Laminar Flow

INTRODUCTION
Laminarflow is aflow in which liquid moves in layers, one layer sliding Over another layer. In this type
"
there is no mixing between different layers and hence, shear force is exclusively due to
offlow,
viscosity.
Boccurs at low velocity so that forces due to viscosity predominates the inertial forces.
Viscosity gives rise to shear stress. Shear stress is maximum at boundary and decreases with
increase in distance from boundary.
, Shear stress results in resistance to flow which is overcome by formation of pressure gradient along
the flow.
In this chapter, we will discuss laminar flow characteristics in circular pipe, between two parallel
plates and in open channel.

-2 Dependence of Shear on Pressure Gradient

" Let us consider a fluid element having dimensions of dlx dyx1. Variation of shear and pressure on
various sides are as shown in the Fiqure (11.1)for a two dimensional condition (i.e. when shear is not
acting on the face of element in the plane of this sheet.)

dy

pal -xdi)dy x1
dl Sino dh
YdNdyjsine dh
t.dlx1 Ydl)\dy) x1 Datum
d!

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ydl xdy x 1

Figure 11.1 Variation of Shear and Pressure on a Fluid element

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For steadyyunitorm fiow. in

acceleration the direction of
flow will be zero
= må
TADE
ah

dy
dh
+ = 0

= 0
dy
Partial differential can be replaced by full differential because (p+yh).,ie.
Constant along y-direction. This is because stream lines are straight
function of / only. Similarly, t will be function of yonly because. flow pie
lineszOmetic
being Thus, (o+
hs
along thelength will be same and hence t will not vary along the unitorm,
length. Hence,
dlp+yh) dt
dl dy
When the flow is horizontal, hwillnot change along the length of
flow. Hence
d(p) dt

where x is the direction of flow.

d: dy
It should be noted that
the above
laminar or turbulent. Thus, they relationships have been derived without
are valid both for referenceth v
laminar and turbulent flow
NOTE Reynolds Number for different type of flows in
different conditions of flow.
Flow Condition Type of Flow
Flow in pipes Laminar Transition
Flow between < 2000 Turbulent
Parallel Plate <1000 2000 - 4000
1000- 2000
> 4000
Flow in Open
Channel
Flow through Soil <500 >2000
500- 2000 > 2000
11.3 Laminar Flow <1
1-2
>2
Consider afuly Through Circular Pipe
symmetric, developed ,take acontrol laminarofflow in a circular
Annular differential volume dif erential annulpipe whose radius is R. Since, hei
control volume us having length r
and thickness dr.
d Annular differential
Control
Volume
p2rrdr
(p
(a) End
dr. CV
view of CV -dx
Figure 11.2 (b) Side view of CV
Laminar flow through
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(c) Forces on CV
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Laminar Flow 285
two
Thereare
kinds of forces acting on the
rightends (R) of the control control volume. One is normal
()and outer(O) volume. Second, tangential pressure acting on theleft
cylindrical Since, the flow isfully forces (shear forces)ofacting
and
controlvolume reduces tosurtaces.
inner() on the
onthe zero. developed the sum forces acting
d + dFp +d+ dFo = 0
Thus,
where, dF = p2ra) ..(3)

dFp =
dF, = +, 2rd)

Puttingthe above values of forces in Equation (3),

we get
dP 2r(dr)(da) -t,2(dr)\dx) atx
dr 2rldr\(dx) = 0

dx r dTx
dr
1d(r) ...(4)
r dr
Since, p= function of x onlyas pressure at a
section is same
Tp = function of ronly as the flow is fully developed
Thus. the above Equation (4) is valid only for all rand x, if
1d
Tta=constant ...(5)

TE In a constant diameter of pipe, the pressure drops uniformly along the pipelength (except for the
ce region).

