1.
Repeaters
o Repeaters are defined as a networking device that is used to
amplify and generate the incoming signal.
o Repeaters work at the physical layer of the Osi model.
o The main aim of using a repeater is to increase the networking
distance by increasing the strength and quality of signal.
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o A hub is a device that links multiple computers and devices
together. Hubs can also be referred to as repeaters or
concentrators, and they serve as the center of a local area network
(LAN)
o In a hub network, all devices share bandwidth with each other,
meaning that all resources are available to any connected device at
any time.
o A hub network is usually best suited for small, localized networks
that don't need to process large amounts of data. This type of
network is simpler and more cost-effective to set up and maintain
3. Network Bridge
o A network bridge is a computer network device that combines
multiple communication networks or segments into a unified
network. This process, known as network bridging, is facilitated by
the network bridge in computer networking.
o A bridge is a network device that connects two or more LANs (local
area networks) to form a larger LAN. Network bridging refers to the
process of aggregating networks. A bridge connects the various
components, making them appear to be part of a single network.
4. Switch
o Switches have many ports, and when data arrives at any port, the
destination address is examined first and some checks are also
done and then it is processed to the devices.
o When the source wants to send the data packet to the destination,
the packet first enters the switch and the switch reads its header
and finds the MAC address of the destination to identify the device
then it sends the packet out through the appropriate ports that lead
to the destination
devices.
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o A router is a device that connects two or more packet-
switched networks or subnetworks
o It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between
these networks by forwarding data packets to their
intended Ip addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use
the same Internet connection.
o A router is used in LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide
Area Network) environments. For example, it is used
in offices for connectivity
7. gateway
o A gateway is a network node used in telecommunications that
connects two networks with different
transmission protocols together. Gateways serve as an entry and
exit point for a network as all data must pass through or
communicate with the gateway prior to being routed.
o if a network wants to communicate with devices, nodes or
networks outside of that boundary, they require the functionality
of a gateway. A gateway is often characterized as being the
combination of a router and a modem.
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o A brouter is a networking device that functions both as a bridge and
a router. It can forward data between networks , but can also route
data to individual systems within a network.
o Brouter stores routing table when it is configured as a router and
stores MAC address when configured as a bridge.
o Brouter is full duplex when it is configured as a router and it is half
duplex when configured as a bridge.
Practical 2
1. Ipconfig- Displays detailed information about all adapters,
including the IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, DHCP
server, and DNS servers.
2. Ping- primary TCP/IP command used to troubleshoot connectivity,
reachability, and name resolution
3. Tracert- tool determines the route to a destination by sending
ICMP packets to the destination in packets, tracert uses varying IP
Time-To-Live (TTL) values
4. Route- The route command allows you to make manual entries
into the network routing tables. The route command distinguishes
between routes to hosts and routes to networks by interpreting
the network address of the Destination variable, which can be
specified either by symbolic name or numeric address.
5. Hostname- The hostname command displays the name of the
current host system.
6. Pathping - The pathping command is a command-line utility tool in
Windows operating systems. It is commonly used to troubleshoot
network issues, particularly the ones related to latency and
network performance.
7. Nslookup - Nslookup is the name of a program that lets users
enter a host name and find out the corresponding IP address or
domain name system (DNS) record.
8. Arp - The arp command displays and modifies the Internet-to-
adapter address translation tables used by the Address in
Networks and communication management.
9. Getmac- it is use to enter the MAC address into a network
analyzer, or when you need to know what protocols are currently
in use on each network adapter on a computer.
