Hoist way Dimensions: If the shaft structure is already in place, provide the
manufacturer with the width, depth, and height of the hoist way.
 Entrance Dimensions: The width, height and depth of the entrance will depend
on the application of the elevator. For example, hospital elevator entrances are
generally 4 to 5-feet wide and 7-feet tall to accommodate any medical
equipment. Talk to your manufacturer about what the best entrance dimensions
are for your typology and usages.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

 27

The fire safety system monitors, detects and suppresses fire hazards. The fire
safety system is in some ways analogous to the autoimmune system of the human body,
which removes bacteria and viruses from the human body. The fire safety system
overlaps both the electrical and mechanical systems in the following ways.

 Fire Detection Equipment

 Fire Suppression System

Suppressing fires and controlling smoke transmission is a type of autoimmune

response. The system also includes components to facilitate the efficient evacuation of
people from the premises, such as exit signs and emergency lighting.

Asset Inventory The fire safety system includes assets such as:

Asset Inventory

 Smoke Detectors/Alarms
 Heat Detectors Suppression
 Sprinkler Heads
 Fire Pump
 Fire Extinguishers
 Dry Compressor
 Fire Hydrants

Alarms

 Fire Alarm Control Panel

 Fire Alarm Annunciator Panel

Egress

 Emergency Lighting
 Emergency Exit Signs

SANITARY SYSTEM

This system refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and
adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage. Preventing human
contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation systems
 28

aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the
transmission of disease, especially through the fecal–oral route. For this project, most
system will be based according to the law required by Code Sanitation of the Philippines,
Water code of the Philippines, and other related law when it comes to sanitation.

Waste Water Management refers to the process in which wastes, and

wastewater are managed from the point of generation to the point of use or ultimate
disposal. The hardware answers to wastewater management are sanitation systems. For
mid-rise condominium, this system will be probably located in private and secured area.
Also, it applies on other system like septic tank, sewage system, and other treatment
system that will be use in the project.

WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Waste management is the activities and actions required from its inception to its
disposal in order to manage waste. This involves collecting, transporting, treating, and
disposing of waste, as well as monitoring and regulating the process of waste
management. Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous and there are various disposal and
management methods for each type. Waste management covers all waste types,
including industrial, biological, and household waste. Waste can pose a threat to human
health in some cases.

Since that waste can contribute greatly to the health condition of humans it is
important to dispose of it properly without affecting the wellbeing of the users. Improper
waste disposal can lead to major and minor health damage and other factors such as:

Soil and Water Contamination. Soil contamination is the concentration of

harmful compounds in the soil such as toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive
materials, or even disease causing agents which can directly affect animal and human
health while, water contamination is the usual effect of human’s unkindly behavior. One
main cause of water contamination are wastewater treatment plants and storm drain.
 29

Harm towards Animal and Marine Life. Everyone continues to see the
continuous dumping of garbage, raw or untreated sewage, despite strict measures to
stop improper waste disposal. In the worst of ways, any animal or marine life coming into
contact gets affected. The inevitable formation of algal bloom and clusters contaminates
marine life such as coral and fish and eventually suffocates it.

Human Damage. Additionally, it causes skin irritation and blood infections when
people come into contact with waste. They also get diseases from flies that are carriers
of solid waste diseases after breeding. As far as mosquitoes are concerned, we know
that, besides feeding on dead fish, sewage, rainwater, tires, cans and other objects are
ideal breeding grounds. They also cause Malaria and Dengue that are some serious
health issues that often cause death to some.

These are mainly the reasons why having a proper waste management system is
important not only to the safety of the public but also to the betterment of the
surroundings, the other living thing and the environment. With these, the researchers
have come up with a waste management system that will enable the structure to protect
the environment. This waste management system is called the Garbage Chute System.

Garbage is among the few things that only when it turns into a problem is thought
of. It is everyone's concern when the system fails, garbage is not properly disposed of,
and odor intensifies leading to unsanitary conditions. One ideal garbage collection
system is the use of garbage chutes in buildings. A garbage chute system is a long
vertical space in a building passing through each floor. On each floor, it includes a door
where residents can dispose of their trash into the chute. This door is usually stored on
each floor in a small room. Garbage placed in the chute drops to the bottom of a
compactor or dumpster.