Integrating the above Equation (5). we obtain

Ublications
- ...(6)
du

R=r+ y’ dy =-dr
du
Thus, ..(7)
rom Equations (6) and (7), We get
du
therefore.,
U = C1jn()+ C2 ...8)

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From above Equation (8)., atr= 0’u=00, which is not possible. Thus for this
mADE E
C, should be zero
Publca
then, U= 4ul ar
Now, at r= R’ u= 0(no slip condition)
R²
0 =
4udx
R(ap
C = 4u
Thus,Equation (9)reduces to
U=
4u ax 4u dr,
Therefore, velocity distribution,
U =

or,
4u dx
Shear stress distribution
du

Shear velocity

At r= R, T = To
-)
Thus,
mAD) 2

Jap
1 D 5lications
P-P2 4toL
Pg Dpg
fLV2
(taking, ag
2gD Dpg
pfv2
8

Shear velocity,
This concept is equally valid in
Laminar as well as in Turbulent flow.
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Volurmeflowrate

R
1

Q=
) ...(13)
P2- P1
Putting this value into Equation (13)
Q =

Q= n(ap)R n(ap)D ...(14)

8uL 128ul
Average Velocity

Vavg A

Vavg R(dp
8u dx -DOP
32udx
D AP
32uL
..(15)

also,
R ap

1 =

R2
The point where local velocity is equal to mean velocity is given by, r= V2 = 0.707R.

Point of maximum velocity

MADE 4u dx,
tor IICaIOns
Oerentiating above equation withrespect
du
dr
du =0, which is at r= 0
For u to be maximum, dr
therefore, at r= 0

U= Umax
R OP- 2Vg -..(16)
4u dx

Thus, ...(17)
and
Thus, the variations of velocity, shear stress Pipe Shear stress Velocity Power input
power input per unit volume acrossthe section will variation variation per unit volume
variation
De as shown in Figure (11.3). Figure 11.3

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-op
1
32u dr lo
Dicai
Since.

= Vavg (?

324Wag
In case ot inclined flow.
(t
(0, + y^,)- (0, +yh) = D²
324uVngL_ 32u QL
(o
D (o
4

128uQL
yD E
70 cm lo
D 20 920 kg/m
As per Dar-Wesbach equation. when the
So
TLg friction factor 21a
By
4LVag
2gD = 00efficient of friction 210
Eouatng Eouatons(9)and(21)
wh

2gD 32uVngt EASS As

°ublications
pDg
64

64 Ass
Thus trcton tactor tor Re

Reyrads nuroer oniylamra fiow inpipe is Re Fnction factor for laminarrflowin pipe sanw
of 64

Eample 11.1
pe of 25 m Oiot
viscosity 0.1 Pas and
2e of ico dameter he pressure specific horzo (Nor
DowernNn
drop meter length ofgravity
per 0.90, flows a
)he (D) re shear through
in W stress
requred per 50 mlength of pipe wall: (c) thethe pipe is 12number
at the KPa, determine
iow:gv
the
pipe to Reynolds
maintain the flow.
of
Solv
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lake =9810N/

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Laminar Flow | 289
Solution:

Vavg = (P-P,)D 12x10 x(0.025) =2.34 m/s

32uL 32x0.1x1
rate offlowin N/min is given by
Mass
a)
QCmass = Qvo Xp

Qmass = (0.025) x2.34 x(9810x 0.90) x60 =608.5 N/nin

n)Shear stress at
the pipe wall.
*-() -=(12xx 10°)x
0.025
2x2
=75 N/m²

(c) Reynolds number, Re = PVD_(1000x0.90)x 2.34 x 0.025 -526.5

0.1

(d) Powe, P= ap - Pe)

-(0.025) x2.34x(12x109 x50) =689.2w
Example 11.2 A large tank shown in figure has a vertical pipe A
2 cm in diameter. The tank contains an oil of density
omlong and
I
tam and viscosity 1.5 poise. Find the discharge through the tube 80 cm Oil

oen the height of oil level of the tank 0s 0.80 m above the pipe inlet.
Solution : -D= 2 cm
70 cm
=1.5 poise = 0.15 Pa.s B
to
By energy equation between sections Aand B,
Pa +Za + VÂ Pb +Zpt V-+h
Y 2g Y 2g
where h, = head lost in friction.
As the tank is large VA=0,
Pa= Pb=0= atmospheric pressure
Z-Z = 1.5 m

h, = 1.5 2g
Assuming laminar flow in the pipe,
h, =
32uV,L
yD?
V 32x0.15x0.70V,
1.5 2x9.81 (920x9.8)x(0.02)°
(Note the length of the tube is 70 cm).
1.5 19.62 = 0.9307 V
V,= 1.49 m/s
Solving for Vp
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Reynoldsnumber Re =
VDp 1.49x0.02x920
0.15
=182.8
Publcal
As this value of Re is less than 2000.
the flow is laminar as assumed.

