Chapter-1 Properties of Fluid
Fluid:
A substance in liquid or gaseous phase is referred to as fluid.
Fluid is capable of deforming continuously under the action of shear stress or shear force
(however small the shear stress or shear force may be)
Rate of deformation =Rate of shear strain =Velocity
Gradient(du/dy) =dθ/dt
Fluid Mechanics Classification:
Fluid Static or Fluid in Rest: Fluid is in rest or static condition
Fluid Kinematics: fluid is in motion but here we don’t consider
forces which are responsible for motion. Ex Acceleration
Fluid Dynamics: in this we consider forces also. Ex. Bernauli
Theorem
In fluid stress is proportional to strain rate, when a constant shear stress in applied fluid never
stops and approaches a constant rate of strain
Fluid has no definite shape but it owns shape of containing vessel.
Note: In solid, stress is proportional to strain, when a constant shear stress is applied, a solid
eventually stops deforming at some fixed strain angle.
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Ideal Fluid: Real Fluid:
Frictionless (No viscosity means Non viscous) Which is not ideal fluid.
Incompressible (Bulk modulus → ∞ (⸪ compressibity → 0)
No surface tension
Note: No such ideal fluid exists practically However fluid like air &
water have very low value of viscosity and can be treated as ideal
fluids for all practical purposes.
Some properties of Fluid:
Density or Mass density or Specific Mass(ρ):
Mass of fluid /Volume of fluid Unit: kg/m3
Density of liquid is generally assumed to be constant (little variation due
to temperature and under normal condition no variation due to pressure)
Water density =1000 kg/m3 or 1 gram/cm3 ( standard temp. 4 degree Celsius)
Density of gas change with temperature and pressure (directly
proportional to pressure and indirect proportional to temperature)
Note: Specific Volume=1/Mass density
Weight Density or Specific weight (ω or γ)
Weight of fluid /Volume of fluid = ρg Unit: N/m3
Water specific weight =1000*9.81 N/m3=9.81 KN/m3
Note:
Specific Gravity or Relative density(S): Standard liquid: water as
it does not change property at fixed temperature.
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Compressibility (β): Compressibility is a measure of change of volume or
change of density w.r.t change in pressure for a given mass of fluid.
Compressibility is the reciprocal of Bulk modulus(k)
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Viscosity/ Dynamic viscosity (μ):
Why Concept of density required: Though density of water and oil is almost same but their flow
behavior is not same hence a property of fluid require which defines the flow behavior of fluid
termed as [Link] feel this, take water and oil then spread them in floor individually
It is measure of frictional resistance of fluid to deformation.
Internal frictional resistance offered by one layer of fluid to adjacent layer
of fluid is known as viscosity.
Note: "no-slip condition." It implies that at a solid boundary, the fluid velocity is equal to
the velocity of the boundary itself.
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Note: if we plot shear stress on y -axis and rate of shear deformation or velocity gradient on x-
axis then slope of this curve will be known as Dynamic viscosity.
SI unit of viscosity = [N-sec/m2] or Pa-sec or kg/m-sec
MKS unit of viscosity = [kgf-sec/m2]
CGS unit viscosity = [Dyne-sec/cm2] or Poise
1 poise=1 Dyne-sec/cm2
1
1 poise = 10 𝑁 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐/ 𝑚2
Dimension of viscosity = [ML–1T–1]
Note:
Dynamic viscosity of water at 20 degrees Celsius=1.002 centipoise
Dynamic viscosity of Air at 20 degrees Celsius=0.0183 centipoise
Hence Dynamic viscosity of water is approx. 50 times Dynamic viscosity of Air at 20 degrees Celsius.
Effect of temperature on Viscosity of fluid:
In liquid: Temp ↑μ↓
In case of liquid, cohesive forces between molecules cause viscosity. Hence at higher temp. when molecules possess
more energy, they can oppose the large intermolecular cohesive forces more strongly. As a result, energized liquid
molecule can move more freely, thus viscosity of liquid decreases with increase in temperature.
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In gas: Temp ↑μ ↑
In case of gases, viscosity is caused by molecular collisions (molecular momentum exchange). At
high temperature, more molecular collisions per unit volume per unit time occurs. This results in
greater resistance to flow. Thus, Viscosity increases with temperature.
(this factor has not much significance in water as molecules are nearer to each other hence no such great molecular
moment exchange phenomenon)
Effect of Pressure on Viscosity of fluid:
For liquids, viscosity is practically independent of pressure except at extremely high pressure.
For gases, dynamic viscosity is generally independent of pressure particularly (at low to moderate
pressure) but kinematic viscosity decreases as density is proportional to pressure
Kinematic viscosity:
𝒅𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒗𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝝁)
Kinematic viscosity (𝝂) =
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚(𝛒)
Unit:
1. SI unit: m2/sec
2. CGS Unit: stokes or cm2/sec
1 stoke = 10– 4 m2/sec=1cm2/sec.
3. Dimension =L2T –1
4. Kinematic viscosity of water at 20 degrees Celsius=0.01 stoke
5. Kinematic viscosity of Air at 20 degrees Celsius=0.152 stoke
6. Hence Kinematic viscosity of air is 15.2 times Kinematic viscosity of water at 20 degrees
Celsius.
Type of Fluid:
1- Newtonian fluid or Classical Fluid: which follow newtons law of viscosity.
Shear stress α rate of angular deformation or rate of change of shear strain.
𝜇𝑑𝑢 𝜇𝑑𝜃
𝜏= =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
⸪ Rate of change of shear strain = velocity gradient
Example of Newtonian fluid: Ideal Fluid (like water, air etc)
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2- Non-Newtonian fluid: which don’t follow newtons law of viscosity
(Example- real fluid). Study of non-Newtonian fluid is called Rheology.
n = Flow Behaviour index
Non-Newtonian fluid
Time independent fluid Time dependent fluid
Dilatent Thixo tropic
Bingham plastic Rheopectic
Pseudo plastic
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Fluid Examples
Dilatent or Noncolloidal Sugar solution, non-colloidal solution, butter, wet
(Shear Thicking fluid) sand, corn starch solution
Pseudoplastic or colloidal Quick sand (Daldal), Blood, Paints (not all types),
(Shear Thinning fluid) milk, polymer solution, paper pulp, syrup
Bingham plastic or ideal plastic Toothpaste, sewage sludge, drilling mud
Rheopectic Gypsum paste, Bentonite solution, lubricants
Thixotropic Printer Ink, ketchup, certain paints and enamels
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