LANDSCAPE SYSTEM
 30

Landscape system is the physical controls on an environment such as. Climate,

rock type and tectonic setting vary in space so that characteristic suites of land forms.
Vegetation is the primary component of landscaping system. Plants with respect to
architecture can create outdoor rooms that give a specific identity and vibe to the site
itself. Trees, shrubs and ground covers can be used to emphasize architectural lines and
masses to the building. Form, size and texture are the physical characteristics of plants
that provide interest and aesthetic appeal to the landscape.

Trees. Most ornamental trees grow only to about 25 feet so they provide little
shade. Their main purpose is to add color and accent. It also add an interesting focal
point to any landscaping. These focal point trees are typically smaller than standard
shade trees and boasting annual flowers or colorful leaves that draw the eye and
brighten the landscape.

 Champak - This tree has a silvery to grayish bark and yellowish to golden
flowers that also give off a particular scent, and as such adds a little romance to
your backyard. Caring for this tree requires extra effort, though, as it needs a
moist environment to thrive in the best shape. During its early stages, the plant
needs plenty of water source and lots of sunlight.
 Anahaw - Growing to 20 meters tall, the anahaw (Saribus rotundifolius) perfectly
blends in the background, as it towers over all other elements of the landscape. It
is truly a standout tree especially when its starts to bear brick-red fruits and
flowers. However, there’s more to this than being a great backdrop in your
garden. Anahaw is popular in crafts making as its dried leaves can be used to
make fans, bags, and food wrappers.
 Ylag-ylang - If you love to wake up to a familiar hint of jasmine that refreshes
your soul, then growing ylang-ylang tree (Cananga odorata) in your yard is what
you should do. Ylang-ylang is a fast-growing tree that could grow to as tall as 12
meters if grown in an ideal climate. It has these long, silky leaves and greenish
yellow drooping flowers.
 31

Shrubs. A shrubs is generally considered a multi stem woody plat that is less
than 15 ft. Tall. Shrubs are often placed at the base of a home to hide the foundation.
Thus, foundation plants cover the non-facade areas.

 Golden Shrimp Plant - Golden shrimp plant is an evergreen shrub popular as a

landscape plant in tropical and subtropical areas. Golden shrimp plant is easily
grown in the ground as a summer annual in rich, moist soil in full sun (light shade
in southern states) or as a houseplant. Plants in containers can be moved
outside during the warm months and returned indoors to overwinter in a
greenhouse or bright window.
 Palmera Plant - palm tree is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot
order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless
plants, all commonly known as palms.
 Ravenala - Ravenala is a genus of flowering plants with a single species,
Ravenala madagascariensis, commonly known as the traveler’s tree, traveler’s
palm, or East-West palm, from Madagascar. It is not a true palm but a member of
a monocotyledonous flowering plant family.

Ground Covers. It is usually refers to any one of a group of low-lying plants with
a creeping, spreading habit that are used to cover sections of ground while requiring
minimal maintenance. Ground cover plants are often chosen for aesthetic
considerations, such as to introduce new colors or textures into a landscape. Or, they
can be chosen for practical purposes to cover ground where turf grass does not thrive or
is not practical. For example, areas of a yard that are deeply shaded may be a good spot
for an alternative shade-tolerant ground cover plant.

 Peanut plant - Due to the high nutritive value, perennial peanuts are grown
primarily for hay and are often used as a grazing crop for livestock. Perennial
peanuts are suitable for growing in the warm, non-freezing climates like the
[Link] the garden, perennial peanut plants are highly effective as a
ground cover and soil stabilizer in sunny areas. They are often grown for their
ornamental value and can be used as a lawn substitute.
 32

 Carabao Grass - Carabao grass does not need to be mowed. Because it is easy
to grow, the Carabao grass is the best ground cover plant. You can grow it by
seeding directly into the soil or by transplanting.

Considering the functional use of plants is the new approach on resolving landscaping
problem. Traditionally, plants have been used for beatifications due to their aesthetic
qualities. Moreover, plants can also other function than just beautification.

REFERENCES

Rainwater Harvesting -Process, Advantages and Disadvantages ([Link])

[Link]

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%20landlord.

[Link]

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