Discharge
Q=AV=
4
x(0.02) x1.49 =4.681x10 m°/s =28 nn.

11.4 Laminar Flow between Two Parallel Plates

distance aapart. For
Consider a steady fluid flow between two horizontal plates space
relation between shear stressand pressure gradient is representedas
(Figure 11.4) horizontal fo
we can use ether
dtyx partial
dy differentiation or full different iain
As per Newton's law of viscosity
du
Tyx=dy
Flow

then, dx
dy
d²u Figure 11.4 Laminar flow

dy'? -) between two parallel plates

Integrating above equation, we get

du
dy
Again on integration,
1( dp
U=
2u dx y²+Cy+ Ca
Case-I: Both plates are stationary
In this case:
at, y= 0, U=0
C =0
at, y= a, U=0 C, =
Putting these values of C, and C, in Equation (22) Parallelplates
Parabola
Velocity distribution,
Shear stress distribution
du
Tye =dy Velocity distribution
Shearstress
variationforflow
oeweenparalelplat?
Then, from Equation (23) for flow between
parallel plate velocity
of

--29) ..(24)
11.5 Variation
Figure andshearstress
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infinitesimal strip, (dQ) = udA = udy xl
Flowthrough
dQ
udy
Figure 11.6 Infinitesimal
dQ strip in flowbetween parallel plates
On integration, -juay
aje\-ay)d
Thus, discharge per unit width willbe
Q ...(25)

dx
P-P
L

Then,

a (Ap) ...(26)
12uL

Average velocity,
MADVavg Q
A
P-1oati
(ap)a a' (AP)
12ul
...(27)

Point of maximum velocity

U=
12u
dp
ay-y)
du
For maximum value of u, = 0
dy
then,
du 12uà
1
a-2y)=0
dy
y=
2

at, a
y= Vavg (28)

Pressure drop 1

Vavd 12u| ox

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 g2 =12 p Vavg.

P-P2 124Vavg
ra?
Y
12uVavg
h, = ya?
12uL Q 12uQL
X
h, = ya? axl ya'
1
Therefore,

Case-ll : Upper plate moving with constant speed, U(COUETTE FLOW)

For this case,boundary conditions are
at, y= 0, U=0
at y= a, u= U
1
y+Cy+O,
Applying above twO conditions in Equation (32), we get

a
10ay-y)2u dx
Equation (33) shows velocity in COUETTE FLOW [Link] both Uand
there is no pressure gradient the direction of flow
in
dp/ax. In particular wre
..3

Uya
Thus, in this case velocity
simple shear flow. distribution is linear. This case is known as simple
COUETlEr
Shear stress distribution
DE EAS
eations
Vmax
Flow 44

Figure 11.7 Variation of Velocity

distribution
Shear stress
distribution
velocity and shear stress
Average velocity,
Point of Vavg.
maximumvelocity
For maximum velocity,
du
dy 0

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Laminar Flow |293
U
al.

xample11.3 Ollof ralatlve denslty 0.92 and

dynamlo
.nAdparallelplates kept 1.2 cm apart. If the mean veloclty viscoslty
ls 1.40 1.06 polse(a)flows
m/s, calculate the between
maxlmum
0(0)theboundary shear stress, (c) velocity and shear stress at a distance of 0.2 cm from the
head|loss in a distance of 25 m.
and(d)
Solutlon :
(a)Fortwo-ddimensionalllaminar flow between parallel plates
3
Umay = maximum velocity = Vevg =x1.40 =2.10m/s
dp) a
Vvg=àx J124
121 Vavg 12x0.105x1.40
12250 Pa/m
(0.012)
0.012
Boundary shear stress, t = 12250 x -=73.5 Pa

(c) Shear stress t at any yfrom the boundary

0.012
Aty= 0.002 m: t= (1250 -0.002 = 49 Pa

Velocity. MADASy
2x0105P5ez|9913*Q.gÍ2(0.002)° ]
u= 1.167 m/s
12x0.105x1.4x 25
(d) Head loss, 124 Vavg =33.93 m
(0.92 x1000 x 9.81)(0.012

Example 114 journal bearing has a

A
Oil of
-thickness = h
Land accommodates a shaft of diameter D

cislCeOUSa nce shear stress

of h. Show that the power lost
in the oil that fills the
RPM =N ---
Shaft

between the shaft and the bearing wall

Diameter = D

l,TNLD Journal bearing

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Solution :

V= or = 60
2rN,r
puoicau
Tangential velocity.
Assuming linear variation of velocity in the gap, V 2uNr
Shear stress = T= 60h
Shear force on the shaft surface
2ruNr x 2rrxL
F,= tx2TrxL=
60h

4n'uNLr3
Torque T= F,xr= 60h

Power lost P= Txo= 4n'uNr°2nN &ruNL

60h 60 3600h
Since D
power P= ruNLD
3600h
Example 115 Awater tank containing 5 m depth of
water hasa horizontal crack of
0.12mm at the bottom of tank
extending all the way through the 50 cm of the wall at that thickness
water seeps through this crack to location. The
crack (/min/m) is atmosphere. The leakage rate per minute per meter width of the
[Take kinematic viscosity of water = 0.01
(a) 0.582 (b) 0.847 stokes,g=9.79
(c) 1.245
m/s²,p 998 kg/m]
Solution : (b) (d) 1.85
The flow can be
considered as laminar flow between two parallel
L= 0.50 m plates of spacing a=0.12
Head loss, h, = 5.0 m

12uVavgl
ya
ERSY
sO
5.0 =
12x(1000 x0.01 x10
42.474 V
9810 Pubiications
x(0.12 x
}x Vavg
X0.50
103)?
Discharge per meter width,Vag 0.1177 m/s
q= 1x0.1177 x x
q=
0.847 0.12 10-3
11.5 Kinetic l/min/meter width of=[Link]
4124 x10 m°|s
For larniEnergy
nar flow thCorrect
rough circulioanr pipes
Factor
O. =
[Link] K.E.
[Link] average velocity
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Laminar Flow
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71

1
(Taking Vava =
R

R2

O. = 2
R=1543,for laminar flowbetween parallel plates.
4
= for turbulent flow in pipe.

Example 11.6 Determine the kinetic energy correction tactor a for the velocity distribution
uniforn laninar motion between two stationary horizontal parallel plates.
Solution:
Let a=thickness of the gap between the two fixed parallet plates. Then the velocity u at a distance y
from the boundary is given by
1 dp
U=

U= K(ay- y²) where, K= constant = 1 dp

2u dx

Average velocity, mAD Vavg = V

V=
Publicatigns a

Nnetic eneraycorrection factor

0 =
1
a
-jik(or--o-Jo
216/a' a' 3a' 3a'
fa°y-ye-3a'y" +3ay°|dy =a47 5

54 =1.543
35

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MADE 11.7 Laminar
Factor
11.6 Momentum Correction Inhs
hereto

Reoure

(Targ
aere

0en
Tne ve

Bample the vecty profie torlaminar boundary layer is desorbed by

Whee

mometu ortnfacto for the vebcty pofieis

1.6
Slutt
Averaga

RADE " Dischar

2 - - Publications Shear S
Thereir

eadcss

Eample 11
Sracasraf o re
Te ean veocty
Soiion :
Corsog te

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Laminar Flow in Open Channel

case flow with free surface i.e., at every point there is same pressure (atmospheric),
thereis a
Inthis
therefore no
pressure gradient is available to maintain the flow. So, flow is maintained I by the drop in
energy, ie. the resistance to flow will be compensated by the gravíty force.
the potential
Required dropin potential energy will be provided by the bed slope of the channel
au
So, dx

au

= slope of the channel solving this we get the velocity distribution for laminar flow in
where -

open channel.
channel is very
The velocity distribution for laminar flow in an open channel is given as (assumed that
wide).
water
Surface
U=

Where. D= Depth of flow

S
S,(slope of bed)
Figure 11.8 Open Channel Flow
= Dynamic viscosity
Y = Specific weight
1D
Average velocity, Vava. Sudy
D = 3u

Discharge per unit width, q =

3u

Shear stress distribution, -o-y)-0-)

Iherefore, bed shear stress (T) is given by.

{Taking. Vava = M
Head loss, yD?
inclined plane with a free
Considering the laminar flow of a liquid down an
Example 11.8 for the velocity distribution,
iace as halt OT theflow between two parallel plates obtain the expressions
te
mean velocity and the boundary shear stress.

Solution:
.Sder the laminar flow between two inclined plates spaced a dlStance apart at an angle 0 to
yfrom the boundary is
the

The velocity uat any distance

horizontal, as shownin given figure.
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publcaion,
alp)av-y)
1
U= 2u
ay -y
For afree surface flow of depth d,the maximum velocity will be at y= d. Hence the depth d
Considered as d= al2. Also on the free surfacethe pressure is atmospheric and
coincides with the free surface.
hydraulic gradecan libeng

Thus, = sin = S, Um

Thus, U= sin 0 (2dy- y)

2u d
or if s (depth below the surface) is used,
s = d-y
y = d- s
and (2dy- y²) = (-s)
Thus, U= -}sine
Maximum velocity, La sine = Surface velocity
2u

Mean velocity

V= d sine

Discharge per unit width, a= Vd=L sine .0

3u
Shear stress on the bed, To= Yd sin 0

Using result in Equation (i), =

3uV

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Example 11.9 Show that in a laminar flow of unitwidthinside

circular pipe,
Net power input du dy
=t
Volume

o Copy
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on :
Owthat Net Power input= Force x velocity

du
du
dy +udkdyx1
Net power input du
dy = tX -+0
Volume Ldy dy

Net power input

Volume dy

Variation of Power input/ volume

in circular pipe

For Circular Pipe

2

Net power input

Volume

Net power input

Volume
100 mm diameter pipe.
Example 11.10 Oil having a viscosity of 0.08 kg/ms flows through
where R = radius of the pipe
laminar flow velocity
distribution u(r) is given by u=
the wall (b) Calculate the pressure drop
b1lal co-ordinate. (a) Determine the shear stress at
imlength of pipe.
Solution:
u=

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(a) t= dy =
Qu
ar
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(dstance yis from the boundary. y=R-r;dy =-d)
2u(1.4)r

At the boundary. r= Rand

2x0.08x1.4
= 4.48 Nm
0.05
() Mavimum velocity Vo0curs at r= 0
Hence V = 1.4 m/s
Mean vekocity V= VJ2 = 0.7 m/s

Pressure drop-Ap) = (32uVav)

Pressure droo perunit length of pipe.
(32 x 0.08 x0.7 x 1.0) =179.2Nm²
(ap), =
(0.
Example 11.11 Glycerine (u = 1.50Pa.s and p = 1260 kg/m) flows at a velocity of 5.0 ms in
a 10cm diameter pipe. Estimate:(a) the boundary
shear stress in the pipe due to the flow (b) Head loss
in a length of 12 m of pipe and (c) Power expended bythe
flow in a distance of 12 m.
Solution :

Reynolds number Be - PD_1260x5.0x0.10

-420
1.50
(a) As tnis value is less than 2000, he flow is
laminar. ln laminar flow in a conduit
Bu Vavg 8x1.50x5.0
=600 Pa
(b) In laminar fow the head loss
ublEtions
32uVavgL 32x 1.50 x5.0x 12
h= 23.3 m
(c) Power expended
(1260 x 9.8)(0.1)²
P= h
Discharge Q=AVavg RX(0.1)2-x5.0 -0.03927 mls
4
Power P=(1260x 9.81) >x 0.03927 x 23.3
= 11309.08 W
= 11.31 kW
Example 11.12 liquidata
Calculate the diameterof a vertical needed for flow of a viscosiy
Reynolds number of 1200 whenthe pressure remains constant pipe Kinematic
of the fluid v = 1.92 x 10m²/s. throughout the pipe,
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60 xa
mADE ERS
60 xa
brque on nng = shear torce x radus =
60 x a
bea oue ned eonethevisonS eS stance of ol

60 xa 60 x a

Power ost nthe beanng =

2NT
KW = 2*'NuR
1000 KW
60x ax 3600x1000
in laminar fow the uid particles move along straight layers or laminae, such het
paths of the indvidual fuid particles do not cross those of the neighbouring partcles
cours at iow velocty so that forces due to viscosity predominate over the inertia rs
and henceitisaiso known as visoOUs flow.
ABow ina pipe w be Laminar it the Reynolds number Re is less than 2000
in laminar fow in open channel, there is a flow with free surface ie., at
every point there
ssame pressure (atmospheric). therefore no pressure gradient is available to maintain
he fo So flow is maintained by the drop in the potential energy. ie. the resistance
fiow wil be compensated by the gravity force.

Important Expressions
Reanon between shear stress andpressure gradient:

nADE-SY
Lamnar tow thcoughcrcuarppe.
veiocity distribution u=
Publications
Shear stress distributon

Shear veiocity V.=

Drscnarge Q=
*(Ap)D
128uL
Aver age veliocity D'AP
Vag 32uL
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Friction Factor: 64
f=
Re
Powerrequired to overcome resistance:
Laminar Flow betweentwo parallel plates:
P=(-ALV =Q(ap)
Case l: When both the plates are fixed

Velocity distribution: U=
1(dp
2u dx

Shear stress distribution :

-)
Discharge per unit width: Q
12uL
Average velocity: Q a (AP)
avg. A 12L
Case Il: COUETTE FLOW

Velocity distribution:

Shear stress distribution:

Average velocity: Vavg.

Laminar flow in open channel:

Velocity distribution:

Head loss :
MADE
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Objective Brain Teasers
ul (a) 441 × 104 cumec & 17.5 centistoke
Watunderer (dynamic viscosityuL=0.01 poise) flows
pressure through a pipe of 10 mm (b) 2.21 x 10 cumec & 17.5 centi stoke
(c) 4.41 x 10 Cumec & 35 centi stoke
alieter at a velocity of 10 mm/s. What would
be the head loss per km length of the pipe? (d) None of these
(a) 0.08 m (b) 0.16 m In a steady uniform laminar flow through a
Ex.3
(c) 0.32 m (d) 1.28 m circular pipe of diameter 'D, the ratio of velocity
The flow Reynolds number of liquid flowing in at D/4 from the centre to the maximum
a pipe of diameter 20 mm is 1600. If the head velocity is
\oss per unit length is 0.2, the flow rate of the (a) 0.25 (b) 0.5
iquid and its kinematic viscosity, in stokes
are respectively
(c) .75 (d) 0.90

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through a pipe of
(a) the viscosity is
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Ex.4 A steady flow takes place and 10m length. (b) the flow is with a free
100mn internal diameter m/s and (c) the pressure 0s sane surface
at all
The average velocity of
the flow is 5 the
the wallshear stress is 250
N/m. The preSSure
(d) the flow has stopped
Afluid (RD = 0.9 and = 1.2
seclons
drop for the given pipe length is 10 N/m?
Ex.10
(a) 2.5x 10 N/m? (b) 2.0x laminar rogimne between
two Pas)
parallel Mloplwaslesn
(c) 5.0 x 10 N/m? (d) 1.0 x 10 N/? fixed 3 cm apart. If the

Ex.S In a steady flow of an oil in a

regime the shear stress is
pipe in laminar 600 cm/s/cm width of plate, the
on the boundary, in Pa, is
disshearchargestessis
(a) 800 (b) 640
(a) constant across the pipe (c) 480
and decreases (d) 240
(b) maximum at the centre
parabolically towards the sides Ex.11 In the laminar flow of a liquid down an
increases linearly
(c) zero at the boundary and inclined plane, the surface velocity is fous
towards the centre to be 30 cm/s. The average velocity of the
increases linearly
(d) zero at the centre and flow, in cm/s, is
towards the boundary (b) 30
(a) 20
Ex.6 In a circular pipe of certain length carrying oil (c) 15 (d) 10
at a Reynolds number 100, it is proposed to In laminar flowbetween twoparallel plates. the
triple the discharge. If the viscosity remains Ex.12
unchanged, the power input will have to be slope of hydraulicgrade line was found to be
(a) decreased to 1/3 its originalvalue 0.05. If the discharge remains the same bu
(b) increased by 100% the viscosity increases by 50%, the value of
the new slope of hydraulic grade line willbe
(C) increased to 3 times the original value 50%
(d) increased to 9 times its originalvalue (a) larger by 25% (b) smaller by
Ex.7 A liquid flowing in a pipe has a head loss of
(c) larger by 100% (d) larger by 50%
2m in a pipe length of 10 m. The Reynolds pressure gradentre
Ex.13 InCouette flow with zero
number of the flow is 100. If the flow rate is boundary is given oy
Shear stress t, at the
doubled and allother fluid properties remain Ua
the same, the head loss in m is (a) To
(a) 0.5 (b) 8.0
(c) 4.0 (d) 2.0
PubC Ons () to =
profilesina
Ex.8 When water passes through a given pipe at velocity
mean velocity , the flow is foundto change Ex.14 Consider the following
from laminar to turbulent regime. If another fluid pipeline:
of specific gravity 0.8 and of coefficient of
VIscosity 20% that of water is passed through D
V
the same pipe, the transition to turbulent flow 1
is expected at a velocity of
(a) 2V (b) V
(c) VI2 (d) VJ4 k-0.75V -

Ex9 Alarminar motion

between two vertical parallel
plates Occurs in such a manner that the 2. 1.25V

hydraulic grade line is vertical. This indicates

that OCooyg
k-0.75V

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Laminar Flow |305

Ex.16 Consider the
larninar follcing
flow through a staternenits regarding
The friction factor iscircular pipe:
1.6V
1
3
Tho frictional factor constant.
depends upon the pipe
roughnes.
The friction factor varies
2V D 4
Reynolds nurnber of [Link] with the
The velocity
Which of these distributionare parabolic.
4 is
(a) 1arnd 3 staternents correct?
Among thoso profiles, the (b) 3 and 4
correction factor WOuld bo momentum (c) 2and 3 (d) 2 and 4
(a) least in4 ANSWERS
(b) highest in 1 1 (c) 2. (a) 3. (c)
(c) more in 3than that for 2 4. (d) 5. (d)
() the same in 1,2, 3 and 4 6. () 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
Match List-I (Velocity distribution) with List-l| 11. (a) 12. (0) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b)
(Iypes of flow) and select the correct answer 16. (b)
using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-I|
Student's
Assignments
A 1. Couette Ex.1 Calculate the least diameter of a pipe to carry
10 l/s of an oil of density 900 kg/m and
dynamíc viscosity 1.5 poise with a permissible
energy gradient in laninar flow regime of O.03.
Ans. D= 12.3 cm

2. ldeal fluid Ex.2 Amasonry wallof awater tank is 0.90m thick.

At the bottom a crack of thickness 0.3 mm
and 60 cm wide has developed and the crack
Bubextends to the entire thickness of the wall. If
the tank contains 4 m of water above the crack
C and the other end of the crack is at atmospheric
3. Poiseuille
pressure, estimate the leakage volume per day
from the crack (v = 1centistoke).
Ans. Q=5.09 m°lday
Ex.3 Afluid film of AD = 0.90 and thickness 2.0 mm
D
4. Turbulent flows down a vertical surface at a surface
velocity of 0.45 m/s. Estimate the
Codes: (1) discharge in cm²/s/cm width
A (ii) viscosity of the fluid and
B D
(a) 1 3 4 2
(ii) the boundary shear stress.
(b) 2 4 1 Ans. () 6 cm/s/cm; (i) = 0.0392 Pa.s
(c) 1 4 3 2
(ii) To = 17.62 Pa
(d) 2 4 3
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